专题36 阅读理解猜词词义题满分对策-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习高效复习（全国通用）

这是一份专题36 阅读理解猜词词义题满分对策-备战2024年高考英语一轮复习高效复习（全国通用），文件包含专题36阅读理解猜词词义题满分对策-高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用原卷版docx、专题36阅读理解猜词词义题满分对策-高考英语一轮复习知识清单全国通用教师版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共22页， 欢迎下载使用。

1.利用构词法猜测
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。

英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果，同时结合文章的语境来猜测词义。
【考例1】（2016年全国II卷B篇）
27. What des the underlined wrd “dwnside” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean？
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
原文：Encuraging this kind f thinking has a dwnside. I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking. Withut fail ne wuld declare, “But I’m just nt creative.”
【解析】dwnside是由“dwn（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。
2.利用因果法猜测
若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果，根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由because、s、thus、therefre、as a result f、since、s that、等标志词体现。
【考例2】（2019年全国II卷B篇）
25. What des the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A. Encurage team wrk. B. Appeal t feeling.
C. Prmte gd deeds. D. Prvide advice.
原文：I guess that there’s prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren’t even n … At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll d it.”
【解析】3.利用同义法猜测
由逻辑词“s”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal t feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”，故选B项。
画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该单词或短语的含义，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and、r、like、as well、similarly、t、als、either等。当画线单词或短语与其他单词或短语由并列连词或者表示相同相似关系的副词连接时，意味着这两部分内容在含义上是接近的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个单词或短语所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。
【考例3】（2015年四川卷D篇）
44. What des the underlined wrd “ncturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean？
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.
原文：And it is nt just rbins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are als being mre ncturnal.
4.利用反义法猜测
【解析】画线单词前一句说“不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着”，而“als（也）”表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即“黑鹂和海鸥也更活跃”。“ncturnal”应该是“awake”的近义词，意为“夜间活跃的”，故选A项。
运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词语与前面或后面的另一个词语互为反义或转折对比关系。抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but、yet、hwever、while、unlike、instead（f）、n the ther hand、rather than、n the cntrary等。
【考例4】（2012年全国II卷D篇）
54. What d the wrds “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer t？
A. A painting f the skeletn. B. A phtgraph f Lucy.
C. A cpy f the skeletn. D. A written recrd f Lucy.
原文：Even the Ethipian public has nly seen Lucy twice. The Lucy n exhibitin at the Ethipian Natinal Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually lcked in a secret strerm.
【解析】由“while（而）”可知，本题可以使用反义法解题。根据画线词后面的“while the real remains are usually lcked in a secret strerm”可知，“while”前后构成转折对比关系，所以画线词与“real”意思相反，意思应为“假的”，故答案为C，意思是“一个骨骼的复制品”。
5.利用语境法猜测
有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。
【考例5】（2019年全国I卷B篇）
25. What des the underlined wrd “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer t？
A. Imprper pauses. B. Bad manners.
C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jkes.
原文：But he’s nervus. “I’m here t tell yu tday why yu shuld…shuld…” Chris trips n the “-ld,” a prnunciatin difficulty fr many nn-native English speakers. His teacher, Thmas Whaley, is next t him, whispering supprt. “…Vte fr …me…” Except fr sme stumbles， Chris is ding amazingly well. When he brings his speech t a nice cnclusin, Whaley invites the rest f the class t praise him.
【解析】根据上下文语境可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，经常停顿。“stumble”一词描述的是Chris演讲时的状态，而A项的意思是“不恰当的停顿”，故正确答案为A。
6.利用常识法猜测

在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
【考例6】（2020年江苏卷C篇）
61. The underlined expressin “stmach it” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “ _______ ”.
A. digest the meal easily
B. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eat
D. eat whatever is ffered
原文：Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
【解析】此题考查“stmach”的生僻意思。根据生活常识可知，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意为“如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早饭前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多”，故选B项。
高考英语试题的阅读材料选材地道、内容新颖、语言鲜活，常蕴含丰富地道的词汇和表达方式。文章中有时会出现生词，抑或是使用熟词的生僻意思，借此考查考生是否具有通过构词、语法、定义、同位、同义、对比、因果、常识、上下文语境等线索推断词义句意的能力。
同学们在复习过程中应熟练掌握考纲所要求的3500个词汇，同时具备必要的构词知识，扩大阅读量，再适当运用以上猜词锦囊，相信会对解答好猜词悟义题有所助益。
调研01
阅读理解猜测词义题真题调研
(2023新课标I卷C篇)
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
调研02

