Unit4 Natural Disasters——【期末复习】高一英语知识点梳理 检测学案（人教版2019必修第一册）

必修Book 1 Unit 4 Natural Disasters

必备知识基础检测（答案）

一、词汇知识检测

I、写作词汇知其形[注意英译汉]

1. rescue n. & vt. 营救；救援　　　　　　　　　　　　　

2. damage vt. 损害；破坏 n. 损坏；损失

3. destroy vt. 摧毁；毁灭

4. shelter n. 避难处；居所；庇护 vt. 保护；掩蔽 vi. 躲避(风雨或危险)

5. trap vt. 使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n. 险境；陷阱 

6. bury vt. 埋葬；安葬

7. supply n. 供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt. 供应；供给

8. strike vi. & vt. 侵袭；突击；击打 n. 罢工；罢课；袭击

9. ruin n. &  vt. 破坏；毁坏 

10. revive vt. & vi. 复活；(使)苏醒

11. flood n. 洪水；大量 vi. 淹没；大量涌入 vt. 使灌满水；淹没

12. effort n. 努力；艰难的尝试；尽力

13. emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况

II、语法词汇知其变[注意词性变化]

1. shock n. 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt. (使)震惊→shocking adj. 令人震惊的；骇人的→shocked adj. (感到)震惊的

2. electricity n. 电；电能→electrical adj. 电的；与电有关的→electric adj. 用电的；电动的；带电的

3. breathe vi. & vt. 呼吸→breath n. 呼吸；气息→breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的；喘不过气来的

4. suffer vt. 遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→suffering n. 痛苦；受难→sufferer n. 受难者；患病者

5. erupt vi. & vt. (火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出→eruption n. 爆发；喷发

6. power n. 电力供应；能量；力量；控制力→powerful adj. 强有力的；强大的→powerfully adv. 强烈地；有效地

7. deliver vt. & vi. 递送；传达 vt. 发表→delivery n. 传递；交付；递送

8. effect n. 影响；结果；效果→affect vt. 影响；疾病侵袭；深深打动→effective adj. 有效的；生效的

9. length n. 长；长度→lengthen v. 加长；延长→long adj. 长的；冗长的

10. survive vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过→survival n. 生存；幸存；幸存事物→survivor n. 生还者；幸存者

III、阅读词汇知其意[注意英译汉]

1. disaster n. 灾难；灾害　　　　　　　　　　

2. tornado n. 龙卷风；旋风

3. drought n. 旱灾；久旱 

4. landslide n. (山地或悬崖的)崩塌；滑坡

5. slide vi. & vt. (使)滑行；滑动 

6. tsunami n. 海啸

7. magnitude n. (地)震级；重大 

8. evacuate vt. 疏散；撤出 vi. 撤离

9. helicopter n. 直升机 

10. death n. 死；死亡

11. crack n. 裂纹；裂缝　vi. & vt. (使)破裂 

12. percent n. 百分之……　adj. & adv. 每一百中

13. brick n. 砖；砖块 

14. metal n. 金属

15. kit n. 成套工具；成套设备 

16. revival n. 振兴；复苏

17. unify vi. & vt. 统一；(使)成一体 

18. wisdom n. 智慧；才智

19. context n. 上下文；语境；背景 

20. typhoon n. 台风

21. hurricane n. (尤指西大西洋的)飓风 

22. tap vi. & vt. 轻叩；轻敲；轻拍 n. 水龙头；轻叩；轻敲

23. pipe n. 管子；管道 

24. whistle vi. 吹口哨；发出笛声 vt. 吹口哨 n. 哨子(声)；呼啸声

25. calm adj. 镇静的；沉着的 vt. 使平静；使镇静 

26. aid n. 援助；帮助；救援物资　vi. & vt. 帮助；援助

27. crash vt. & vi. 碰撞；撞击　n. 撞车；碰撞 

28. sweep vt. & vi. 打扫；清扫

29. wave n. 海浪；波浪　vi. & vt. 挥手；招手 

30. summary n. 总结；概括；概要

IV、重点短语知搭配[注意固定短语的英汉互译]

1. as if 似乎；好像；仿佛

2. in ruins严重受损；破败不堪

3. in shock震惊；吃惊

4. be/become a home to 是/成为……的家园

5. sweep away消灭；彻底消除

6. come to an end结束

7. get back up on one's feet重新站起来；东山再起

8. in the open air 露天；在户外

9. on hand现有(尤指帮助)

10. put up提供；提出；建造；举起；提高；张贴

V、核心单词知用法[注意固定短语、句型和词块]

1. affect vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动

单句语法填空

①(2020· 江苏卷)Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life.

