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    词汇晨读24- 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测

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     江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测(词汇晨读)24
    说明:①本系列资料的例句尽可能多地选自高考真题或各地模拟试题;
    ②凡是形容词+ly构成的副词在本系列资料【拓展】栏目里不予列出。
    (towel—voyage)
    towel n.毛巾:He dried his hands and face with the towel just now.他刚刚用毛巾擦干了双手和面部。
    【拓展】参看throw词条中的throw in the towel放弃,认输。
    tower n.塔,塔楼:
    A Chinese proverb has it that a tower is built when soil on earth accumulates, and a river is formed when streams come together.中国有句谚语:“积土成塔,聚水成河”。
    The bell tower is the emblem of this city.这座钟楼是这个城市的象征。
    【拓展】tower还可以作动词用:tower over超出,胜过:
    In ability he towers over the rest of them.就能力而言,他远远胜过他们中的其他人。
    At six feet, he towers over his mother. 他身高六英尺,比他母亲高得多。
    town n.①城镇,城:He lived in a town beside the sea.他住在一个靠海的城镇。
    Can you give me a lift into town?你能让我搭车进城吗?
    ②(连用the)城镇居民:The whole town is talking about it.全镇的人都在议论这件事。
    ③城镇中心,商业区:We went to town to do some shopping today.我们今天去市区买了一些东西。
    toy n.玩具,玩物,玩意儿 :
    The children were playing happily with their toys.孩子们正高兴地玩着玩具。
    His latest toy is the electric drill he bought last week.他的新玩意儿是他上星期买的电钻。
    【拓展】v.玩弄,摆弄,不认真对待:
    While he was talking to me, he toyed with a pencil.他一面和我说话,一面摆弄着一只铅笔。
    Abraham set himself up in front of his daughter, hands toying with her hair, and was close to tears, reluctant to tear himself from her.亚伯拉罕站在他女儿面前,双手拨弄着她的头发,几乎要哭了,他不愿意离开她。
    track n.①足迹,踪迹:I quickly lose her track in the crowd.我在人群中失去了她的踪迹。
    ②小径,小路:A track runs across the field to his house.一条小路穿过原野通到他的家。
    ③轨道:The tram is being switched on to another track.电车正被移至另外一条轨道上。
    ④跑道:The cyclist went at full sail along the track.自行车手沿着跑道全速前进。
    【拓展1】①keep track of追踪,与……保持联系:
    Bank statement helps you keep track of where your money is going.
    银行对账单可以帮助你追踪你的钱的去向。
    This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which
    items are being sold and how fast they are moving.这个信息通过展示哪些商品正在出售和它们的流通速度来让商务人士及时跟踪了解商品清单。
    She managed to keep track of her friends.她设法与朋友们保持联系。
    ②on track正常,正轨:
    He believes the talks are still on track.他相信会谈仍在朝正确的方向发展。
    This question can get you back on track.这个问题能帮助你回到正常轨道上。
    ③freeze in one’s tracks(某人)停止前进,停滞不前:
    Fear made him freeze in his tracks.恐惧使他突然停止前进。
    【拓展2】v.跟踪,追踪:
    The thief was closely tracked by the policemen.那个窃贼被警察紧紧的盯住了。
    It’s difficult to track an animal right after rain.刚下完雨后要追踪猎物是很困难的。
    The police tracked the terrorists to their hide-out.警方跟踪恐怖分子至其藏匿处。
    tractor n.拖拉机,牵引车:
    The tractor had been damaged by rough usage.这辆拖拉机因使用不经心而损坏了。
    A tractor towed the car to the repair factory.一辆牵引车将汽车拖去修理厂。
    trade n.①贸易,交换,买卖:Trade is not very good at this time of year.每年的这个时候生意都不太好。
    ②行业:He works in the tourist trade.他从事旅游行业。
    ③职业:He was a carpenter by trade.他以木工为业。
    When she leaves school, she wants to learn a trade.她毕业后想学一门手艺。
    v.①用……进行交换:
    My desk-mate wanted to trade his pen for my book.我的同桌想用他的钢笔换我这本书。
    ②做生意,从事交易:
    I refuse to trade with that company again.我拒绝再度和那家公司做生意。
    Shares were trading at under half their usual value.那些股份以低于通常价值的一半进行交易。
    tradition n.①传统,惯例:
    This tradition dates back over 200 years.这一传统可追溯到200多年以前。
    It is a tradition that women get married in long white dresses in that area.
    在那个地区女子结婚时穿白色长礼服是个惯例。
    By tradition, people play practical jokes on 1 April.按照传统风俗,4月1日可以开恶作剧的玩笑。
    ②传说,口碑:
    The story of King Arthur became part of oral tradition.亚瑟王的故事成为口头传说的一部分。
    traditional adj.①口头传说的,传统的,惯例的:
    Folk tales are traditional stories of the people that are handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth.民间故事是用口耳相传的方式一代代流传下来的老百姓的传统故事。
    It’s traditional in America to eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day.感恩节时吃火鸡是美国的传统。
    Traditional handicraft techniques are being steadily improved.传统的手工艺技术不断革新。
    It was traditional for them to bring a special cake along to celebrate the occasion. 
    按照惯例,那种场合他们要带一块特殊的蛋糕回家庆祝。
    ②守旧的:Their marriage is very traditional.他们的婚姻十分守旧。
    traffic n. ①交通:Traffic in big cities is controlled by red and green lights.大城市的交通由红绿灯管理。
    His left knee was hurt in a traffic accident.他的左膝在一次交通事故中受伤了。
    There was heavy traffic on the roads.路上交通拥挤。
    (交通的拥挤,可用 busy或heavy修饰,不用crowded)
    ②来往车辆:There’s usually a lot of traffic at this time of day.每天在这段时间往来车辆都很多。
    trail n.踪迹,痕迹,小径:
    The dogs found the trail of the rabbit.猎狗发现了兔子的踪迹。
    I am going to meet him at the end of the trail.我会在小路的尽头跟他见面。
    【拓展】不要与trial弄混,参看trial词条。
    train n.火车,列车:The train was five minutes late.那列车晚点五分钟。
    v.培训,训练:
    He’s training to be a doctor.他在接受训练当医生。
    Train children to good habits.培养儿童养成良好的习惯。
    I’m a trained nurse.我是一名受过专业训练的护士。
    【拓展】trainer n.教员,驯兽师,教练员  trainee n.受训练的人/动物,新兵,练习生,实习生:
    She’s been working as a personal trainer for two years.她做私人教练有两年了。
    The trainee pilot flew his first solo today.那个受训的飞行员今天首次单独飞行。
    He is a 24-year-old trainee reporter.他24岁,是一名实习记者。
    training n.培训,训练:
    She received a thorough training in every aspect of the job.她接受了有关这个工作各方面的全面培训。
    They finished the preparatory training.他们完成了预备训练。
    transfer v.转移,调任,转乘:
    The exhibition was transferred to another city two days later.两天后,这个展会转移到另外一个城市。
    She has been transferred to another department.她已被调往另一个部门。
    I took the subway and then transferred to the bus.我搭乘地铁然后再改乘公共汽车。
    n.迁移,移动,换车,汇兑:
    Our company will have a transfer to London.我们公司将迁往伦敦。
    His job requires him to accept transfers from a city to another.
    他的工作要求他在不同的城市间来回奔波。
    She got a transfer at the relay station.她在中转站换车了。
    International trade involves the transfer of currency from one country to another.
    国际贸易涉及货币由一国向另一国的汇兑。
    transform v.(使)改变:
    Transform this sentence into the passive.把这个句子变成被动语态。
    We should try to transform heat into power.我们应该设法将热转化为能量。
    The ideas of student administration should transform from traditional form to law-pursuant form.
    新时期的学生工作观念应从传统行政型向依法行政型转变。
    【拓展】transformation n.变化,转换/型,变换,变革:
    The foundation is about to go through another transformation.
    基金会正准备进行另一次转型。
    The way in which we work has undergone a complete transformation in the past decade.
    在过去的十年里,我们的工作方式经历了彻底的变革。
    translate v.①翻译:I need to translate it into English.我必须把它译成英语。
    ②转化:This is another dream of man translated into reality.这是人类的又一个变成了现实的梦想。
    We should translate the schemes into actions.我们应该把计划变成行动。
    ③表达,解释,说明:
    I translate his silence as a protest.我把他的沉默解释为抗议。
    It is hard to translate the animal’s behavior.那种动物的行为很难解释。
    ④转移,调动:He was translated to the Ministry of Defence.他被调到国防部工作。
    【拓展】①translation n.翻译,译作,译本,译文,转变/化:
    The translation of poetry is very difficult. 诗的翻译非常困难。
    The translation follows closely the original.这篇译作紧扣原文。
    An English translation is now being prepared.英文译本正在准备之中。
    The editor is giving explanatory notes to the translation.编者在注解译文。
    This is the translation of theories into practice.这是理论到实践的转变。
    ②translator n.翻译家,译者:
    He is both a writer and a translator.他又是作家又是翻译家。
    The translator failed to capture the spirit of the original.译者没有体会原文的精神。
    transparent adj.①透明的,透光的:Glass is a transparent material.玻璃是一种透明物。
    ②显然的,明晰的:
    It was transparent that her pride was hurt.很显然,她的自尊心受到了伤害。
    The meaning of this passage seems quite transparent.这一段的意思看来是相当清楚/明晰的。
    transport n.①运输:Transport in some countries is slow and unsafe.有些国家的运输又慢又不安全。
    ②交通工具:I travel to school by public transport.我乘公共交通工具上学。
    v.①运输,运送:A helicopter was used to transport the wounded.一架直升飞机被用来运送伤员。
    ②传播:Flies transport different kinds of diseases.苍蝇传播各种不同的疾病。
    ③使产生身临其境的感觉:
    The film transports us back to the New York of the 1950s.
    这部电影将我们带回到了20世纪50年代的纽约。
    transportation n.运输,运输工具,运输系统:
    The Panama Canal has played a very important role in transportation.
    巴拿马运河在运输上起到了非常重要的作用。
    The railroad gives free transportation for a certain amount of baggage.
    铁路免费运送的行李是有一定数量的。
    The train is a safe means of transportation.火车是一种安全可靠的交通工具。
    Campuses are usually accessible by public transportation.通常乘坐公共交通即可到达各个校区。
    trap n.①陷阱,圈套:
    The only thing the wolf could do was climbing up to the ground from the trap.
