第13讲 介词和介词短语（讲义）-备战2024中考英语一轮复习精品课件+讲义+练习（全国通用）

这是一份第13讲 介词和介词短语（讲义）-备战2024中考英语一轮复习精品课件+讲义+练习（全国通用），文件包含第13讲介词和介词短语讲义-中考英语一轮复习讲练测全国通用原卷版docx、第13讲介词和介词短语讲义-中考英语一轮复习讲练测全国通用解析版docx等2份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共0页， 欢迎下载使用。

►第13讲 介词和介词短语 （讲义） 【复习目标】 1.掌握介词的用法 2.掌握表示时间、地点、方位、交通方式、方式、方法等介词的辨析 3.掌握常用介词短语辨析 【考情分析】 介词是历年各省市中考必考知识点。从考查形式看，一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。所占分值通常为2～4分。从命题意图看，侧重考查考生的具体语言环境中使用介词的能力。 介词注意事项： 1.一个介词往往有多个 含义，需要结合例句 逐一搞清楚。 2.介词的固定搭配比较 多，需要特别识记和 积累。 3.常用介词几十个，最 好系统学习，这样效 率比较高。 4.介词的很多用法和中 文的不同，使用的频 率也很高，需要刻意 去学习。 【网络构建】 考向一 介词的用法 介词是一种虚词，用来表示词与词，词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。 介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中 作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。如： The man came down the stairs. (状) // My mother will be back in half an hour. (状) The boy over there is my friend. (定) // The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside. (定) The teacher is now with the pupils. (表) // Li Ting is from Guilin. (表) // Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语) 考向二 介词的用法辨析 一：时间介词 表示＂时间＂的介词如下： ① 表示年、月、日、时刻等用at, in, on ② 表示时间的前后用before, after ③ 表示期限等用by, until, till ④ 表示期间等用for, during, through ⑤ 表示时间的起点等用from, since ⑥ 表示时间的经过等用in, within, at, on, in at用于表示时刻、时间的某一点 at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at that time那时 at the moment此刻，目前 at the same time同时 at times偶尔，有时 at nine在九点钟 at first开始的时候，起初 at last最后 ►We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve. 我们通常中午吃午饭（十二点吃午饭）。 注意：表示时间的名词前有this, last, next, every等修饰时，其前面不加介词。 this morning今天早上 last Monday上周一 every week每周 on用于表示某天，某一天的上、下午（指具体的某一时，一律用on） on Monday 在周一 on Monday evening 在周一晚上 on Tuesday morning 在周二早上 on June 6在6月6日 on May 4,2016 在2016年5月4日 on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚 on that day在那天 on Christmas Day在圣诞节那天 on time准时 on the night of July（the）first 在七月一日的夜晚 ►We didn’ t listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon. 周三下午我们没去听演讲。 in用于表示周、月、 季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上（指在一段时间内）。 in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中 in May 在五月 in 1995在1995年 in summer在夏季 in Spring在春季 in autumn在秋季 in winter在冬季 in September, 1995 在1995年9月 in the morning 在上午 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening在晚上 in the 21st century在二十一世纪 in time及时 in an hour一个小时后 in a minute一会儿，立刻 ►The plane took off on time.飞机准时起飞了。 ►People go skating in winter.人们冬天去滑冰。 ►Do they work in the day time or at night? 他们是白天工作还是夜里工作？ before, after（注：两个既可以作介词又可以作连词） before在……之前 ►Wash your hands before dinner.（before作介词）吃饭前请洗手。 ►He will call me before he leaves here/before ten o’ clock.（前一个before作连词；后一个before作介词）他离开这儿之前/十点之前，将给我打电话。 after在……之后 ►Let’s sing some songs after school.（after作介词）放学后咱们唱歌吧！ ►Please close the door after you leave the room.（after作连词）离开房间后请关门。 by, until/till by 在……前（时间）；截止（到）…… ►How many English books had you read by the end of last year? 到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书？ ►She had left by the time I arrived. 我到时（之前）她已经走了。 by the end of在……底（之前） by then 到那时 by the time+从句 在……之前 until/till知道……为止（时间） ►We didn’ t begin to watch TV until/till nine o’ clock. 一直到九点，我们才开始看电视。（begin是点动词，所以用否定式） ►I will wait for him until he comes here. 我将在这儿一直等到他来。 for, during, through ►He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。 ►We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在这座城市呆两天。 ►They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。 ►They played the cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。 ►He stayed in London through the winter.他整个冬天都待在伦敦。 【注意】for和during。for之后大多跟表示时间、具体天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。 