(2023新课标II卷C篇)
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
调研03
(2023全国甲卷B篇)
Terri Bltn is a dab hand when it cmes t DIY (d-it-yurself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture, she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.
24. Which is clsest in meaning t “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?
A. An artist.B. A winner.C. A specialist.D. A pineer.
调研04
(2023全国乙卷D篇)
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
34. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
调研05
(2022新课标I卷C篇)
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
调研06
(2022新课标II卷B篇)
We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn’t even realize it’s new. Fr them, it’s just nrmal.
This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday. I had brught a children’s bk t read. It had simple wrds and clrful pictures — a perfect match fr his age.
24. What d the underlined wrds “hit hme fr me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Prvided shelter fr me.B. Became very clear t me.
C. Tk the pressure ff me.D. Wrked quite well n me.
调研07
(2022全国甲卷C篇)
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
28. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
调研08
(2022全国乙卷D篇)
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
29. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
调研09
(2021新课标I卷C篇)
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl (水禽) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat (栖息地).
29. What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire.B. Exprt.C. Destry.D. Distribute.
调研10
(2021新课标II卷C篇)
As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they'd get up t mischief. We'd cme dwn in the mrning t find they'd turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.
25. What d the underlined wrds “get up t mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly.B. Lse their way.C. Sleep sundly.D. Miss their mm.
调研11
(2021全国甲卷C篇)
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing .I lved it. I sn made friends with the lcal skaters. We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam（横杆）, I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered —landing tricks, being a gd skater.
29. What d the underlined wrds “Safe! Safe! Safe!” prbably mean?
A. Be careful!B. Well dne!C. N way!D. Dn't wrry!
调研12
(2021全国乙卷B篇)
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey (调查). Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.
调研13
(2021全国I卷B篇)
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
26. What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt. B. Reward.C. Allwance. D. Face value.
调研14
(2020全国II卷C篇)
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种). It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
调研15
(2020全国III卷B篇)
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
26. What des the underlined phrase "keeping tabs n" in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely.B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully.D. Watching carefully.
调研16
(2020新课标卷C篇)
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
29. What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Develping a serius mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
调研17
（2020年新课标卷D篇）
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins (份), it’s the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
33. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t？
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persns.
阅读理解猜测词义题命题规律探究
[1] I still have a thusand questins as t why I struggled t act. Why did it take me many circles arund the mall and an argument with myself? I nce wavered between helping her and ignring her. All I knw fr sure is that while walking tward that wman at the bus stp, a miracle happened.
1. What des the underlined wrd "wavered" in paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Hesitated. B. Disagreed. C. Balanced. D. Objected.
[2] This evidence, which is assumed t ccur thrugh a bi-behaviral mechanism, suggests that preventin strategies that target mdificatin f psychlgical well-being-e. g. ptimism-may be a ptential avenue fr AHA t reach its gal f imprving Americans’ cardivascular health by 20 percent befre 2020.
2.What des the underlined wrd “avenue” in the last paragraph prbably mean?
A．Danger.B．Apprach.C．Ability.D．District.
[3] Five years ag, French navy fficer Jérôme Chardn was listening t a radi prgram abut the jurney f the bar-tailed gdwit, a bird that migrates 14,000 kilmeters between New Zealand and Alaska. Chardn understd hw treacherus the jurney wuld be, as heavy strms frequently hit Pacific island cmmunities. Yet, smehw, bar-tailed gdwits rutinely pass thrugh the area uninjured. Chardn wndered whether learning hw birds traveled culd help castal cmmunities avid natural disasters.
3. Which f the fllwing best explains the wrd “treacherus” underlined in paragraph 1?
A．Strange.B．Bring.C．Frequent.D．Dangerus.
[4] (2019全国I)But he’s nervus. “I’m here t tell yu tday why yu shuld … shuld…” Chris trips n the“-ld,”a prnunciatin difficulty fr many nn-native English speakers. His teacher, Thmas Whaley, is next t him, whispering supprt. “…Vte fr …me …” Except fr sme stumbles, Chris is ding amazingly well. When he brings his speech t a nice cnclusin, Whaley invites the rest f the class t praise him.
4. What des the underlined wrd “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Imprper pauses.B. Bad manners.C. Spelling mistakes.D. Silly jkes.
[5] (2019全国II)I guess that there's prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and I talk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren’t even n … At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright. Yes, I’ll d it.”
5. What des the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean ?
A. Encurage team wrk. B. Appeal t feeling.
C. Prmte gd deeds. D. Prvide advice.
[6] (2019全国III)"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement. "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China; sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs-and beating them hands dwn in design and sales," adds Hil.
6.What d the underlined wrds"taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning frmB. lking dwn n
C. wrking with
[07] (2018全国I)Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
7. Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Cmplex.B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful.D. Mdern.
[8] (2018全国II)If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “Sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
8. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
[9] (2018全国IIII)Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
9. What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. The mre, the better. B. Enugh is enugh.
C. Mre mney, mre wrries.D. Earn mre and spend mre.
[10]Traditinally, recycling plants break dwn materials fr reuse in similar prducts-like melting dwn plastic t make mre plastic things. Sahajwalla’s inventin advances this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different. “The kids dn’t lk like the parents,” she says. Sahajwalla refers t this prcess as “the furth R,” adding “re -frm” t the cmmn phrase “reduce, reuse, recycle”.
10.What des “re-frm” in Paragraph 3 refer t accrding t Sahajwalla?
Extracting materials frm the waste.
Generating new materials with waste.
Updating the whle recycling prcess.
Transfrming waste int similar prducts.