    那只狼惟一能做的就是从陷阱里爬到地面上来。
    The police set a trap to catch the thief.警察布下了捉拿窃贼的圈套。
    ②困境:To break out of the poverty trap they need help from the government.
    为了摆脱贫困的处境,他们需要政府的帮助。
    ②(捕鸟兽的)陷阱,罗网,夹子,捕捉器:
    How may rabbits have you trapped in your special trap this week? 
    这星期你用你这特别的夹子抓住了多少只兔子?
    v.①使陷入困境,困住,关住:
    He was trapped in a no-win situation.他陷入必败的处境。
    Some miners were trapped underground after the collapse.塌方后,有些矿工被困在地下。
    ②诱骗,设圈套:
    They trapped her into marrying him.他们诱骗她嫁给他。
    I would hate him to think I’m trying to trap him.我不愿让他以为我是在给他设圈套。
    ③设捕捉器捕,设陷阱:
    The locals were encouraged to trap and kill the birds.当地居民过去被鼓励设捕捉器捕杀这种鸟。
    The tricky fox could not be easily trapped by the farmer.那只狡猾的狐狸不会轻易落入农夫的陷阱。
    travel n.①旅行:Air travel has made the world seem a smaller place.航空旅行似乎使世界变小了。
    ②(常用复)长期旅行,海外旅行:Did you enjoy your travels in Africa? 你喜欢你在非洲的旅行吗?
    v.①旅行:He is fond of traveling.他喜欢旅游。
    ②行进,传导:Sound travels slower than light.声音传播不如光快。
    ③行走:At what speed is he traveling?他以多快的速度前进?
    traveler n.旅行者:She was too shy to talk with other travelers.她很害羞,不敢和其他旅行者交谈。
    treasure n.①金银财宝,财宝,珍品,珍宝,财富:
    The sons supposed that he referred to some hidden treasure.
    儿子们以为父亲说的是他藏着什么金银财宝。
    Try diving for sunken treasure.试着潜入水下找寻沉没的财宝。
    The house was large and full of art treasures.房子很大,里面摆满了艺术珍品。
    When he finally managed to get a copy of the book, he felt as if he’d found a priceless treasure. 
    他终于弄到了这本书,真是如获至宝
    A nation’s treasure is in its scholars.学者是国家的财富。
    ②得力助手,好帮手,不可多得的人才:
    Charlie? Oh, he’s a treasure, and loves children.
    查理?噢,他是个不可多得的好帮手,非常喜欢孩子。
    He is a real treasure to our school.他是我们学校真正不可多得的人才。
    【拓展】v.珍视,珍惜:
    I will treasure these memories forever.我会永远珍惜那些回忆。
    Mary felt sad over the loss of photos she had shot in Australia, as that was a memory she especially treasured.玛丽感觉很伤心因为她把在澳大利亚拍的照片丢失了因为那是她尤其要珍藏的回忆。
    treat v.①对待,看待:They treated us with kindness.他们对我们很好。
    ②把……看作:My boss treated my request as a joke.我的老板把我的请求当作是开玩笑。
    Don’t treat me like a child.别把我当小孩对待。
    ③处置,使用:Glass must be treated carefully.玻璃必须小心使用。
    ④治疗,医治:The dentist is treating my teeth.牙科医生在给我看牙。
    ⑤请客,款待:Whose turn is it to treat next?下次该谁请客?
    【拓展】①treat, cure和heal的区别:
    ▲treat强调治疗过程。指通过药物,特别的食品或运动治疗病人或治病,不强调结果:
    Which doctor is going to treat him for his illness 哪位医生要为他治病?
    ▲cure主要强调治疗后恢复健康,有治愈的意思:
    This new medicine soon cured my cold.这种新药很快就治好了我的感冒。
    ▲heal(虽然不是考纲词汇,但是也需要熟悉)意为“复原”,使之完好如初。主要指医疗
    外伤,也可用于比喻语言:
    His wounds are healing over.他的伤口正在愈合。
    She won’t be sad too long; time will heal most trouble.
    她不会难过太久;时间会治愈大部分的烦心事。
    ②It’s my treat我请客:
    This time it’s my treat, and next time it's yours.这次我请客,下次你请。
    treatment n.①对待,待遇:His treatment of his friends is very kind.他对待朋友非常友善。
    ②治疗,疗法:The treatment arrested the growth of the disease.治疗抑制了病情的发展。
    tree n.树:Fruits grow on trees.果实长在树上。
    There’re some birds in the tree.树上有一些鸟。
    tremble v.①颤抖,发抖:
    He was trembling with rage.他气得发抖。
    With trembling fingers, he removed the camera from his pocket.他手指哆嗦着从口袋里取出相机。
    Her trembling hands betrayed her nervousness to him.她颤抖的双手向他表明了她的紧张不安。
    ②焦虑,担忧:I tremble for his safety.我非常担心他的安全。
    tremendous adj.巨大的,惊人的:
    Chinese medical teams have made tremendous sacrifices to contain the spread of Covid-19.
    中国医疗队为遏制“新冠肺炎”疫情的蔓延做出了巨大牺牲。
    We got a tremendous surprise when she arrived.她的到来使我们大吃一惊。
    trend n.①倾向,趋势,动向:
    This trend will likely continue.这一倾向很可能持续下去。
    This quartet represents a major new trend in modern music.
    这首四重奏的曲子反映了现代音乐中一种主要的新趋向。
    The event changed the trend of public opinion.这件事改变了舆论的趋向。
    Fed officials and economists are trying to determine the economy’s trend from a stream of uneven data.
    美联储官员和经济学家正试图通过一系列经济数据来判断经济的走势。
    ②规范,风尚,时尚,潮流:
    Today’s trend is toward less formal clothing.眼下时尚趋向于穿着随便。
    The record has already proved a success and may well start a trend. 
    该唱片已证明大获成功,并且很可能会引导潮流。
    【拓展】trendy adj.时髦的,赶时髦的,追随时髦的:
    Maybe I shouldn't try to be too trendy.也许我不该太赶时髦。
    trial n.①审判,审讯:The trial proved him guilty.审讯证明他有罪。
    The four men were killed after a summary trial.草草审讯后这四个人即被处死。
    ②试验,试用:
    In a double-blind trial, there were definite improvements.在双盲试验中,改善效果明显。
    She agreed to employ me for a trial period.她同意试用我一段时间。
    It would be a mistake not to give him a trial.不给他试用机会是不对的。
    【拓展】on trial在试验中,在试用中,受审:
    The new method is still on trial now.新办法还在试验中。
    The clerk was employed on trial.那职员在试用中。
    The former President was demanding that he should be either put on trial or set free. 
    前总统要求要么对他进行审判,要么将他释放。
    triangle n.①三角形:The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.三角形内角总和为180度。
    ②三角铁(一种乐器):
    The triangle is a musical instrument that consists of a piece of metal shaped like a triangle.
    三角铁是一种乐器,由一块形状像三角形的金属组成。
    ③三角关系:The plots of these stories almost always turn on love triangles.
    这些故事的情节几乎总是离不开三角恋爱。
    adj.(考试说明中有这个词性,但是好多词典里却没有,而列出的形容词是triangular三角形的)。
    trick n.①恶作剧,诡计,捉弄,花招:
    The children played a trick on their teacher.孩子们戏弄老师。
    You can’t fool me with that old trick!你玩弄那种老花招骗不了我!
    ②戏法,把戏:If you watch carefully, you’ll see how the trick is done.
    如果你仔细观看,你就会发现那个把戏是怎么耍的。
    ③窍门,诀窍:The trick is to hold your breath while you aim.窍门就在于瞄准时须屏住呼吸。
    ④圈套,诡计:Her tears were just a trick to deceive others.她的眼泪只是欺骗别人的诡计。
    【拓展】v.欺骗:Mother tricked me into taking my medicine.妈妈哄着我吃了药。
    trip n.旅行,旅程:She took a trip to the seaside.她去海滨旅行。
    He’s on a trip to Shanghai.他去上海旅行了。
    【拓展1】trip还可以作动词用,具体意义见下列例句:
    He tripped her with his foot.他用脚绊她。
    The interviewer tried to trip me up with his question.采访者想用他的问题使我露出破绽。
    Your own lies will trip you up.你会因自己的谎言而犯错误。
    Tie your shoelaces, or you'll trip over.系紧你的鞋带,不然你会绊倒的。
    【拓展2】journey, travel, trip, tour:
    ①travel 泛指一般意义的旅行,是不可数名词;有时可用复数形式,主要指时间较长的各处旅行,此时通常有物主代词修饰。另外,travel 通常只是泛指旅行,而不特指某次具体的旅行,所以通常不说:How was your travel?(可改用trip或journey)
    ②journey通常指远距离的陆地旅行,并且不一定要返回到出发地(即通常指单程):
    I wish you a pleasant journey.祝你一路顺风。
    ③trip通常指近距离的为了办事或消遣而进行的旅行,并且往往要回到出发点(即指双程),不过有时 trip 也可指远距离的长途旅行,可与journey换用,比journey更通俗。
    ④tour指“以游览、视察、购物等为目的的旅行”, 常含有“最后回到原出发点”的意思。
    另外:voyage主要指“乘船作水上旅行”, 也可指”空中旅行”。
    troop n.①一大群人(物):He came out with a troop of followers.他带着一大群随从走出来。
    ②(用复数)部队,军队:The troops were drawn up ready for inspection.部队整好队准备接受检阅。
    trouble v.(使)苦恼,(使)忧虑,麻烦:Can I trouble you to shut the door?我能麻烦你关上门吗?
    n.①困难,烦恼:Tell me about your troubles.把你的烦恼告诉我。
    ②麻烦,不方便:It will save us a lot of trouble.这将省去我们许多麻烦。
    ③疾病:I have got back trouble again.我的背部又疼起来。
    ④争吵,骚乱:There were a lot of troubles in the Middle East.中东地区动乱不已。
    【拓展】①in trouble处于不幸(苦恼,困境)中:
    Please telephone us when you are in trouble.有困难给我们来电话。
    ②get into trouble陷入困境:
    Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.每次我听你的意见都惹了麻烦。
    ③give sb. trouble/put sb. to trouble麻烦某人,打扰某人:
    I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.=I’m sorry to put you to so much trouble.
    对不起,给你添了这么多麻烦。
    ④go to the trouble to do/of doing sth..尽力设法做,费力去做,特意:
    I asked him not to go to the/any trouble of cleaning the room for me.
