专题02 名词-2023年中考英语总复习真题探究与变式训练（江苏专用）

专题02  名词

考向一  名词的词义辨析

例1 （2022·江苏南通·中考真题）（同形名词辨析）Mr. Fang introduces a lot about the ________ which is organized to help wild animals.

A．product B．promise C．present D．project

例2  （2022·江苏镇江·中考真题）（不同类名词辨析）Listening to music and watching films are both relaxing forms of _______.

A．achievement B．agreement

C．development D．entertainment

例3  （2021·江苏宿迁·中考真题）（同义名词辨析）Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second ________.

A．family B．house C．village D．hometown

名词的词义辨析

中考在名词词义析中主要考查同类名词词义辨析及不同类名词词义辦析。同类名词辨析涉及抽象类、动物类、身体部位类、职业类、地点类。针对此类试题，考生要熟记单词的词义，并结合前后语境来选择正确选项。对于语境辨析类试题，首先掌握各个选项的意思，再根据语境的逻辑关系来确定正确答案。

易混名词辨析：

1. advice, suggestion

【辨析】

(1)advice多指“忠告；劝告”,是不可数名词,不可用an, many, a few等直接修饰,也不能在其后加s,但可以用some, much, a piece of等直接修饰。常见搭配有give some advice, ask for advice等。

(2)suggestion 多指供人参考的想法,是可数名词,可用a, some, many,a few等直接修饰,有复数形式。常见搭配有give a suggestion, make a suggestion等。

【举例】

The lawyer gave me some helpful advice. 律师给了我一些有用的建议。

Do you have any suggestions on how to solve the problem properly？关于如何妥当地解决这个问题, 你有什么建议吗？

2. people, person, man

【辨析】

(1)people表示“人;人们”时是集体名词, 表复数概念, 不能表示“一个人”。只有当表示两个或两个以上的人时才可用people, 如two people意为“两个人”。people还可以表示“民族”, 此时有单、复数之分, one people 意为“一个民族”, two peoples意为“两个民族”。

(2)person是个体名词, 它泛指man, woman或child中的任何一个, 其复数形式是persons。

(3)man意为“男人”, 与woman相对, 其复数形式为men;man也可表示“人;人类”, 此时man用作单数名词, 且不加冠词。

【举例】

This hall is spacious enough to hold at least 1, 000 people. 这个大厅足够宽敞, 至少可以容纳一千人。

We all know that there are 56 peoples in China. 我们都知道中国有五十六个民族。

Who is the youngest person in your class？ 你们班里年龄最小的人是谁？

Men and women are equal. 男女平等。

The chick initially has no fear of man. 小鸡最初不怕人。

3. noise, voice, sound

【辨析】

(1)noise意为“噪音;喧闹声”, 常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。

(2)voice指人的嗓音或说话、唱歌时发出的声音。

(3)sound泛指人们听到的各种“声音”, 可以是人或动物的声音, 也可以是大自然的任何声音。

【举例】

Don’t make any noise！ 别吵闹！

Sherry, the lovely girl, has a really sweet voice. 雪莉, 那个可爱的女孩, 有着相当甜美的嗓音。

Light travels much faster than sound. 光的传播速度比声音快得多。

4. problem, question

【辨析】

两者都可表示“问题”。problem指说话者认为难以解决的问题, 常与动词 solve或settle(解决)搭配使用。question则指说话者需要寻找答案的问题, 常与动词ask或answer连用。

此外, problem可用于指数学、化学或物理等的习题, 而question却无此含义。

【举例】

The problem is very difficult to be solved. 这个问题很难解决。

May I ask you some questions？我可以问你一些问题吗？

Can you work out this chemistry problem？你能算出这道化学题吗？

5. job, work

【辨析】

两者都可指“工作”。job指具体的职业或零工, 是可数名词, a job表示“一份工作”。work通常用作动词, 作名词时常用作不可数名词, a piece of work表示“一份工作”。