②Affected (affect) with a serious disease, he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.

③I feel much affection (affect) for my mum, whose words and actions have a positive effect on me.

句式升级

(普通表达)Many young people were deeply affected/moved/touched by his story and began to do volunteer work for the disabled.

④(高级表达)Deeply affected/moved/touched by his story, many young people began to do volunteer work for the disabled. (过去分词短语作状语)

2. bury vt. 埋葬；安葬

句式升级

(普通表达)Because he buried himself in/was buried in his book, he didn't notice that all the others had left.

④(高级表达)Burying himself in his book,he didn't notice that all the others had left. (现在分词短语作状语)

⑤(高级表达)Buried in his book,he didn't notice that all the others had left. (过去分词短语作状语)

3. suffer vt. 遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦

单句语法填空

①(2020·江苏卷)Later, he worked in Africa, where many people suffered from blindness for lack of proper treatment.

②It is hard to imagine the pain and sufferings (suffer) these poor people went through during the winter months.

句式升级

(普通表达)He had never suffered such a great loss before in his life, so he almost lost the hope for life.

③(高级表达)Never before in his life had he suffered such a great loss,so he almost lost the hope for life.(倒装)

④(高级表达)Not having suffered such a great loss before in his life, he almost lost the hope for life. (现在分词短语作状语)

4. survive vi. 生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过

单句语法填空

①Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive (survive) is to live in harmony with nature.

②After the plane crash, what the survivors (survive) could do was to wait for rescue on this desert island.

③If he couldn't find his way out of the forest, there would be little chance of survival (survive).

句式升级

(普通表达)After we survived that night, we were confident that everything else would be all right.

④(高级表达)Having survived that night，we were confident that everything else would be all right. (现在分词短语作状语)

5. power n. 电力供应；能量；力量；控制力 vt. 给……提供动力

单句语法填空

①(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Jennifer is a first­generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that's pretty powerful (power)．

②After the new president came to/into power, he took a series of measures to improve people's life.

③The government has been in power for twenty years, and is still going strong.

④Not that I don't want to help you, but that it's beyond my power to do so.

句式升级

(普通表达)(全国卷Ⅰ)You are so diligent that I'll try my best to help you know more about Tang poems.

⑤(高级表达) You are so diligent that I'll do all/everything in my power to help you know more about Tang poems.

⑥(高级表达) You are so diligent that I'll do what I can to help you know more about Tang poems.(what引导宾语从句)

6. strike vi. & vt. (struck, struck/stricken)侵袭；突击；击打；敲；(使)突然想起 n. 罢工；罢课；袭击

写出下列句子中strike的词性和含义

①She was practising surfing when a shark struck. v. 袭击

②The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country. v. 打动；给……以印象

③I heard the clock striking eight when I woke up this morning. v. (钟) 敲

④It struck me that I would have an important meeting in Shanghai the next day. v. 想起

⑤The workers will go on strike if the demands they put forward are turned down. n. 罢工

句式升级

(普通表达)I was struck by his inspiring words, and I decided to make efforts to improve my English.

⑥(高级表达)Struck by his inspiring words,I decided to make efforts to improve my English. (过去分词短语作状语)

7. ruin n. & vt. 破坏；毁坏

单句语法填空

①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)There is also the matter of tone (语气). Who hasn't received an email so annoying that it ruined (ruin) an entire day?

②(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining (ruin) the atmosphere of peace?

③Drunk driving not only ruined himself (he) but also killed several passers­by.