    我叫他不必特意(费心)为我打扫房间。
    ⑤have trouble(in)doing sth做某事有困难:
    We had no trouble(in)finding his house.我们不费吹灰之力就找到了他的家。
    对比:have trouble with:
    I know you have trouble with your sister.我知道你对妹妹有心结。
    I can imagine how he would have trouble with you!
    我可以想像他遇到你是多么麻烦!
    ⑥make trouble制造麻烦,捣乱:
    She’s always making trouble for her friends.她总是给她的朋友们带来麻烦。
    ⑦take the trouble to do sth.不怕费事(麻烦)做某事:
    He didn’t even take the trouble to answer the letter.他甚至连信都懒得回一封。
    ⑧trouble about为……费事或烦恼(多用于否定句或疑问句):
    You needn’t trouble about that (the children).你不必为这事(孩子们)苦恼。
    ⑨trouble to do sth.费心做某事(多用于否定句或疑问句):
    Don’t trouble to come out, please.请留步,别出来啦。
    ⑩trouble sb. to do/for sth.麻烦某人做某事(通常用于疑问句,表示客气的请求):
    May I trouble you to pass me the dictionary?=May I trouble you for the dictionary?
    请把字典递给我好吗?
    troublesome adj.令人烦恼(痛苦)的,讨厌的,困难的,棘手的,麻烦的:
    You must learn to rid yourself of such troublesome thoughts.
    你必须学会使自己摆脱如此令人烦恼的想法。
    This species is a troublesome weed.本种是一根令人讨厌的杂草。
    He hoped in this way to get rid of the troublesome prisoner.他指望这样除掉这个讨厌的囚犯。
    A troublesome situation has grown up.出现了使人感到棘手的局面。
    The mission was troublesome right from the start.这任务从一开始就很麻烦。
    trousers n.(复数)裤子,长裤:I have a pair of gray trousers.我有一条灰色的裤子。
    truck n.卡车,运货车:They transported the goods by truck.他们用卡车运货。
    Don’t leave your truck there.别把货车停在那儿。
    v.用卡车运送:They trucked the goods over immediately.他们用卡车立刻把这批货物运送过去。
    true adj.①真的,真实的:It appears a true story.它似乎是一个真实的故事。
    ②实际的,真正的:
    True friendship lasts forever.真正的友谊万古长青。
    Owning a place of their own is a dream come true for the couple. 
    这对夫妇拥有了自己的房子,终于梦想成真了。
    His prophecy has now come true.他的预言果然应验了。
    His wish to visit China has  come true at last.他访问中国的愿望终于实现了。
    ③忠诚的,忠实的:
    Stalin is the true friend of the cause of liberation of the Chinese people. 
    斯大林是中国人民解放事业的忠实的朋友。
    truly adv.①真实地,如实地,真正地,确实地:
    Tell me truly what you think.如实告诉我你是怎么想的。
    He knew he had behaved badly and he seemed truly sorry.他知道自己表现不好,所以确实显得懊悔。
    ②真诚地,诚恳地:I am truly grateful for all your help.我衷心感谢你所给予的一切帮助。
    trunk n.①树干:The branch has separated from the trunk of the tree.这个树枝已从树干上脱落了。
    ②躯干:The athlete has a powerful trunk.那个运动员身躯强壮有力。
    The police have found the trunk of a dead woman.警察发现了一具女尸。
    ③大箱子,衣箱:Will this trunk hold all your clothes? 这箱子能盛下你所有的衣服吗?
    trust v.①相信,信任,信赖:
    If you break your word, he will never trust you again.如果你不守信,他决不会再相信你。
    I trusted my child to do it all by himself.我放手让孩子自己去干。
    I trusted him with my car.=I trusted my car to him.我(放心)把汽车交给他(保管或使用)。
    Can you trust his account of what happened?你能相信他对发生的事情所做的报告吗?
    ②希望,指望:You can not trust the trains to run on time.你不能指望火车会准点。
    Can I trust you to post this letter?我托你把这封信寄走行吗?
    n.信任,信赖,相信:He put his trust in his parents.他信赖自己的父母。
    【拓展】distrust v.& n.不信任,怀疑,猜疑,疑惑,不相信:
    I don’t have any particular reason to distrust them.我没有任何特别的理由怀疑他们。
    She could not overcome her distrust of the stranger.她无法消除对那位陌生人的怀疑。
    truth n.①真理:It’s a scientific truth.那是科学真理。
    ②事实,真相:You must always tell the truth.你应该永远说真话。
    To tell(you)the truth, I don’t agree with you.老实说,我不同意你的意见。
    try v.①试图,设法:
    Try to come early.设法早点来。
    He tried to climb that tree.他努力想爬上那棵树。
    ②试试,尝试:If you fail, try again.如果失败,再试一次。
    He tried climbing that tree.他试着爬那棵树.
    ③尝尝:Do try this fish.请尝尝这鱼。
    ④审理,审讯,审判:
    Whether he is innocent or guilty is a decision that will be made when the case is tried in court 
    他有罪与否,等案件在法庭受审后就会作出判决。
    The military court which tried him excluded two of his lawyers.
    审判他的军事法庭拒绝让他的两位律师出庭辩护。
    n.尝试,试,努力:
    Let me have a try.我来试一试。
    The US negotiators decided to make another try at reaching a settlement.
    美国的谈判者决定再作一番努力,力争达成和解。
    【拓展1】后接不定式或动名词含义有差别:接不定式表示设法做某事,接动名词表示做某事试试看(会有什么情况或结果):
    I’ll try to come tomorrow.我明天设法来。
    Let’s try knocking at the back door.咱们敲敲后门试试。
    【拓展2】①try for设法得到:
    He thought of trying for a position in a university.他想设法在一所大学找份工作。
    ②try on试穿:Can I try this coat on, please?我可以试穿这件上衣吗?
    ③try one’s best尽力,尽量:We’ll try our best to help you.我们将尽力帮助你。
    ④try out试用,试验:I will try it out and see if it works.我要试试看是否行得通。
    ⑤try out for参加选拔,角逐:
    He should have tried out for the Olympic 100 metres race.他本该参加奥运会百米赛跑的选拔。
    T-shirt n.T恤衫,短袖汗衫:
    He was wearing a bright yellow T-shirt.他穿着一件亮黄色的T恤。
    This T-shirt has been washed so many times that it’s lost its shape.
    这件短袖汗衫已洗过多次了,以至于变得不成形了。
    tube n.①(金属、玻璃、橡皮等)管子:This tube is flexible but tough.这管子柔软但很坚固。
    ②软金属管:She bought a tube of toothpaste.她买了一管牙膏。
    ③地铁:I go to work by tube/on the tube.我经常乘地铁去上班。
    tune n.(音乐等的)曲调,调子,音调,旋律:She was humming a tune to herself.她自个儿哼著小调。
    【拓展】in tune with与……协调/和谐,与……一致:
    The violin is not quite in tune with the piano.这小提琴跟钢琴的调子不太和谐。
    Dick Jones is very much in tune with his boss and knows exactly what she wants.
    迪克·琼斯和他的上司十分协调,他完全知道她想干什么。
    I support the campaign because I’m in tune with its aims.
    我支持这一运动,因为我同它的目标是一致的。
    In his new job, he felt in tune with his surroundings and his associates.
    在新工作中约翰觉得与周围的人以及他的伙伴们相处得很好。
    His ideas are in tune with the times.他的思想适合时代的潮流。
    tunnel n.隧道,地道,洞穴:
    Suddenly the train roared into a tunnel and everything was black.
    突然火车轰隆隆地驶入一个隧道,四周的一切都漆黑一团。
    The kid dug a tunnel in the sand.小孩在沙堆里挖了一个地道。
    Moles make underground tunnels.鼹鼠常打地洞。
    turkey n.火鸡,火鸡肉:
    It’s traditional in England to eat turkey on Christmas Day.圣诞节时吃火鸡是英格兰的传统。
    People often drink white wine with turkey.人们经常边吃火鸡肉边喝白葡萄酒。
    turn v.①翻转,翻身:Please turn to page 65.请翻到65页。
    ②旋转,转动:She turned the key in the lock.他转动锁里的钥匙。
    ③转向,改变位置:Turn right at the end of the street.到街的尽头向右拐。
    ④(使)变成:In autumn the leaves turn brown.秋天树叶变黄。
    n.①旋转,转动:Do not pull the handle; give it a turn.别拉把手,转它一下。
    ②轮流,顺序,机会:It was my turn to wash the dishes.轮到我刷碗了。
    【拓展】①turn against(使)转为反对,(使)变成和……敌对:
    They might at any time turn against their masters.他们随时可能转而反对自己的主人。
    ②turn around(使)转身,(使)好转,(使)调转方向,(使)转向:
    Bud turned the truck around, and started back for Dalton Pond.
    When we got to the border, the guards made us turn around and go back.
    我们到达边界时,卫兵让我们转身回去。
    Turning the company around won't be easy.盘活那家公司绝非易事。
    巴德把卡车掉头,开始返回多尔顿池。
    There was enough room for a wheelchair to get in but not to turn round.
    空间足够让轮椅进来,但没法掉头。
    ③turn down拒绝,关小(音量):He turned down our invitation.他拒绝了我们的邀请。
    ④turn in交上来:Turn in your homework, please.请把家庭作业交上来。
    ⑤turn into成为,使成为,翻译:She turned her house into a shop.她把房子改成了商店。
    ⑥turn off关掉(收音机、电灯等):
    The boy turned off the light and went to bed.这男孩关了灯就上床睡觉了。
    ⑦turn on打开(收音机、电灯等):Please turn on the radio.请把收音机打开。
    ⑧turn out结果是:The weather turned out (to be) fine.天气结果很好。
    ⑨turn to求助于,翻到,查阅:
    They always turn to me when they are in trouble.他们遇到麻烦时总是来找我(帮忙)。
    Where’s your book? Take it out and turn to page 4. 你的书呢?拿出来,翻到第4页。
    To order, turn to page 236.如需订购,参见236页。
    ⑩turn over移交,(使)翻转,变换(电视频道),仔细考虑,把……翻转过来:
    The King may turn over some of his official posts to his son. 
    国王可能会把他的某些公职交由儿子担任。
    Liz picked up the blue envelope and turned it over curiously. 
    莉兹拿起蓝色信封,好奇地翻过来看。
    Linda realized she was in the wrong and promised to turn over a new leaf.