from, since from从……起（时间） 表示＂从……开始＂时，一般都是用词组from...to...，而单纯表示确切的＂从几点开始＂时用at。 ►The meeting will be held from eight to ten. 这个会议将从8点开到10点。 ►The meeting will be held at eight. 会议将从八点钟开始。 since自从……以来（表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续） ►I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。（强调一直病到现在） ►The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.（since作连词，引导时间状语从句）这个医生自从当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。 in, within in过……后（未来时间）大多用在将来时（一般将来时和过去将来时）。 in an hour一小时之后 in a week or so大约一星期之后 ►He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。 ►They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。 within不超过……的范围 within 3 hours 3小时之内 within a week一周之内 ►I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。 比较：within和in。within强调＂在……时间之内＂，没有时态的限制。in是以现在为基础，in an hour是指从现在起一小时之后，所以in一般只用于将来时。 二：表示场所、方向的介词 （1） 表示场所的介词：at, in, on, under, by, near, between, around, opposite （2） 表示方向的介词：into, out of, along, across, through, up, past ①at, in at在某地（表示比较狭窄的场所） at school上学 at home在家 stand at the door站在门边 at a factory在一家工厂 at the bottom of在……下面 at the party在聚会上 at the end of在……末尾 at the table在桌旁 at the station在火车站 at the crossroads在十字路口 at work在上班 at the bus stop在公共汽车站 ►I’ ll meet him at the Beijing railway station. 我将去北京站接他。 in在某地（表示比较宽敞的场所） in Beijing在北京 in the world在世界上 in the house在房子里 ►His brother is in prison and was arrested 2 years ago. 他哥哥两年前被捕现在在监狱中服刑。 ►She was born in China.她是在中国出生的。 ②on, above, over, under, below on在……上面，有接触面。 on the desk在桌子上面；on the map在地图上。 on在……靠近……的地方 on the right在右边 on the screen在屏幕上 on the river在河边 on the farm在农场 on the floor在地板上 on the island/beach在岛上/海滨 on the pavement在人行道上 above在……上方 ►Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。 over在……正上方，是under的反义词 ►There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。 ►A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。 ►under在……下面；在……之内 under the table桌子下面 under the jacket在夹克内 ►The dog is under the table.这只狗在桌子下面。 below在……下方（不一定是正下方） 正下方是under，below是above的反义词。 ►There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。 ③near, by near近的，不远的 near=not far，是far的反义词。near还可以指时间。 in the near future在不久的将来 ►Is there a bus stop near here? 这儿附近有公共汽车站吗？ by在……旁边，距离比near要近 by the window在窗户旁边 by me在我旁边 ►The boy is standing by the window. 这个男孩正站在窗户旁边。 ④ between, among, around between在两者之间 ►My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。 ►What’ s the difference between A and B? A和B之间有什么区别？ among在三者或更多的之中 ►There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。 ►He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎（很出名）。 around环绕，在……周围，在……四周 ►We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。 ►The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。 ⑤ in front of，behind，opposite in front of早……的前面；在……的前部 ►There is a tree in front of the house. ►There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom. 在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。 behind在……后面 behind是in front of的反义词 ►There is a tree behind my house. 我家房子后面有一颗树。 ►There is a tree at the back of my house.我家房子后面有一棵树。 opposite在……对面 ►Our school is opposite a university,我们学校在一所大学的对面。 ►He stood opposite me.他站在我对面。 ⑥ in, into, out of, up in在……之内，用于表示静止的位置 ►The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。 into进入用于表有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如go, come, walk, run等。 ►The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。 ►He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。 out of和into一样，也表示有一定的运动方向 ►The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。 out of的基本含义：从……到外面，离开；在……范围之外；从（某个数）之中 up移动 ►The children climbed up the tree.孩子们爬上了树。 ⑦ along, across, past, through along沿着 ►I was walking along the river when it began to rain.