④When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighbourhood in ruins.

完成句子

地震之后整个城市成了一片废墟，这让我们彻夜未眠。

⑤The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake, which made us awake all night.

8. put up 提供；提出；建造；举起；提高；张贴；留宿

写出下列句子中put up的含义

①First he opened a shop and then put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers.张贴

②Those who know the answer to the question, please put up your hands.举起

③I was hoping Kate could put me up for a few nights when I visited the city. 留宿

④Most big stores admit they daren't put prices up for fear of losing their customers.提高

完成句子

学生们提出了许多需要马上解决的问题。

⑤The students have put forward a lot of questions that need to be solved at once.

我可以容忍房间里不整齐，但是我讨厌房间里脏。

⑥I can put up with the house's being untidy, but I hate it if it's not clean.

每年孩子们都把一些零花钱存起来买新年礼物。

⑦Every year children put aside some of their pocket money to buy New Year's presents.

VI、高级结构会变通[注意高级在写作中的仿写]

1. 主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式

单句语法填空

①The problem looks rather easy, but in fact it is very hard to deal with.

②This problem is not easy to figure (figure) out.

完成句子

在一年的四个季节中，夏天是我最喜欢的季节。早晨的空气呼吸起来棒极了。

③Among the four seasons in a year, summer is my favourite. The morning air is good to breathe.

虽然李萍不健谈，但与她相处不难。

④While Li Ping is not a talkative girl, she is not difficult to get along with.

2. too ... to ...

这个小男孩太小了而不能举起这个沉重的石头。

The little boy is too young to raise the heavy stone.

3. it seemed as if ...

好像他已经知道了刚才所发生的一切。

It seemed as if he had known about what happened just now.

4. make it difficult to do ...

它们不仅使人们在晚上很难睡觉，而且还损害着我们具有历史价值的房子和商店。

They not only make it difficult for people to sleep at night, but they are doing damage to our houses and shops of historical interest.

二、语法知识检测

Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空

1．This is the very hotel that I stayed at when I was travelling here.

2．He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.

3．It is the most amazing building that Daming has seen ever since he came here.

4．We are going to learn some Chinese poems that/which were written in the Tang Dynasty.

5．She is one of the girls who/that have passed the exam.

6．They planted some trees which/that didn't need much water.

7．She would do anything that could help her mother recover from the disease.

8．Do you know the lady with whom our English teacher is talking under the big tree?

9．I talked with the man whose house was destroyed in the flood.

10．My father bought a new bike for me whose price added up to more than 1,000 yuan.

11．Anyone who has helped to rescue the drowning girl is worth praising.

12．The boy and the dog that are in the picture look very lovely.

Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子

1．I don't know the man. The man spoke to the headmaster.

→I don't know the man who/that spoke to the headmaster.

2．I have seen the film. They're talking about the film.

→I have seen the film that/which they're talking about.

3．Last week Mary rode the bike. I gave it to her.

→Last week Mary rode the bike that/which I gave to her.

4．The girl is from America. Her father is a great scientist.

→The girl whose father is a great scientist is from America.

5．My grandparents live in a house. It is more than 30 years old.

→My grandparents live in a house which/that is more than 30 years old.

Ⅲ.用适当的关系词补全下面的短文

The two old ladies  lived next door were called Joanna and Martha. They were sisters, and had lived there all their lives. Martha was the quiet one,  stayed at home and did the housework. She always wore a white apron (围裙),  never looked dirty. Joanna,  was more sociable, was a secretary until she reached sixty and retired. “I've had enough of that office，” she told Martha. But that wasn't the real reason  she stopped working. She had always dreamed of going on a long, expensive holiday, to beautiful cities,  she could spend days in art galleries and museums, and to white sandy beaches, on  she could sunbathe and relax.

And now she had the time and the money to do things  she wanted to do. But she knew that Martha,  was so different from her, and  only interest was the house, would not like the idea. Of course, she wouldn't go traveling alone and leave her sister living in the house all by herself. So what did Joanna do? Stay in the house doing nothing all day long? No! She did spend days “in” art galleries and museums, but, through the Internet!