    琳达意识到自己错了,并承诺改过自新。
    Smart phones have turned over our lives. Most of us can’t go much longer than 10 minutes before we check our phones.智能手机颠覆了我们的生活。。很多人甚至坚持不了10分钟就要去看一下手机。
    Whenever he’s on TV, I turn over.只要在电视上见到他,我都会换台。
    The King may turn over some of his official posts to his son. 
    国王可能会把他的某些公职交由儿子担任。
    Even when she didn’t say anything you could see her turning things over in her mind. 
    即便她什么都没说,你也能看出她心里在盘算着。
    ⑪turn up赴约,出席,出现,开大(音量):
    He may turn up at any time.他随时会来。
    Turn up the radio a little.把收音机音量开大一点。
    ⑫take turns轮换,替换,轮流:
    The doctors take turns at participating in the mobile medical team.
    医生们轮流参加巡回医疗队。
    ⑬in turn依次,转而,轮流地,相应地,反过来:
    She asked the same question of everyone in turn.她依次向每一个人问同样的问题。
    And anxiety can, in turn, lead to a number of physical and emotional problems.
    而焦虑,会转而导致若干生理和情感问题。
    The girls took it in turn to wipe down the tables after meals.女孩子们饭后轮流擦桌子。
    By better understanding your dreams, in turn you will be able to better understand yourself. 
    通过更好地理解你的梦境,相应地你也可以更好地了解你自己。
    The change of the climate also makes the earth warmer. In turn, the warmth of the earth changes the climate, too.气候的变化导致全球气温升高。反之,地球的升温也在改变气候。
    注意不要跟in return(作为回报)混为一谈:
    Tom selected a ring to send to his friend in return.
    作为回报,汤姆精选了一枚戒指送给他的朋友。
    turning n.拐弯处,拐角处,路口:
    About three hundred yards farther on there is a turning to the left.
    再往前大约300码有一个向左拐的拐角。
    Take the first turning on the right.第一个路口向右拐。
    tutor n.家庭教师,(大学的)教师,导师:
    His parents employed a tutor to teach him Greek.他父母雇佣了一位家庭教师来教他希腊语。
    My tutor is an accomplished scholar.我的导师是一位学识渊博的学者。
    【拓展】v.当家庭教师,当……的导师:
    For extra money, she tutors on weekends.为了多挣些钱,她在周末当家庭教师。
    I was asked to tutor three students and I gladly accepted.
    我被邀请当三个学生的导师,对此我欣然应允。
    TV=television n.电视,电视机:
    What’s on TV tonight?今晚电视有什么节目?
    There was no sale for black and white TV sets.黑白电视机没有销路。
    We’re buying a new TV with the money.我们要用这笔钱买一台新电视机。
    twice adv.①两次:The film will be shown twice daily.那部电影每日放映两次。
    ②两倍:He eats twice what you eat.=He eats twice the amount that you eat.他比你多吃一倍。
    twin n.双胞胎(之一):I can’t tell one twin from the other.我分不出双胞胎中谁是谁。
    twist v.①卷,捻,搓:He made a rope by twisting threads.他把线搓成绳。
    ②卷成,捻成,搓成:She twisted a garland out of clovers.她用苜蓿编了一个花环。
    ③使变形,扭曲:The child twisted the wire into the shape of a star.小孩把铁丝扭成星星的形状。
    ④扭伤:He twisted his wrist.他扭伤了手腕。
    ⑤盘旋,蜿蜒:The river twisted toward the sea.河水蜿蜒流向大海。
    ⑥转动:Twist the lid to open it.拧这盖儿打开它。
    n.①一扭(搓,捻),扭转:He gave the thief’s arm a twist.他扭住小偷的手臂。
    ②拐弯,弯曲,曲折:
    The mountain road began to twist up, steeper and steeper.山路开始向上曲折盘旋,越来越陡。
    The accident happened at the twist in the road.这场事故发生在道路的拐弯处。
    type n.类型:That type of steel is very strong.这种钢材非常坚固。
    That machine is the latest type.那类机器是最新型的。
    【拓展】type还可以作动词用,意为“打字”:
    Could you type this letter for me?你能为我打这封信吗?
    typewriter n.打字机:The typewriter is at your service.这台打字机随便你使用。
    typhoon n.台风:I needn’t have been in such a hurry. The flight to Hong Kong was cancelled due to the typhoon.
    我本不需要那么着急,由于台风的原因,去香港的航班被取消了。
    typical adj.①典型的,具有代表性的:This is a typical example.这是一个典型的例子。
    ②特有的,具有……特征的:It is typical of him to come so late.他一向这么晚来。
    注意其副词的特别意义:
    The factory typically produces 500 chairs a week.这家工厂通常每周生产500把椅子。
    A typically priced meal will be around $10.一餐通常的价格为10元左右。
    typist n.打字员:She is working as a typist in a law firm.她在一家律师事务所当打字员。
    tyre(Am tire) n.轮胎:A tyre expands when you pump air into it.轮胎一打气就鼓起来。
    ugly adj.①丑陋的,难看的:You can’t persuade me to buy this ugly vase!你不能劝服我买这个丑陋的花瓶!
    ②讨厌的,不愉快的:
    I heard an ugly rumor that they are going to shut all the pubs on Sundays.
    我听到一个令人不愉快的传闻,说是星期天所有的酒店都将关门。
    ③险恶的,邪恶的:
    There have been some ugly scenes.出现了一些恶性事件。
    This is an ugly situation.这是个险恶的情况的情况。
    umbrella n.雨伞,庇护:
    An umbrella will protect you from the rain.雨伞可以保护你不致雨淋。
    The company is under the umbrella of the government.那家公司得到政府的庇护。
    unable adj.不能的,不会的:
    He is an able person, and nothing is unable to him.他是一个能人,他无事不能。
    Animals are unable to speak like man.动物是不会像人类那样说话的。
    unbearable adj.难以忍受的,无法忍受的,承受不住的:
    “Run away from Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou” has been a slogan for some of China’s younger generation who are under unbearable economic pressure to survive in cities.“逃离北京、上海和广州”是一些不堪忍受在大城市生存的巨大经济压力的中国年轻一代的口号。
    unbelievable adj.不可信的,难以置信的:
    I still find this story both fascinating and unbelievable.我仍觉得这个故事既有趣又不太可信。
    I know it sounds unbelievable but I never wanted to cheat.
    我知道听上去难以置信,但我从不想撒谎。
    uncertain adj.①不确定的:
    I am uncertain about what to do next.我不知道下一步该怎么办。
    It is uncertain whether the experiment is worth doing.这个实验是否值得做还不确定。
    ②易变的,不可靠的:
    The uncertain weather delayed our departure.天气变换莫测,延误了我们启程。
    【拓展】uncertainty n.不确定,犹豫,半信半疑:
    The uncertainty is unbearable!事情定不下来真让人难以忍受!
    uncle n.叔,伯,舅,姑父,姨父:
    Although my uncle is old, he looks very strong and healthy.我的叔叔虽然老了,但他看上去还是很健壮。
    uncomfortable adj.不舒适/舒服的,不自在的:
    The chair looks nice, but it is uncomfortable.椅子看起来不错,但坐起来不舒服。
    Far from being relaxed, we both felt so uncomfortable.
    我们两人非但没有放松,反而都感觉很不自在。
    unconscious adj.①失去知觉的,不省人事的:
    She remained unconscious for several hours.她不省人事有好几个小时。
    Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked unconscious.
    简被强盗击中头部,被打得不省人事。
    ②不知道的,未发觉的:I was unconscious of her presence.我不知道她在场。
    under adv. ①向下,在……下面:How long can you stay under water?你能在水中逗留多久?
    ②少于,年纪小于:
    Children of six and under go to nursery school.六岁及六岁以下的儿童上幼儿园。
    ③在下文中:See under for further information.详情见下文。
    prep.①在……下面,在……里面:She held her purse under her arm.她把手提包挟在腋下。
    ②少于,低于,在……以下:Please drive under the speed limit.请在限制速度以内驾驶。
    ③低于,在……之下:
    No one under the rank of captain may enter the room.级别低于上尉者禁止入内。
    ④承受着,在……重压之下:
    They went on working under great difficulties.他们在巨大的困难下继续工作。
    ⑤在……(条件)下:Under present conditions no change is possible.在目前情况下不可能有变化。
    ⑥属于:What does this come under?这个属于什么范畴?
    ⑦用于下列常见介词短语,意为“在……中,在……期间,(在)被/遭到……”:
    under construction在建设中 under consideration在考虑中
    under development在发展中 under discussion在讨论中
    under examination在检查/调查中 under fire在炮火中 under medical treatment在治疗中 under observation在观察中
    under repair在修理中 under study在研究中
    under way在进行中 under pressure在压力下
    under control在控制之中,被控制住 under arrest被逮捕 under attack受到袭击,遭到攻击
    undergo(underwent, undergone) v.
    ①经历,经受,经过,经(得起):
    World economy is undergoing great changes where countries depend on each other more for development than ever before.世界经济正在发生巨大变化,在这变化中各国相互依赖发展比以往任何时候都多。
    The idea must undergo the test of experiment.观念必须经得起实验的检验。
    ②遭受,遭遇:
    I hope that I shall never again have to undergo such unpleasant experience.
    我希望我永远不会再遭遇到这种不愉快的经历。
    ③接受:She underwent a thorough examination at the hospital.她在医院里接受了全面检查。
    My mother underwent major surgery last year.我母亲去年动过大手术。
    underground adj.①地下的:Recently they have laid an underground pipeline.他们最近铺了一条地下管道。
    ②(做)地下(工作)的,秘密的:
    They are accused of organizing and financing an underground youth movement. 
    他们被指控组织并资助地下青年运动。
    He was an underground Party member before liberation.解放前他是个秘密(地下)党员。
    He is well known for his reports on underground crime and gangs.
    他因为关于报道秘密(地下)犯罪和帮派而出名。
    n.地铁:He goes to work by underground(=on the underground).他乘地铁上班。
    underline v.①在……下划线:Underline the most important words.请在最重要的词下面画线。
    ②强调,突现,凸显:
    The report underlines the importance of pre-school education.这份报告强调学前教育的重要性。
    Her question underlined how little she understood him.她的问题表明她多么不了解他。
    understand(understood, understood) v.