我正沿着河边散步，突然下起雨来了。 across横过 ►I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。 past经过 ►Every day he runs past the city hall.他每天跑步经过市政府。 through贯穿，通过 ►The sun shone through the clouds.阳光穿过云层照射下来。 ►The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。 ⑧ to, from, for 三： 其他介词（介词除了可以表示＂时间＂、＂场所＂以外，有些也可以表示＂手段＂＂材料＂等。） （1）表示手段和材料的介词with, in, by ①with和……在一起 ►Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗？ with具有、带有 ►He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。 with用某种工具或办法 ►Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。 ►He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新钢笔写这封信。 with one’ s help在某人的帮助下 ►With the teacher’ s help I have made progress.在老师的帮助下，我取得了进步。 ②in表示用什么材料（如用墨水，铅笔等），或用什么语言，或者表示衣着、声调特点时，不用with，而用in。 ►she wrote a letter in black ink. 她用黑色的墨水写信。 ►Don’ t write it in pencil but in ink. 别用铅笔写，用钢笔（水）写。 ►Can you speak in English? 你能用英语说吗？ ③by通过……方法、手段 ＂by+交通工具＂的词组： by bicycle骑自行车 by train坐火车 by plane/by air坐飞机 by taxi坐出租车 by car坐小汽车 by ship坐船 by bus坐公共汽车 （2）of, from ①of（属于）……的；表示……的数量或种类 ►This is a map of china.这是一幅中国地图。 ►Will you please give me a cup of tea? 请您给我一杯茶好吗？ ②from来自（某地、某人）；以……起始（时间或地点） ►I’ m from Nanjing.我是南京人。 ►We work from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五上班。 （3）without, like, as ①without没有，是with的反义词。 ►Man can’ t live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。 ►Please give me a cup of coffee with（without）milk.请给我一杯（不）加牛奶的咖啡。 ②like像……一样 ►Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的妈妈一样。 ►Nancy looks like her mother.（南希和她妈妈长得一样。）用look时，强调外表。 ③as作为 ►He is famous as a scientist here. 他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。 ►The room is dirty as usual. 这房间像平时一样脏。 （4）against, about ①against反对；靠着 ►He is against the plan（Li Ming）.他反对这个计划。（他反对李明） ►The teacher is standing against the blackboard.老师正靠着黑板站着。 ②about 关于；各处；身旁 ►Tell me something about your life.告诉我你的生活情况。 ►I have no money about/with me.我身上没带钱。 about 询问某人/某物的情况或提出建议 ►What about your sister? 你姐姐情况如何？ ►How about going to the park? 去公园怎么样？ 考向三 常用的介词短语 四：介词短语 1 at once 立刻 2 at last 最后 3 at first 起先，首先 4 at the age of... 在……岁时 5 at the end of...在……之末 6 at the beginning of... 在……之初 7 at the foot of... 在……脚下 8 at the same time 同时 9 at night/noon 在夜里/中午 10 with one’ s help 在某人的帮助下，由于某人的帮助 11 with the help of ... 在……的帮助下 12 with a smile 面带笑容 13 with one’ s own eyes 亲眼看见 14 after a while 过了一会儿 15 from now on 从现在起 16 from then on 从那时起 17 for example 例如 18 far away from 远离 19 from morning till night 从早到晚 20 by and by 不久 21 by air mail 寄航空邮件 22 by bike/air/train/bus 骑自行车/乘飞机/火车/汽车 23 by ordinary mail 寄平信 24 by the way 顺便说 25 by the window 在窗边 26 by the end of... 到……底为止 27 little by little 逐渐地 28 in all 总共 29 in fact 事实上 30 in one’ s twenties 在某人二十几岁时 31 in a hurry 匆忙 32 in the middle of 在……中间 33 in no time (in a minute) 立刻，很快 34 in time (on time) 及时 35 in public 公众，公开地 36 in order to 为了…… 37 in front of 在……前面 38 in the sun 在阳光下 39 in the end 最后，终于 40 in surprise 惊奇地 41 in turn 依次 42 of course 当然 43 a bit (of) 有一点儿 44 a lot of 许多 45 a little 一点儿 46 on one’ s way to 某人在去……的路上 47 on foot 步行，走路 48 a talk on space 一个关于太空的报告 49 on the other hand 另一方面 50 at/on the weekend 在周末 51 on the left (right) 在左(右)边 52 on the other side of 在……另一边 53 on the radio 通过收音机(无线电广播) 54 to one’ s joy 使……高兴的是 55 to one’ s surprise 使……惊讶的是 一、单项选择 1．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·一模）—World Book Day is ________ April 23rd every year. —I see. More than 100 countries around the world hold all kinds of reading activities. A．in B．at C．on 2．（2023·福建福州·福建省福州第一中学校考模拟预测）We arrived in the beautiful city ________ a snowy morning in winter. A．at B．in C．on 3．