注意：work表示“著作;作品”之意时是可数名词, 其复数形式为works。

【举例】

I heard you had changed several jobs. 我听说你换了几份工作。

First of all, I should thank you all for your hard work. 首先, 我应该感谢大家的辛勤工作。

6. home, house, family

【辨析】

（1）home意为“家”, 指人们出生或居住的地方, 也指“家乡;故乡”。

（2）house意为“住房;住宅”, 侧重指人们居住的房子或建筑物。

（3）family意为“家庭;家庭成员”, 与居住的房子无关。当family作整体概念的“家庭”讲时, 视作单数, 谓语动词用单数形式;当family作“家庭成员”讲时, 视作复数, 谓语动词用复数形式。

【举例】

Tom takes Beijing as his second home. 汤姆把北京视为他的第二故乡。

I bought a house with a big garden two years ago. 两年前我买了个带大花园的房子。

Mr Black’s family is very large. 布莱克先生家里的人很多。

My family are very well. 我家里人身体都很好。

【变式1】（2022·江苏·泰州中学附属初中三模）The astronauts in Shenzhou-13 had real-time ________ with the ground classrooms in five cities to spread the knowledge of space to the young people.

A．conclusion B．competition C．contribution D．communication

【变式2】（2022·江苏省淮阴中学开明分校二模）The three astronauts of the Shenzhou XIII mission successfully carried out their ________ and returned home safely.

A．test B．trip C．task D．trade

【变式3】（2022·江苏·连云港市新海初级中学三模）Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice ________ has been increased greatly.

A．population B．instruction C．production D．introduction

【变式4】（2022·江苏·盐城市鹿鸣路初级中学三模）—Have you heard about the book Educated: A Memoir written by American writer Tara Westover?

—Yes. I have read the ________ online and most people say it’s a good book.

A．replies B．reviews C．records D．reasons

【变式5】 （2022·江苏·无锡外国语学校二模）—Have you heard that Ministry of Education in China will ask each primary and middle school student to learn how to cook from this September.

—Yes. We all hope it will lead to the full ________ of students’ ability.

A．contribution B．attraction C．development D．position

【变式6】（2022·江苏·沭阳如东实验学校二模）2022 is the Year of the Tiger. In Chinese culture, the tiger is a ________ of strength.

A．sign B．spirit C．symbol D．system

【变式7】（2022·江苏·扬州中学教育集团树人学校三模）—The Dragon Boat Festival is around the corner! What are the ______ of it?

—We eat rice dumplings, drink realgar wine and race dragon boats.

A．customs B．curtains C．costumes D．courses

【变式8】（2022·江苏·盐城市盐都区实验初中一模）China has won high ________ for its contribution to the environment.

A．award B．prize C．praise D．medal

【变式9】（2022·江苏连云港·模拟预测）MU5735 was out of ________ and crashed on the afternoon of March 21st.

A．centre B．control C．complete D．contribution

【变式10】（2022·江苏无锡·模拟预测）Using English in different ________is as important as learning the language in a classroom.

A．directions B．positions C．conditions D．situations

【变式11】（2022·江苏宿迁·三模）Wang Yaping, China's second female astronaut, gave teenagers a clear ________of interesting physics in zero-gravity by doing experiments in space.

A．attraction B．conclusion C．introduction D．instruction

【变式12】（2022·江苏南京·二模）—I didn’t have the ________ to communicate with strangers when I was a little child.

—Neither did I. But now I am brave enough to face their eyes when greeting them.

A．energy B．knowledge C．courage D．ability

【变式13】（2022·江苏·射阳县第三中学一模）—It’s said that you have moved into a new house.

—Yeah, and we need to buy some _______ in the mall nearby.

A．food B．furniture C．hamburger D．milk

【变式14】（2022·江苏盐城·二模）—Tomorrow is Mom’s birthday. Let’s buy some flowers for her.

—Good idea. I know she likes ________best.

A．roses B．dresses C．rings D．chocolates

【变式15】（2022·江苏镇江·二模）Knowledge is knowing a fact while ________ is knowing what to do with the fact.