    ①懂得,明白,理解,认识到:
    The text is difficult to understand.这篇课文很难理解。
    You must understand the gravity of the situation.你必须认识到局势的严重性。
    ②得知,据信,据说,听说,知悉,认为:
    I understand you will leave soon.我听说你很快要离开这儿。
    The Prime Minister is understood to have been extremely angry about the report.
    据说首相对这份报告大为恼火。
    ③推测:In the sentence “I can’t drive”, the object “a car” is understood.
    在I can’t drive一句中,可推测出宾语a car被省略了。
    【拓展】make oneself understood把自己的意思说清楚:
    He doesn’t speak much Japanese but he can make himself understood.
    他不大会讲日语,不过尚能勉强表达意思。
    The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself understand.
    发言人提高了声音,但是仍然无法让别人理解他的意思。
    undertake(undertook, undertaken) v.承担,担任,答应,约定,担保,保证:
    He undertook a dangerous task.他承担了一项危险任务。
    He undertook to be here at ten o’clock.他答应十点钟到这儿来。
    I can’t undertake that you will make a profit.我不能担保你会获利。
    underwear n.内衣:He put on his underwear and got into his suit.他穿好内衣,然后穿上西装。
    undo(undid, undone) v.
    ①解开,松开:He undid the buttons on his shirt.他解开衬衣纽扣。
    They undid their lunch packets.他们把午餐袋打开了。
    ②取消,撤销(计算机的还原指令):
    You can undo your changes that are causing conflicts.您可以取消引起冲突的变更。
    To undo a deletion, you must reapply the setting.若要撤销删除操作,必须重新应用设置。
    ③消除,废止(某事的影响),毁灭:
    She knew it would be difficult to undo the damage that had been done. 
    她知道想要消除已经造成的损害是很难的。
    He undid most of good work of the precious manager.他把前任经理的大部分功绩都毁掉了。
    A heavy-handed approach from the police could undo that good impression.
    警方采取高压手段可能会毁掉之前留下的好印象。
    unemployment n.失业,失业状态:
    Unemployment is rising and prices are increasing and the economy is in trouble.
    失业率上升,价格还在不断增加,经济陷入困境。
    A lot of workers were thrown into unemployment.很多工人陷入失业状态。
    unfair adj.不公平的,不公正的:He received an unfair treatment.他受到了不公平的待遇。
    【拓展】unfairly adv.不公平地,不公正地,不正当地:
    Perhaps you think you're being treated unfairly? 或许你认为我对你不太公平?
    I’ve never treated you unfairly. 我可从来没亏待过你。
    unfit adj.①不相宜的:She is unfit for motherhood.她不够当母亲的条件。
    ②不健康的:He was overweight and unfit.他过于肥胖,不太健康。
    unfortunate adj.①不幸的:She is unfortunate in her marriage.她的婚姻不如意。
    ②令人遗憾的,粗野的,不得体的:
    This is unfortunate but this has happened.这是令人遗憾的事情,但事情确实发生了。
    uniform n.制服:Nurses wear uniform(s).护士们都穿制服。
    【拓展】uniform还可以作形容词:(形状,性质等)统一的一样的,规格一致的,始终如一的:
    The windows in the house are all uniform.房子里的窗户都是一样的。
    The price rises will not be uniform across the country.全国各地的价格涨幅将不会划一。
    Lack of uniform standards is a problem.问题是缺乏统一标准规定。
    union n. ①联合,联盟,团结:
    The nations formed a strong union.那些国家形成了强大的联邦。
    Union is strength. Please strengthen your cooperation.团结就是力量,请加强你们的合作。
    ②工会:Do you belong to a union?你属于某个工会吗?
    unique adj. 惟一的,独一无二的,不寻常的,独特的:
    He occupies a unique place in English literature.他在英国文学中占有独特的地位。
    It’s a unique work of art.这是独一无二的艺术作品。
    The custom is unique to the region.这种风俗是这一地区特有的。
    Her style of writing is rather unique.她的写作风格很不寻常。
    unit n. ①单元,单位:
    The book is divided into 5 units.这本书分成5个单元。
    The family is the smallest social unit.家庭是社会最小的单位。
    Cubit is an ancient unit of length.腕尺是古代的一种长度单位。
    ②班组;小队:Medical units were operating in the disaster area.医疗小组正在灾区工作。
    unite v.①联合,团结,合并,统一:
    They unite to form a new company.他们联合组成一个新公司。
    The common interests unite the two countries.共同的利益使两国团结一致。
    Two major telecommunication providers will unite into one.两大主要的电信提供商会合并成一家。
    The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.
    与其说是海洋分割这个世界,不如说是统一这个世界。
    ②粘合,结合,混合:Oil will not unite with water.油水不相融。
    universal adj.①全体的,普遍的,通用的:
    These phenomena is very universal.这些现象己经非常普遍了。
    The desire to look attractive is universal.爱美之心,人皆有之。
    Smile is recognized as a universal language, which can be understood by people all over the world.
    微笑被认为是一种通用语言,它能被全世界的人们理解。
    ③全世界的,宇宙的:
    Overpopulation is a universal problem.人口过多是全球性的问题。
    Music has been called the universal language.人们称音乐为世界的语言。
    universe n.(连用the)宇宙:Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。
    university n.大学:He graduated from the university last year.他去年大学毕业。
    unless conj.如果不,除非:This baby seldom cries unless he is hungry.这个婴儿很少哭除非在饥饿时。
    Unless you go at once you will be late.如果你不马上走,就会迟到的。
    unlike prep.不像,和……不同:
    She is unlike her mother.她不像她妈妈。
    It’s unlike him to say so.讲那种话实在不像他。
    【拓展】likely(形容词)可能,unlikely(形容词)不可能的,dislike(动词)不喜欢,厌恶:
    He’s not likely to come tonight.他今晚不见得会来。
    He is unlikely to turn against.他不可能背叛他的老板。
    We dislike those who talk big and do nothing.我们不喜欢那种夸夸其谈,不干实事的人。
    Wealth has made her proud, which I dislike.我讨厌她因富有而变得傲气。
    unrest n.不安,动乱,动荡(的局面):
    There’s(a feeling of)unrest in the air.四处充满了不安(的感觉)。
    The unrest erupted into revolution.动乱爆发为革命。
    The unrest and violence affected many young Americans.
    动荡的局面和暴力影响了很多年轻的美国人。
    There’s growing unrest among the poor and unemployed.贫困人口和失业者中间的不安与日俱增。
    until prep.直到……为止:She won’t go home until after the exam.她要考完试之后才回家。
    conj.在……以前,直到:Hold on until I fetch help.坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。
    I watched him until he disappeared from sight.我望着他直到他看不见了。
    【拓展】①till的用法与until的用法基本相似(本词条中的until均可换成till),只是until比till稍正式,且位于句首时多用 until。
    ②在肯定句中,句子(或主句)的谓语必须是持续性动词,不能是终止性动词,如可说I waited until he came.但不能说I stopped until he came。
    ③在否定句中,句子(或主句)谓语可以是终止性动词,如可说I didn’t stop until he came(直到他来我才停止)。
    ④在否定句中,句子(或主句)谓语用持续性动词和终止性动词均可,但含义有区别:
    He didn’t wait until I came.他没有等到我来(即在我来之前就走了)。
    He didn’t leave until I came.直到我来他才走。
    ⑤not…until…的强形式为It is (was) not until...that...:
    It was not until yesterday that I noticed it.直到昨天我才注意到此事。
    ⑥not until位于句首时,其后句子(主句)用倒装:
    Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
    unusual adj.不平常的,异常的,不寻常,独特的:
    Such cold weather is quite unusual.这样冷的天气是很少的。
    I look on the matter as most unusual.我认为这件事极不寻常。
    Mr. Heath was a man of unusual character.希思先生具有独特的个性。
    unwilling adj.不情愿的,不愿意的:
    He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat.他不愿认输。
    He is a man who is unfit for a higher post but unwilling to take a lower one in his work.
    他这个人在工作上高不成,低不就。
    【拓展】unwillingness n.不愿意:
    Their unwillingness to face the dangers of the journey was not surprising.
    他们不愿冒旅途中的风险,这也没有什么可奇怪的。
    up adv.①向上,在……以上,在上方:
    Hands up!举起手来!
    The office is up on the top floor.办公室在顶楼上。
    ②起来,起床:Stand up, please.请站起来。
    ③上升,上涨:The temperature has gone up.气温上升了。
    ④结束,完毕:The boy ate up all his dinner.这个男孩吃光了所有的饭菜。
    adj.①向上的,向上面的,向上头的,上面的,上
    It is an up elevator.这是向上运行的电梯。
    ②高兴,快乐,激动:The mood here is resolutely up.这里的情绪十分高昂。
    ③(计算机系统)运行:
    Our system should be up by this afternoon.到今天下午,我们的电脑系统应该运行起来了。
    n.主要用于下列词组:
    on the up在增长,在改善:They’re saying that the economy is on the up.他们称经济正在企稳向好。
    on the up and up蒸蒸日上,日益兴旺,越来越好:
    It was a great year for music, people had money, opportunities, hope — things were on the up and up.
    对音乐而言,那是一个大好年头,人们有钱,有机会,有希望——一派欣欣向荣的景象。
    ups and downs浮沉,兴衰,荣辱,起起落落:
    Life is full of ups and downs.生活是曲折的。
    We are bound to see some ups and downs along the road to recovery. 
    在经济复苏的过程中,我们一定会经历一些曲折起伏。
    prep.①在……的上方,沿着……往上:The cat is up the tree.猫在树上。
    ②沿着:They ran up the street.他们沿着街道跑。
    【拓展】①up and down起伏,上下波动,来回,往复:
    My relationship with him was up and down.我跟他的关系忽冷忽热。
    The performers, in costume and make-up, were walking up and down backstage 
    上了妆穿着戏服的演员在后台走来走去。
    ②It’s up to sb. to do sth.是……的职责(责任),由……决定:
    It’s not up to you to tell me how to do my job.还轮不到你来吩咐我怎么做我的事。
    Shall we eat out or stay in? It’s up to you.咱们是到外面吃饭还是呆在家里?由你决定吧!
    update v.更新,使……最新,升级:
    The data should be updated once a week.这些数据应该每星期更新一次。
    I would advise you to update the software.我建议你把这个软件升级。
    n.更新,最新资料,更新的信息:
    Maps need regular updates.地图需要经常修订。
    The phone system communicates the update to the front-desk information system. 