（2023·重庆渝中·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）—The Dragon Boat falls ________ the fourth Thursday of June. —We are planning a trip ________ Changshou Lake to watch the boat races. A．on; on B．in; of C．at; to D．on; to 4．（2023·甘肃陇南·模拟预测）I hear that the opening will be ________ the morning of January 10th ________ 10:00. A．in; at B．on; at C．on; in D．in; for 5．（2023·重庆江北·校考三模）The 19th Asian Games will be held in Hangzhou ________ September, 2023. A．at B．on C．in D．for 6．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考三模）—I can’t see the cat because it’s _________ the box. —Oh, the cat is so clever! A．behind B．on C．in front of 7．（2023·黑龙江绥化·校考三模）— Where is Heilongjiang Province? — It’s ________ the northeast of China and ________ the north of Jilin Province. A．in; to B．to; on C．in; on 8．（2023·新疆喀什·统考三模）A subway train runs ________ the ground. A．in B．on C．above D．under 9．（2023·辽宁大连·统考一模）The 2018 World Cup started ________ Moscow ________ 14th June. A．on, in B．in, on C．in, in D．at, on 10．（2023·福建福州·福建省福州延安中学校考三模）—Michael, could you tell me how we can pass the final examination? —________ practicing again and again. A．For B．By C．With 11．（2023·河北衡水·统考二模）I improved my spoken English ________ watching English movies and listening to English songs. A．in B．to C．for D．by 12．（2023·四川乐山·统考二模）—Would you like ________ sugar? —No, thanks. Just a cup of coffee ________ nothing in it. A．some；with B．any；without C．to；have 13．（2023·浙江·模拟预测）Everyone was on time for the meeting ________ Chris, who’s usually ten minutes late for everything. A．but B．even C．only D．besides 14．（2023·河北唐山·统考二模）We all went to the Universal Beijing Resort ________ Jim. He had a bad cold. A．besides B．against C．except D．with 15．（2023·甘肃定西·校考三模）Tom is a good boy, ________ his bad temper. A．beside B．besides C．except D．except for 16．（2023·云南昭通·统考二模）—All of the students went to the party ________ Tom. —Yes. He had to look after his young sister at home. A．with B．for C．over D．except 17．（2023·辽宁抚顺·统考三模）________ history, Peter also likes science. He thinks both of the subjects are interesting. A．Except B．For C．Along with D．With 18．（2022·内蒙古呼伦贝尔·统考一模）—This problem is far ________ my ability. I’m afraid I can’t work it out. —Don’t worry. We will help you. A．beyond B．beside C．behind D．more 19．（2022·安徽安庆·统考一模）— It’s ________ your promise to be absent from Julie’s party. —Yes. But I have to prepare for my report next week. A．for B．against C．with D．from 20．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测）—To our excitement, Shenzhou-12 manned（载人的）spaceship was sent up successfully ________ June 17, 2021. —That’s really exciting news. We are proud of our country. A．in B．on C．at 二、语法选择 （2023·陕西西安·西北大学附中校考模拟预测） My son Joey was born with club feet（畸形足）. The doctors said that with treatment（治疗）he would 21 able to walk normally, but would never run very well. The first three years of his life was spent in hospital. We never told him that he probably wouldn’t be able to run as 22 as the other children, so he didn’t know it. In the seventh grade, he decided to try out（参加选拔）for 23 Cross-country Team in his school. Every day he practiced 24 the team members. He worked harder and ran more than any other child. 25 the whole team runs, only the top seven runners have the potential（潜力）to score points for the school. We didn’t tell him he probably would never make the team, so he didn’t know it. He continued to run four to five miles a day, everyday- even on the day he 26 a high fever. I was worried, so I went to look for him after school and I wanted to know if 27 . I found that he 28 all alone. I asked him how he felt. “Okay” he said. He had two more miles to go. The sweat（汗水）ran down his face. Yet he looked straight ahead and went on running. Two weeks later, the team 29 names were called. Joey was number six on the list. Joey had made the team. He was the only one in seventh grade. We never told 30 he couldn’t do it... so he didn’t know it. He just did it. 21．