A．information B．message C．spirit D．wisdom

考向二  名词的数

例1（2022·江苏淮安·中考真题）（可数名词的数）Sweeping robots from those _________（factory）can help us clean houses.

例2（2022·江苏泰州·中考真题）（可数名词的数）The film The Battle at Lake Changjin (《长津湖》) showed us many ________ (hero) in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争).

例3（2022·江苏泰州·九年级期末）（不可数名词的数）As President Xi puts it, China has ________ excellent culture and every student should learn the history of our country as it helps us to know where we are from and where we are going.

A．a number of B．a great deal of C．the number of D．a great many

例4（2016·江苏盐城·九年级期末）（既可数也不可数名词的数）My dad often ________, but my mother never takes any _______.

A．exercise, exercise B．exercises, exercises

C．exercises, exercise D．exercise, exercises

名词的数：

一、可数名词变复数

1．规则变化

2．例外情况

1)以 ch 结尾加 s 的英语单词：

stomach—stomachs

2)以 f 结尾直接加 s 的英语单词：

roof—roofs gulf—gulfs   belief—beliefs    staff—staffs chief—chiefs  proof—proofs

3)以 f 结尾两种变法都可的单词：

scarf—scarfs / scarves   dwarf—dwarfs / dwarves

handkerchief—handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3．不规则变化

1)单复数相同 sheep  deer  fish

2)a 变成 e man   woman  Englishman Frenchman

3)oo 变成 ee foot   tooth  goose

4)中日不变英法变，其余 s 加后边；German德国人，其复数形式为Germans

5)特殊变化 child—children  ox — oxen   mouse—mice

4．三个注意

1．英语中一些由两个部分组成的物体名词通常是以-s 结尾，如：

pants，trousers，shorts，shoes，scissors，glasses 等。这一类名词， 如果不带单位词，通常用做复数；

His new pants are black and white．

如果带有单位词，则需要根据单位词判定单复。

This pair of pants is cheap. Two pairs of pants are enough．

2．“形复意单”—虽有 s 但不是复数: physics，maths，politics，athletics， economics，news

3. 由两个名词组成的复合名词，复数时作为定语的那个名词通常都用单数形式，第二个名词用复数形式，以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时，前后两个名词都变成复数。

如：a boy student→three boy students   a woman teacher→two women teachers

二、不可数名词

含义：不可数名词表示无法分清个体的名词，主要为物质名词和抽象名词。

物质名词：

液体类：juice，water，beer，coffee… 粉末类：powder，flour，sugar，salt…

食物类：rice，bread，junk food，butter，chocolate… 肉类：beef，pork，chicken，mutton…

抽象名词：

information，money，work， advice，friendship，help， fun，health，furniture，jewelry，wealth，time…

不可数名词的特点：

1．前面不可以直接加不定冠词 a/an

2．不可数名词永远按单数处理Water is very important for people． Time is money．

3．当时间、金钱、距离或距离做主语时，后面动词用单数形式Four kilometers is a long way．

4．不可数名词也有量的表达:  数词/冠词+量词+of+不可数名词

①个数：piece（张、片、块、条）a piece of apple pie

②容量：cup，bottle，bag，box， bucket  two cups of tea  three boxes of milk

four buckets of water 四桶水

③类别：kind all kinds of bread

④度量：kilo（千克，公斤）two kilos of oil

【变式1】（2022·江苏南京·一模）Dancing is one of my ________. I take dancing classes twice a week.

A．hobby B．hobbies C．habit D．habits

【变式2】（（2021·江苏·模拟预测）Three ________ and two ________ were talking when we walked past them.

A．Germen; American B．Germans; American

C．Germans; Americans D．Germen; Americans

【变式3】（（2021·江苏南京·模拟预测）For the time being we can collect much ________ either from books or on the Internet.

A．idea B．method C．information D．suggestion

【变式4】（（2021·江苏南京·模拟预测）—I believe you like________very much as you have eaten so many of them.

—You are right.

A．beef B．orange C．vegetables D． potato

【变式5】（（2020·江苏苏州·模拟预测）There are two________ near our school.