    电话系统将最新资料(更新的信息)传送给前台信息系统。
    This update corrects that potential error.此更新纠正了这一潜在错误。
    upon prep.在……上面,位于高处,逼近:
    He sat upon the floor.他在地板上坐下。
    Leave the books upon the desk.把书放在桌子上。
    Maggie contacted her parents upon arrival at the airport.麦吉一到机场就联系了父母。
    Upon arriving home, Lily found that her husband had prepared a beautiful candlelight dinner.
    一到家莉莉就发现她的丈夫已经准备好了一桌美丽的烛光晚宴。
    Upon entering a “new era”, what we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.进入“新时代”,我们现在面临的是不平衡和不充分发展与人民对美好生活日益增长的需求的矛盾。
    upper adj.①较高的,较上的,上面/层的:
    The upper valley is also noted for its valuable woodland and birds.
    在较高的山谷也有不少珍贵树林和雀鸟。
    She lived in one of the upper rooms.她住在上面的房间之一。
    He locked his diary in the upper drawer.他把日记锁在上层抽屉里。
    ②上级的,高等的:Our team managed to get the upper hand in the end.我们队最后总算占了上风。
    upset adj.心烦的,苦恼的:He was upset by the bad news.坏消息使他感到不安。
    v.①打翻,弄翻,推翻:I upset the soup all over the table.我把汤打翻在桌上了。
    ②打乱,使烦乱:
    The whole plan was upset owing to his absence.由于他没来,整个计划都给打乱了。
    The news completely upset them.这消息使他们极为心烦。
    【拓展】upsetting令人心烦的(事情所具有的特征);upset感到心烦的(心理感受):
    The upsetting news made him feel upset.这个令人心烦的消息让他感到很心烦。
    upstairs adv.在楼上,到楼上:
    Jim lived upstairs.吉姆住在楼上。
    They tiptoed upstairs so as not to wake the baby.他们踮着脚上楼,生怕把孩子吵醒。
    【拓展】adj.楼上的,在楼上的,修饰名词时,可置于名词之前(视为形容词)或之后(视为副词):
    the upstairs rooms=the rooms upstairs楼上的房间
    upward(s) adv.向上,往上:I looked upwards.我向上望。
    【拓展】adj.向上的,往上的:
    We must keep a healthy and upward mood.要保持健康向上的心态。
    Prices continue to show an upward tendency.物价继续呈现上升的趋势。
    urban adj.城市的,都市的:
    In some developing countries more and more people are migrating to urban areas.
    在某些发展中的国家,越来越多的人向市区迁移。
    The quality of urban living has been damaged by excessive noise levels.
    城市生活的质量已被过度的噪音所破坏。
    You can find out many advantages in urban life.你会发现都市生活中有许多便利之处。
    In recognition of the city’s contributions to improving habitat and urban environment, Xuzhou was awarded the “United Nation Habitat Award” in 2018.
    为表彰徐州市为改善人居环境和城市环境做出的贡献,徐州市于2018年荣获“联合国人居奖”。
    【拓展】urbanization n.都市/城市化:
    Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress, but also pressure on cities to provide housing and services.城市化可以带来社会和经济的进步,但是也给城市带来了服务和住房压力。
    urge v.①催促,敦促,要求,督促:
    He urged her to rest.他催促她休息。
    He urged that I should apologize.他要求我道歉。
    He urged employers and trade unions to adapt their pay settlements to the economic circumstances. 
    他敦促雇主和工会根据经济条件调整工资方案。
    We should constantly urge ourselves on to study hard.我们要经常鞭策/督促自己努力学习。
    ②陈述,力言,强调:He urged its importance.他强调其重要性。
    【拓展】①表示“要求”时,若后接动词,要用动名词,不用不定式;但是,表示此义时却可接不定式的复合结构:He urged our going.=He urged us to go.他要求(催促)我们去。
    ②表示“要求”且后接that从句时,从句谓语通常用“(should)+动词原形”:He urged that we (should)go.他催我们去。注:表示“强调”、“力言”,则要用陈述语气(表示所陈述情况为事实),比较:He urged that she should work hard.他力劝她努力工作。
    He urged that she worked hard.他力言她工作是努力的。
    urgent adj. ①紧迫的,迫切的:I have an urgent matter to attend to.我有一件急事要办。
    ②催促的,极力要求的:She was urgent in her demands.她凡事都要求马上就办。
    【拓展】urgency n.紧迫,急迫,急事,紧要:
    They recognize the urgency of righting the economy.他们认识到了复苏经济的紧迫性。
    us pron.我们(we的宾格代词):He invited us to the party.他邀请我们参加晚会。
    use n.使用,利用,用途,用处:
    He has learned the use of these tools.他已学会使用这些工具。
    It was not of much use to me.这对我没有多大作用。
    v.利用,使用,应用:
    Mr. is used before the names of men. Mr.用在男性姓名前。
    OK, I'll go with you if you promise not to use up all the money.好吧,如果你保证不把钱都花光就和你去。
    【拓展】①for use供使用:For use only in case of fire.只供火警时用。
    ②in use在使用当中:The bridge is no longer in use.这座桥已不再使用。
    ③It’s no use doing sth.做某事没有用:
    Is it any use trying waiting here?试着在这儿等有用吗?
    ④make use of利用,使用:You must make good use of it.你必须好好利用它。
    used adj.用过的,旧的,二手的:I bought a used car yesterday.我昨天买了一辆二手汽车。
    They advertised a used car for sale.他们登了出售旧车的广告。
    【拓展】used to与be used to:前者意为“过去经常”,其后接动词原形;后者意为“习惯于”,后接
    名词或动名词(不能接动词原形):
    He used to come to see us.他过去常来看我们。
    He usedn’t /didn’t use to come.他过去不常来。
    He is used to looking after himself.他已习惯于自己照顾自己。
    He is quite used to hard work.他颇习惯于艰苦工作。
    有时be used to可能是动词use的被动语态结构:
    A knife is used to cut things.小刀是用来切东西的。
    useful adj.有用的,有益的:This book is useful for young students.这本书对年轻学生有益。
    useless adj.无用的:He is useless at numbers.他算数不行。
    It is useless/no use waiting here doing nothing.无所事事地等待是没有用的。
    【拓展】uselessness n.无用:
    Unemployment leads to a sense of uselessness, to say nothing of financial problems.
    失业会让人觉得自己一无是处,更何况还会带来经济问题。
    user n.使用者,用户:
    The user interacts with the computer.使用者同计算机对话。
    If a computer user fails to log off, the system is accessible to all.
    如果计算机用户没有成功退出,那么谁都可以进入该系统。
    usual adj.通常的,平常的:
    He got home later than usual.他比平常回家晚一些。
    As usual, he arrived last.他照例是最后一个到。
    ▲usual 指经常看见或经常听到或经常做的事,强调惯常性。如:
    We met at the usual place. 我们在往常那个地方见面。
    His performance didn’t really come up to his usual high standard. 
    他没有真正表现出平日的高水平来。
    It’s her usual habit to break in with some ideas of her own. 他常常打断别人的话来发表自己的观点。
    【拓展】参看有关词条:
    ▲common 多用于指物,侧重很常见,不稀奇:
    It’s a mistake quite common among students. 这是一个学生常犯的错误。
    Snow is common in cold countries. 在寒冷的国家里雪是常见的。
    ▲ordinary 用于物,指十分平淡无奇;用于人,指无特别之处,很一般:
    His work is quite ordinary. 他的工作很普通。
    The inside of the house is rather ordinary. 房子的内部相当平淡无奇。
    We believe that a better world is not decided by a small group of experts, but by ordinary people just like you and me.我们相信,一个更美好的世界,决定权不在于少数的专家,而在于每一个像你像我一样的普通人。
    ▲general 语气强于common,侧重大多如此,很少有例外情况:
    The announcement was met with general rejoicing. 该项宣布受到普遍的欢迎。
    There was general agreement at the meeting that the plan was too expensive. 
    会议上大家普遍认为这项计划耗资过多。
    ▲average 指相对于某个标准来说属于“普通”的级别,没什么特别之处:
    It is just an average dictionary. 那只是本普通的词典。
    It is about average for the time of year. 对一年中的这个时候来说,降雨量还算普通。
    vacant adj.①(房间、座位等)空着的:Are there any rooms vacant in this hotel?这家旅馆有空房吗?
    ②(职务、工作等)空缺的:
    Are there any vacant positions in your company?你们公司有空缺的职位吗?
    ③茫然的,失神的:
    He stared into space with a vacant expression on his face.他凝望天空,一脸茫然的样子。
    【拓展】vacant, empty, blank与hollow的区别:
    ①vacant指某地方(暂时)没被占用而空着的:
    The room is vacant.这个房间是空的。
    There are some vacant offices on the third floor.
    四楼有几间空着的办公室。(未占用,但内有办公桌等)
    vacant也可以指职位“空缺的”:
    The vacant position was filled.那个空缺的职位被填充上了。
    ②empty指空间内无人无物的,也可指谈话等空洞没有内容,也可以指生活“无聊的”、“空虚的”:
    His room is empty.他的房间是空的。(屋内无人无物)
    He cheated me with empty promises.他用空洞的诺言欺骗了我。
    Life is empty without love. 没有爱的生活是空虚的。
    ③blank的意思是“空白的”、“未填写的”、“没有记录的”,或者指屏幕或墙壁等没有图画、记号:
    If you give me a blank tape, I'll record it for you.
    如果你给我一个空白录音(影)带,我就帮你录。
    He tore a blank page from his notebook.他从他的笔记本上撕下一页空白纸。
    He was staring at the four blank walls.他盯着四堵光秃秃的墙壁。
    blank还可以指大脑空白,即“茫然的”、“不理解的”:
    My mind went blank when I heard the news.我听到这个消息时,大脑一片空白。
    ④hollow(虽然不是考纲词汇,但是常常在高考模拟题的单项选择题的备选项中出现)首先可以指物体“中空的”、“空心的”:
    A iron bar is solid and a pipe is hollow.铁条是实心的,管子是空心的。
    hollow也可以指“空洞的”、“虚伪的”,此时意思跟empty一样:
    I don’t like to hear his hollow words.我不喜欢听他那些空洞的话。
    vacation n.假期,休假,度假:
    I was on vacation last week and didn’t receive your fax.上星期我正在度假,没收到你们的传真。
    I was too busy to spare time for a vacation.我太忙抽不出休假的时间。
    vague adj.①含糊的,模糊的,不明确的:
    She is so vague that I can never understand what she is trying to say.