答案与解析　

1．who/that　先行词是ladies，指人，关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词who/that引导定语从句。

2．who　非限制性定语从句先行词是the quiet one，指人，关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词who引导定语从句。

3．which　非限制性定语从句先行词是a white apron，指物，关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。

4．who　非限制性定语从句先行词是Joanna，指人，关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词who引导非限制性定语从句。

5．why　定语从句先行词是the real reason，表“原因”，关系词在从句中做原因状语，故用关系副词why引导定语从句。

6．where　定语从句先行词是cities，表“地点”，关系词在从句中做地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。

7．which　先行词为white sandy beaches，代入非限制性定语从句后为：on white sandy beaches she could sunbathe and relax，由此可见关系词在定语从句中做介词on的宾语，故填which。

8．that/which　定语从句先行词是things，关系词在从句中做动词do的宾语，故用关系代词that/which引导定语从句。

9．who　非限制性定语从句先行词是Martha，指人，关系词在从句中做主语，故用关系代词who引导定语从句。

10．whose　先行词是Martha，指人，关系词在从句中做interest的定语，故用关系代词whose引导定语从句。

三、语篇知识检测

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Your house may have an  on your . Experts say   you  your  could  whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. (Para.1主旨句) Here are some  to turn your  into part of your  plan.

(Para.2主旨句)  and  .  are more likely to ， for people are often less self­conscious (难为情) when they're in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

(Para.3主旨句) . Research suggests   our . In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us less hungry. So when it's time to repaint, go blue.

(Para.4主旨句) —or the radio. People who  tend to  about 70  (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.  ， and try to . And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.

(Para.5主旨句) . Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12­inch plate instead of a 10­inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.

第一步：准确理解原文　明确主题和结构

第二步：去次留精　提炼各意义段要点

明确本文主旨和结构后，确定各段主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词(已在文中标出)，去除次要信息，如原文第二段对室内灯光等描述性的语言信息无需概括在要点之中。

要点1　The way you design your house has an effect on your figure.

要点2　Make the room brighter because dark environments encourage overeating.

要点3　When it's time to repaint, go blue for warm colors fuel our appetites.

要点4　Use the clock to keep track of the dinner time. Eating slowly helps consume fewer calories. Make it 30 minutes or longer.

要点5　Downsize the dishes as big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.

第三步：转换词语和句式　合理陈述要点

利用同义词、近义词或反义词转换关键词，并将提炼出的要点利用相似句型转换、语态转换(即主动句转换为被动句或被动句转换为主动句)；利用非谓语动词或介词短语对句子进行简化或者利用定语从句、状语从句或主语从句合并句子，将原文要点转换为自己的话。

以要点1和要点4举例说明如下：

要点1　The way you design your house has an effect on your figure.

①词语转换(同义词转换): have an effect on—affect

②句式转换(利用特殊疑问词＋不定式转换句式): How to design your house affects your figure.

要点4　Use the clock to keep track of the dinner time. Eating slowly helps consume fewer calories. Make it 30 minutes or longer.

①词语转换(同义词转换): keep track of—record; consume—take in

②句式转换(利用状语从句合并句子): Use the clock to record the dinner time. Since eating slowly helps take in fewer calories, make it 30 minutes or longer.

第四步：恰当衔接过渡　完美概要写作

利用过渡衔接词汇：要点2至要点5都是利用改变家居环境控制饮食的建议，属于顺承和并列关系， 各要点之间应用firstly, besides, in addition, finally等过渡词语使概要浑然一体。利用语法衔接：在要点4中利用代词it代替名词短语the dinner time进行过渡。

答案　

How to design your home affects your figure. Below are tips to design home to help diet. (要点1) Firstly, make the house brighter, because dark environments lead to eating more. (要点2) Besides, paint the room with cold colors such as blue to reduce food intake. (要点3) In addition, use the clock to record the dinner time. Since eating slowly helps take in fewer calories, lengthen it to 30 minutes or longer. (要点4) Finally, use smaller dining tools. (要点5)