A．be B．is C．was D．were 22．A．good B．well C．better D．best 23．A．/ B．a C．an D．the 24．A．on B．with C．after D．for 25．A．That B．If C．Although D．Since 26．A．had B．has C．have D．having 27．A．he is OK B．is he OK C．he was OK D．was he OK 28．A．practice B．practices C．is practicing D．was practicing 29．A．runner B．runners’ C．runner’s D．runners 30．A．his B．him C．himself D．he 三、语法填空 （2023·福建龙岩·统考三模） 阅读下面短文，根据语境、音标或所给单词的提示，在每个空格内填入一个恰当的词，要求所填的词意义准确、形式正确，使短文意思完整、行文连贯。 Along the River During the Qingming Festival(清明上河图) is a painting 31 the Song Dynasty artist Zhang Zeduan (1085—1145). The painting is 25.5 centimeters in 32 (high) and 5.25 meters long. The countryside and the crowded city are the two main parts in the picture, with the river 33 (run) through the entire length. The right part is the rural area of the city. There are crop fields and rural folk. A country path broadens into a road and 34 (join) with the city road. The left half is the urban(城市的) area, 35 eventually leads into the city center. Many economic (经济的) activities can be seen in this area. Zhang Zeduan’s painting is celebrated as 36 most famous work of art from the Song Dynasty. However, there are copies of the famous painting. An early copy, generally 37 (consider) to be most similar to the original, was made by Zhao Mengfu during the Yuan Dynasty. Another known remake(重置物) 38 (paint) during the Ming Dynasty. This copy has a length of 6.7 meters, 39 (long) than the original. Another version by five Qing Dynasty court painters was presented to the Qianlong Emperor on January 15.1737. This version was 40 (late) moved, along with many other handicrafts, to Taipei Palace Museum in 1949. 一、单项选择 1．（2023·甘肃白银·统考中考真题）The cat in Picture ________ is on the box. A． B． C． D． 2．（2023·湖南怀化·统考中考真题）The earthquake in Turkey(土耳其) happened ______ February 6, 2023. A．on B．in C．at 3．（2023·安徽·统考中考真题）Do whatever you can for the community, ________ looking after the old or teaching kids art. A．with B．under C．like D．over 4．（2023·云南·统考中考真题）—Hi, Mike. When is the Space Day of China? —It falls ________ April 24 every year. A．at B．in C．on D．for 5．（2023·江苏连云港·统考中考真题）The instrument EyeHarp is specially designed ________ disabled people to play music with eyes. A．in B．as C．for D．over 6．（2023·四川成都·统考中考真题）Deng Qingming, an astronaut of Shenzhou 15, achieved his dream ________ many years’ hard work. A．without B．in C．through 7．（2023·四川泸州·统考中考真题）— Congratulations! Can you share your secret to learning? — If you work hard enough, you will succeed ________ achieving your goal. A．on B．about C．in D．for 8．（2023·四川凉山·统考中考真题）— The Double Trank of Chengdu-Kunming Rail was opened to traffic in December, 2022. — Yes, it’s very convenient now. It takes us about three hours ________ Chengdu to Xichang on a high-speed train. A．between B．from C．in 9．（2023·四川凉山·统考中考真题）There are a lot of ways to keep healthy. ________, we can do more exercise and eat less junk food. A．To our surprise B．In the end C．For example 目录一复习目标掌握目标及备考方向二考情分析2023年中考情态动词考情分析三网络构建知识点头脑风暴四介词和介词短语考向1.介词的用法 2.表示时间、地点、方位、交通方式、方式、方法等介词的辨析 3.介词短语辨析 4.提升必考题型归纳五真题感悟介词和介词短语经典考题for达……之久（表示经过了多少时间），可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但经常和完成时连用。during在……期间through一直……（从开始到结束）单词含义例句to到达……地点（目的地）或方向He came to Japan in 1980.他1980年来到日本。from从……地点起leaver for动身去…… start for出发去…… I will leave for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。for表示目的地，＂向……＂ for表目的时，一般都是和固定动词搭配。It’ s about ten minutes’ walk from here to the cinema. 从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。