    她说话含含糊糊,我怎么也听不明白她想说些什么。
    His vague ideas turned into a definite plan.他那些模糊的想法变成了一个明确的计划。
    ②不确定的,不明确的,不了解的:
    He was a little vague when I asked what had happened.我问他出了什么事时,他一无所知。
    I’m quite vague about what happened.我对发生的事很不了解。
    vaguely adv.含糊地;茫然地;暧昧的
    vain adj.①自负的,自视过高的:She is vain of her beauty.她自以为漂亮极了。
    ②徒劳的,无效的:They made a vain attempt to save him.他们试图救他,但没有用。
    n.用于介词短语中:in vain徒劳,白费,枉然:
    I have done everything possible to prevent him from running the risk but in vain.
    我尽了一切可能(我已经做了一切可能做的事情)来阻止他去冒险,但这只是徒劳的。
    All our work was in vain.我们所有的工作都白费了。
    Peter searched all the places where he might have left her iPad but it was all in vain.
    彼得找遍了所有他可能放她的iPad的地方,但都没有找到。
    valid adj.①有根据的,正当的:Illness is a valid excuse for being absent from work.生病是不去上班的正当理由。②有效的:It is valid for three months.它的有效期为3个月。
    Please provide a valid screen name.请输入有效的显示名。
    【拓展】invalid无效的:A passport that is out of date is invalid.护照过期是无效的。
    valley n.山谷,溪谷:
    The village is situated in a valley.这个村子处于一山谷中。
    We drove up a steep-sided valley.我们沿着一条陡峭的峡谷向上开。
    valuable adj.值钱的,贵重的,宝贵的,有价值的:
    Is this ring valuable?这枚戒指值钱吗?
    Gold is still a valuable metal.金子仍然是一种贵重金属。
    He gave us a valuable insight into the problems of education.
    他在教育问题上给我们提供了宝贵的见解。
    He has a valuable collection of stamps.他收藏了很有价值的邮票。
    【拓展】①invaluable的意思是“非常贵重的”(=very/highly valuable, precious),其同义词是
    priceless:
    This diamond necklace is really an invaluable to article.
    这件钻石项链确实是非常贵重的物品。
    Your services are invaluable to us.你对我们的帮助是极其宝贵的。
    They are invaluable paintings.它们是千金难买的绘画作品。
    The book will be very invaluable for students in higher education.
    这本书将对高校学生有重大价值。
    The research should prove invaluable in the study of children’s language.
    这项调查应对儿童语言的研究极具价值。
     ②valuable的反义词是valueless or worthless:
    You feel you really are completely worthless and unlovable. 
    你会觉得自己真是毫无价值,一点也不讨人喜欢。
    value n.①价值,重要性:You must realize the value of humor.你必须意识到幽默的重要性。
    ②价格,价值:
    The fall in the dollar’s value worldwide sent tremors through the Wall Street.
    全球性的美元价格下跌震动了整个华尔街。
    This book will be of great value to him in his study.这本书将对他的研究有很大价值。
    ③(用复数)价值观,道德标准:People have different moral values.人有不同的价值观。
    v.①估价:How much do you value it at?你估计它值多少钱?
    ②尊重,珍惜,看重:I don’t value it.我不希罕。
    【拓展】①of value=valuable有价值的,有用处的:
    Nothing of value was stolen.没偷走什么有价值的东西。
    ②value用在下列例句中的词组中的意义:
    Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value.
    要学会对一切事物一丝不苟,而不要注重表面现象。
    Public statements from the various groups involved should not necessarily be taken 
    at face value.对各相关团体的公开言论不必太过当真。
    I took the offer at face value, I didn’t think they might be trying to trick me.
    我信以为真地接受了这个提议,没料到他们可能想要欺骗我。
    Currency will only be exchanged at face value.货币只按面值交换。
    ③valueless毫无价值的,其同义词是worthless,其反义词为valuable:
    That book is valueless.那本书毫无价值可言。
    Critics say his paintings are valueless/worthless.批评家说他的画毫无价值。
    variety n.①种类,种种:There are two varieties of camels.骆驼有两个不同品种。
    The girl was so happy to find a variety of flowers/varieties of flowers in the garden.
    发现花园里各种各样的花,女孩很高兴。
    ②多样性:We want to have variety in our lives.我们想要过富于变化的生活。
    Now Yiwu Commodity City is famous throughout the world for its varieties of goods and low prices with high quality.现在义乌小商品城因为商品品种丰富,价廉物美而全世界著名。
    various adj.①各种各样的,不同的:
    Our shop sells hats in various shapes, colors and sizes.
    我们的商店出售各种不同形状、颜色、尺码的帽子。
    ②许多的:Beijing is filled with people from various parts of China.北京充满了来自全国各地的人。
    vary v.改变,变化,使多样化:
    Although this is the general approach, you can vary it to some degree.
    尽管这是常规方法,但可以在一定程度上改变它。
    The prices of some goods vary with the season.某些货物的价格随着季节的变化而变动。
    Teachers shall vary their lessons to make them more interesting.
    为了增加趣味,教师应该使自己的课多样化。
    Office hours vary from company to company and country to country.
    因公司、国家不同,办公时间也有所不同。
    The students vary from one another in character.学生们的性格各不相同。
    【拓展】①various“各种各样的”,强调同一范畴内的不同种类,并且常放在复数名词前作定语;varied多变化的,各种各样的,不相同的,改变了的,强调“变”;variable可变的,易变的(天气等情况);variant(n)变体,变化形式,(adj.)相异的、变异的:
    They’ve been living and working peacefully with members of various ethnic groups.
    他们和不同民族的人们一起和睦地生活和工作。
    A rich and varied cultural life is essential for this couple.
    丰富多样的文化生活对这对夫妇而言至关重要。
    It is essential that your diet is varied and balanced.关键是你的饮食要多样化,并保持均衡。
    The response of the audience varied from outright rejection to warm hospitality.
    观众反应不一,有人完全不能接受,也有人击掌叫好。
    The drill has variable speed control.这钻机有变速控制。
    The variable weather is a great trial to me.这种多变的天气真是让我受不了。
    He is of a variable mood ; he never finishes what he starts.
    他这个人朝三暮四,做起事来总是虎头蛇尾。
    This game is a variant of baseball.这种运动是由棒球演变而来的。
    There are so many variant spellings of his name.他的名字有很多不同的拼写形式。
    ②variation n.变化,变更,变动:
    Prices have not shown much variation this year.今年物价没显出多大变化。
    vase n.(花)瓶,(装饰用的)瓶:
    The vase made by the artisan is wonderful.那个手艺人做的花瓶棒极了。
    The flowers in the vase have faded.瓶中的花凋了。
    vast adj.巨大的,广阔的:
    Our country has a vast territory and abundant resources.我国土地辽阔,资源丰富。
    The region is valued for its coal and vast electricity-generating capacity.
    这个地区因其煤炭资源丰富和发电能力巨大而备受重视。
    He had a vast lot of adventures.他经历过许许多多奇遇。
    VCD=versatile compact disk n.影碟光盘,视频高密光盘:
    Do you have some VCD of Chinese movies?您这儿卖中国电影的影碟光盘吗?
    vegetable n.蔬菜:She bought some fruit and vegetables.她买了些水果和蔬菜。
    vehicle n.①交通工具,车辆:
    Subway is a convenient vehicle for those white collars.
    地铁对于白领阶层来说是很方便的交通工具。
    It is time for the yearly check of vehicle safety.到车辆安全年审的时间了。
    ②传播工具(手段):
    Language is the vehicle of thought.语言是表达思想的工具。
    Television has become an important vehicle for spreading political ideas.
    电视已成为传播政治思想的重要媒介。
    version n.①译文,译本,翻译
    The new version of this dictionary is not in use yet.这本字典的新版本还未通行。
    The book was translated into many versions and sold all over the world.
    这本书被翻译成多种译文并行销全球。
    ②形式,式样:This shirt is a version of the one I saw in that shop.
    这件衬衫同我在那家商店里见到的款式几乎一样。
    ③(一种)说法,看法:
    The two newspapers gave different versions of what happened.两家报纸对发生的事说法不一。
    vertical adj.垂直的,直立的:
    The northern face of the mountain is almost vertical.这座山向北的一面几乎是垂直的。
    very adv.很,非常:She looked very tired.她显得很疲倦。
    She became very fond of him.她变得非常喜欢他。
    【拓展】①adj.(加强语气)就是,正是:
    That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
    ②可以修饰形容词或副词的原级,但不能修饰比较级,不过可修饰最高级(置于the之后)
    This is the very lowest price.这是最最低的价格。(但不能修饰由most构成的最高级)
    不能修饰动词:
    如汉语说“我很喜欢它”,不能译为I very like it,可译为I like it very much。
    vest n.背心,内衣:Jimmy is wearing a vest under a coat.吉米在外套里面穿着一件背心。
    via prep.①经由,途经:We traveled from Beijing to Shanghai via Tianjin.我们由北京经由天津去上海。
    ②通过:I sent a message to Mary via her brother.我托玛丽的兄弟把信带给她。
    vice n.①罪恶,邪恶,不道德:
    They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。
    Virtue and vice are two different things: the former leads to peace, the latter to misery.
    美德与邪恶是不同的:前者带来和平,后者导致痛苦。
    ②不道德行为:Lying and cruelty are vices.说谎和残暴均为不道德行为。
    ③恶习,坏习惯,缺点:
    Smoking is a harmful vice.吸烟是一种有害的恶习。
    He who thinks too much of his virtues reminds others of his vice.
    念念不忘自己长处的人,会使别人想起他的缺点。
    【拓展】vice versa反之亦然,反过来也一样:
    This suggested that the matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa.
    这表明物质可以转化为能量,反之亦然。
    victim n.牺牲品,受害者:
    Think of yourself as a survivor, not a victim.把自己看作幸运儿,不要看作受害者。
    She fell an easy victim to his temptation.她经不起他的诱惑,轻易地被骗了。
    He was the victim of injustice.他是不公正的牺牲品。
    According to WTO, China has become the biggest victim of new trade protection measures. 
    据世贸组织统计,中国已成为各种新贸易保护措施的最大受害国。
    I didn’t want to fall a victim to money.我不愿成为金钱的牺牲品。
    victory n.胜利:Perseverance means victory.坚持就是胜利。
    Led by the Party, we will certainly fulfil all our tasks and march from victoryto victory. 