A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops

【变式6】—Would you like some drinks, boys?

—Yes, ____ , please.

A．some oranges B．two boxes of chocolate

C．some cakes D．two boxes of cola

【变式7】（（2021·江苏泰州·九年级期中）My driving coach is a teacher with ________ experience and we can learn ________ from him.

A．a great deal of; a great deal B．a great deal; a great deal of

C．a great number of; a great deal D．plenty of; a great deal of

【变式8】（2020·江苏·沭阳县怀文中学九年级期中）Tom has much difficulty ________ Chinese, so I often give him some ________.

A．to learn; advice B．to learn; advices C．learning; advise D．learning; advice

【变式9】（2019·江苏·无锡市第一女子中学九年级期中）The _______ hunter has many interesting _______.

A．experience; experiences B．experienced; experience

C．experienced; experiences D．experiences; experienced

考向三  名词的所有格

例1（2018·江苏·扬州中学教育集团树人学校九年级期末）（所有格后的名词省略）—What happened to the Blacks?

—The family      at the lunch table when someone came to tell them what had happened at      .

A．were sitting, Mr Brown B．were sitting, Mr Brown’s

C．was sitting, Mr Brown D．was sitting, Mr Brown’s

例2（2019·江苏连云港·中考真题）（复数名词的所有格）On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the __________110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar

A．man B．men C．men's D．mens'

名词的所有格

在英语中，表示有生命的名词，可以加’s表示所属关系，这种形式叫名词的所有格。

1、有生命的名词所有格

（2）          单数名词的所有格加’s。如：Mother’s Day 母亲节 ；the little girl’s doll 小女孩的洋娃娃

（2）          以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加’。如：Teachers’ Day 教师节（教师们的节日）

不以s结尾的复数名词所有格加’s。如：children’s books 儿童读物（儿童们的书）

（3）表示某人家、店铺等处所，所有格后的名词可以省略。

如：at Jones’ （office） 在琼斯的办公室 at the barber’s (shop) 在理发店

（4）表示两人共有时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：Lily and Lucy’s father  莉莉和露西的爸爸

（5）          表示两人各自所有时，则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式，而且后面所修饰的名词要用复数形式。

如：Wang Lin’s and Li Kun’s fathers 王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸

 Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms are very tidy. 露西的房间和莉莉的房间都很整洁。

2、无生命的名词所有格

（1）无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示。如：the leg of the table 桌子的腿

（2）          表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有。

如：China’s future 中国的未来  today’s newspaper 今天的报纸

3. 双重所有格

（1）          双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用。

如：a friend of Tom’s mother’s 汤姆的妈妈的一个朋友 a friend of mine     我的一个朋友

（2）特殊例子：the key to the door 门的钥匙      the way to the office 去办公室的路

【变式1】（2022·江苏·建湖县汇杰初级中学三模）—Who is the boy over there?

 — He is a friend of __________. Do you want to know him?

A．me B．mine C．I D．my

【变式2】（2021·江苏宿迁·一模）I can’t remember when ________ is.

A．Teacher’s Day B．Womens’ day C．Father’s Day D．May’s Day

【变式3】（2021·江苏南京·模拟预测）—Dave, did you have fun at the New Year's Party?

—Sure! I will never forget each wonderful memory of ________.

A．we B．us C．our D．ours

【变式4】（2020·江苏·南通田家炳中学九年级期中）The shop near my home sells            clothing at a very good price.

A．child and woman's B．children and women's

C．children's and women’s D．children's and women

【变式5】（2021·江苏·南通市启秀中学九年级开学考试）Lily is a friend of ________.

A．Mary’s mother’s B．Mary’s mother’s of

C．Mary mother’s D．mother’s of Mary

【变式6】（2019·江苏·扬州中学九年级单元测试）--Good news. We are going to have a ______ holiday.--But I don’t think two weeks ____ enough.

A．two weeks’;  is B．two weeks;  is

C．two-week; are D．two weeks’; are