高中英语高考复习句子成分详解（共五种）
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句子成分
英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 、补语（complement）和同位插入。
常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大｡这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词.副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语.不定式短语和分词短语)｡我们称之为:定语.状语
一、定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰.限定作用的词.短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示｡定语通常位于被修饰的成分前｡若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something.nothing);或不定式.分词短语作定语.从句作定语时,则定语通常置后｡副词用作定语时须放在名词之后｡
1.形容词作定语
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔｡
Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个英俊的男孩｡
There is a good boy.有个乖男孩｡
数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔｡
The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生｡
There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩｡
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom\'s pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔｡
His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆｡
There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩｡
介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔｡
The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆｡
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩｡
名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔｡
It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔｡
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔｡
2.副词作定语
The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔｡
The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是Tom｡
3.不定式作定语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔｡
The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆｡
There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做｡
4.分词(短语)作定语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔｡
The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的｡
There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩｡
5.定语从句
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔｡
The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆｡
There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个｡
二、状语
状语修饰动词.形容词.副词或全句,说明方式.因果.条件.时间.地点.让步.方向.程度.目的等｡
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间.地点.目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词.助动词.情态动词之后,动词之前｡
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
1.副词(短语)作状语
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔｡(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔｡(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔｡(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔｡(时间状语)
2.介词短语作状语
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔｡(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
3.分词(短语)作状语
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔｡(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔｡(原因状语)
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿｡(原因状语)
4.不定式作状语
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业｡(目的状语)
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣｡
5.名词作状语
Come this way!走这条路!(方向状语)
状语从句:
时间状语从句.地点状语从句.原因状语从句.结果状语从句.目的状语从句.比较状语从句.让步状语从句.条件状语从句
三、同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语｡如:
We students should study hard./ (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)
We all are students./ (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
四、独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)｡
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等｡
肯定词:yes
否定词:no
称呼语:称呼人的用语｡
插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等｡
如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束
情态词:表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语)perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等｡
五、分词独立结构
分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构