    在党的领导下,我们一定能够完成我们所有的任务,从胜利走向胜利。
    video n.录像,视频,录像机:
    The cinema has largely yielded to the home video.电影业在很大程度上已让位给家庭录像电影。
    They showed a video of “Gone with the Wind”.他们放了录像片《乱世佳人》。
    view n.①看法,见解:His view of life is different from yours.他的人生观与你的不同。
    He took a subjective view of the problem.他用主观的方法看这个问题。
    ②风景,景色:I enjoy the view of the bay in the starlight.我喜欢星光下的海湾风景。
    v.考虑,看,把……视为:
    We can view the problem in many ways.我们可以从多方面来考虑这些问题。
    People came from all over the world to view her work.人们从世界各地涌来欣赏她的作品。
    We view every customer as a partner.我们将每一位客户视为合作伙伴。
    【拓展】①in one’s view在某人看来,依某人看:
    In my view it was a waste of time and energy,but she didn’t accept my advice.
    在我看来这是在浪费时间和精力,可是她根本不听我的建议。
    ②from one’s point of view从某人的观点看,从某人的角度考虑:
    You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.
    直到你能从他的观点角度上思考问题你才能真正了解一个人。
    ③in view of鉴于,考虑到:
    In view of the fact that your payment misses the deadline, you’ll have to pay a fine according to the contract.鉴于你的支付逾期,根据合同你不得不交罚款。
    In view of the shortage of time, the chairman decided that each candidate should finish the speech within 5 minutes.考虑到时间不够,主持人决定每个参赛者的演讲限定在5分钟内。
    village n.村庄,乡村:This village is as beautiful as the fairyland.这个小村庄美如仙境。
    There are two main nationalities in our village.我们村子有两大民族。
    villager n.村民:The enemy killed many villagers.敌人杀害了许多村民。
    vinegar n.醋:Vinegar has an acid taste.醋有酸味。
    violate v.违反,侵犯,侵扰,妨碍,亵渎,违犯,破坏:
    The country violated the international agreement.这个国家违反了国际协议。
    Don’t violate other people’s copyright.不要侵犯他人版权。
    The sound of guns violated the peace of the countryside.炮声扰乱了乡村的宁静。
    The soldiers violated the church by using it as a stable.士兵们把教堂当马厩用而亵渎了它。
    【拓展】violation n. 违反,妨碍,侵犯,违犯,违背:
    From now on any violation of the regulation must be cruelly punished.
    今后任何违反秩序的行为会受到严厉惩罚。
    Amnesty International opposes the death penalty as a violation of the right to life.
    国际特赦组织反对死刑,称其违背了生命权。
    violence n.猛烈,激烈,强烈,暴力,暴行:
    The wind blew with great violence.风异常猛烈地吹着。
    The violence of his words alarmed her.他言语上的猛烈使她产生了警觉。
    She slammed the door with violence.她砰的一声用力关上了门。
    The young man was charged with robbery with violence.这个年轻人被控暴力抢劫。
    violent adj.暴力的,剧烈的,极强烈的:
    Violent criminals like that are dangers to society.那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。
    She was in violent temper.她暴跳如雷。
    The soldiers launched into a violent attack.士兵们展开猛烈的攻击。
    They showed violent opposition to the oppressor.他们对压迫者表现出强烈的不满。
    He is suffering from violent pains.他承受着极度的痛苦。
    violin n.小提琴:He played the violin.他拉了小提琴。
    violinist n.小提琴家,小提琴手:He had trained himself to be a violinist.他把自己培养成了一个小提琴家。
    virtue n.①美德,正直的品行,德行 :Honesty is a virtue.诚实是一种美德。
    ②长处,优点:Plastic has many virtues.塑料有很多优点。
    【拓展】by virtue of凭借,因为,由于:
    Because of the ever-changing customers’ needs and the rapid replacement of products,
    enterprises find it is difficult to satisfy the customers only by virtue of their strength.顾客需求的不断变化和产品快速的更新换代,企业仅仅凭借自己的力量已很难满足顾客。
    The President declined to deliver the speech himself by virtue of a sore throat.
    总统因嗓子不适而拒绝了亲自讲话。
    virus n.病毒:Hackers are said to have started a computer virus. 
    据说黑客们已经开始传播一种新的电脑病毒。
    visa n.签证:He experienced great difficulty in getting a visa to leave the country.
    他申请出国签证经历了很大的困难。
    He has applied for an entry visa.他已申请入境签证。
    I was eventually granted an exit visa.我终于获得了出境签证。
    vision n. ①视力,视觉,幻觉:
    I’ve had my eyes tested and the report says that my vision is perfect.
    我的眼睛检查过了,检查报告说我的视力非常好。
    As it were, where there is human vision, there is almost needs machine vision.
    可以说,需要人类视觉的场合几乎都需要机器视觉。
    ②视野,远见,眼光,洞察力,想象力:
    An enterpriser should have the wide vision.一个企业家应具有开阔的视野。
    We need someone with real vision to lead the party.我们需要具有真知灼见的人来领导这个党。
    She unites common sense with vision.她将想象力与常识联系起来。
    visit n.参观,访问,拜访:I’ve just had a visit from my friend.我的朋友刚才来看过我。
    v.参观,游览,拜访:When will you visit us again?你什么时候再到我们这儿做客?
    【拓展】pay sb./sp. a visit=pay a visit to sb/sp.拜访某人/某地:
    I must pay my new neighbor a visit.=I must pay a visit to my new neighbor.
    我一定要去拜访一下我的新邻居。
    visitor n.访问者,参观者,访客:
    Always remember, you’re never more than one-click away from visitor abandonment.
    请记住,访问者一旦放弃浏览你的网站,他们就不会再点击你的站点了。
    The visitor twisted his neck to look at the photograph on the wall behind him.
    参观者扭过头看他身后墙上的照片。
    She smiled falsely at her unwelcome visitor.她虚情假意地对不受她欢迎的访客微笑。
    visual adj.①视觉的,有关视觉的
    Her designs have a strong visual appeal.她的设计在视觉上很有感染力。
    His failed to pass his visual test.他没有通过他的视力测试。
    I have a very good visual memory.我过目不忘。
    The building makes a tremendous visual impact.这栋建筑物给人以极其深刻的视觉印象。
    ②看得到的,看得见的:
    Our English teacher often uses visual aids in her classes.我们英语老师上课经常用直观教具。
    vital adj.①极为/至关重要的:
    Our capacity for innovation is not strong, and our weakness in terms of core technologies for key fields remains a vital problem.我们的创新能力并不强,我们在关键领域的核心科技的弱点依然是个重要的问题。
    ②生命攸关的:
    Faced with such a vital problem, he looked as cool as a cucumber.
    面对着这样重大的生命攸关的问题,他的神态却异常冷静。
    vivid adj.①鲜明的,鲜艳的:The actresses were wearing vivid historical costumes.女演员们穿着鲜艳的古装。
    ②(描述等)栩栩如生的,(记忆等)清清楚楚的,(想像力等)丰富的:
    Television presents a vivid world in front of us.电视在我们面前展示出一个栩栩如生的世界。
    Antonia is a woman with a vivid imagination.安东尼娅是个想象力丰富的女人。
    ③活泼的,生气勃勃的:Our economic construction is vivid with life.我们的经济建设生气勃勃。
    vocabulary n.词汇,词汇表:He has a very large vocabulary.他的词汇量很丰富。
    voice n.①说话声,声音:
    We could hear the children’s voices in the garden.我们可以听到花园里孩子们的说话声。
    His voice shook with fear.他害怕得声音发抖。
    He went down the bar to a group of Mexicans and talked to them in a lowvoice. 
    他走到酒吧里的一群墨西哥人那里,跟他们小声交谈起来。
    They are shouting at the top(s)of their voices.他们在高声地喊。
    ②语态:We should translate this sentence in passive voice.我们应该用被动语态翻译这个句子。
    【拓展】at the top of one’s voice高声地:
    Not until I shouted at the top of my voice did he turn his head.直到我高声喊叫,他才转过头来。
    volcano n.火山:Vesuvius is an active volcano.维苏威山是一座活火山。
    The eruption of volcano makes many people lose their lives.火山的爆发使许多人丧失了生命。
    volleyball n.排球,排球运动:
    Volleyball is a team game.排球是一项要求全队默契配合的运动。
    On the whole, I find volleyball more interesting.总的说来,我认为排球运动更有趣。
    voluntary adj.(非强迫或无报酬的)自愿的,自发的,志愿的:
    Rather than do nothing at all all day long, Mrs. White prefers to do some voluntary work in a local
    hospital.愿整日无所事事,怀特夫人宁愿在当地的医院做一些志愿工作。
    Many social services are still provided by voluntary societies in our city.
    在我们的城市,许多社会服务仍然是有志愿团体提供的。
    volunteer n.志愿者,义务:
    Finding a volunteer to write the computer program isn’t a problem.
    找个志愿者编这个计算机程序不成问题。
    She often does volunteer labour during holidays.放假时她常去参加义务劳动。
    They fought as volunteers with the Afghan guerrillas.
    他们作为志愿军和阿富汗的游击队员并肩作战。
    v.自愿(服务,做,当,提供等):
    Some students from Grade V volunteered to do some cleaning for the old.
    一些五年级的学生自愿为老人做些清洁工作。
    Many people volunteer to work on the farms.许多人自愿到农场劳动。
    What I want now is two volunteers to come down to the front 
    现在我需要两个自告奋勇的人到前面来。
    No one volunteered any further information.无人主动提供更多的信息。
    He volunteered a statement to the police.他自愿向警方供出情况。
    vote v.选举,推举,表决,投票,选举:
    I may vote for her at the next election.下届选举我可能选她。
    He would vote against the bill on principle.他会根据原则就此法案投反对票。
    We are going to vote on the plan.我们打算就这一提案进行表决。
    Parliament voted the bill through without a debate.国会未经辩论就投票通过了这项法案。
    n.选票,投票,选举权,投票权,表决,选举:
    I suggested putting the matter to a vote, but the chairman demurred to it.
    我建议对此事投票表决,但主席表示反对。
    Give women the vote!给妇女选举权!
    The vote will be held next month.下个月举行选举。
    Was the vote for or against the resolution?表决结果是赞成还是反对此决议?
    voyage n.航行,旅行:After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in what later proved a new continent.
    经过几个月的航行,哥伦布到达了后来被认为是一个新大陆的地方。


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