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Unit 3 Food and Culture ——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第二册）
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这是一份Unit 3 Food and Culture ——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第二册），共17页。学案主要包含了词块积累，句式解构，要点补充，易混辨析，试题演练，遣词造句，参考范文，话题延伸等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022-2023学年高二英语同步必备知识清单（人教版2019）
选择性必修第二册 Unit 3
词汇知识清单
1
Part I Reading and Thinking
1. prior adj. 先前的; 优先的
What did you do prior to coming here?
你来这里之前做什么工作?
This task is prior to all others.
这项任务要比所有其他任务优先完成。
It’s a priority to respect our parents. 首先要尊敬我们的父母。
Fire engines have/take priority over other traffic.
消防车比其他车辆有优先通行权。
【词块积累】
(1)prior to 在……之前的, 先于
(2)be prior to 在……前面, 优先
(3)a priority to ……的优先权
(4)have/take priority over 有……的优先权
表示“在……之前”的词汇还有:
before prep. 在……之前, 先于
ahead of 在……之前
in advance 预先; 提前
2. consist vi. 由……组成/构成; 在于
(2019·浙江高考) Rock music consists of many different styles.
摇滚乐由许多不同的风格组成。
Happiness consists in serving the people.
幸福在于为人民服务。
Our deeds must consist with our words.
我们必须言行一致。
【词块积累】
consist of 由……组成
consist in 在于; 存在于
consist with 与……一致; 并存
表示“由……组成”的短语还有: be made up of, be composed of
(2)表示“在于”的同义短语是: lie in
3. stuff vt. 填满; 把……塞进 n. 东西; 物品; 材料; 填充物
We stuffed the bag with old clothes.
我们用旧衣服塞满这个包。
The pillow is stuffed with feathers.
枕头里塞满了羽毛。
I don’t want to eat pepper and stuff.
我不想吃胡椒什么的。
【词块积累】
(1)stuff. . . with. . . 用……填满/塞满……
(2)be stuffed with 塞满了, 挤满了
(3)and stuff 诸如此类
4. slice n. (切下的食物)薄片 vt. 把……切成薄片
Put some butter on a slice of bread and add a teaspoon of butter.
在一片面包上放一些黄油, 再加一茶匙的黄油。
Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture. 珍娜找到了面包, 把两片放入鸡蛋混合物中。
He sliced a big piece off the bacon. 他切下一大块熏猪肉。
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.
如果你有榨汁机, 你可以仅仅放入冷冻香蕉和一些浆果或切片水果。
【词块积累】
(1) a slice of 一片
(2) slice. . . off 把……切下来
sliced fruit 切片水果
slice. . . into slices 把……切成薄片
类似短语:
chip off 切下; 削去
chop off 砍掉
cut off 切断; 中断
cut out 裁剪; 删去; 关掉
cut away 切掉, 砍掉
5. exceptional adj. 特别的; 罕见的
We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.
我们将在传统的小城镇里漫步, 并在上海的一个特别的博物馆结束我们的旅行。
Everyone should help clean this room and you are no exception.
每个人都应帮忙打扫房间, 而你也不例外。
We all laughed, with the exception of Jerry.
除了杰瑞, 我们都笑了。
【词块积累】
(1)exceptional performance/circumstances/measures/ ability. . . 非同一般的表现/情况/措施/能力等
(2)except prep. 除……之外
except for 除了……以外; 要不是由于
except that. . . 只可惜; 除了……之外
(3)exception n. 例外; 异议
with the exception of 除了……以外
no exception 无一例外
(4)exceptionally adv. 异常地; 特殊地; 例外地
6. consume vt. 吃; 喝; 饮; 消耗, 消费
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.
照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。
The consumption of the resources on the earth is increasing at an alarming rate.
地球上资源的消耗正以惊人的速度增长。
We should adopt the consumers’ reasonable suggestions.
我们应该采纳消费者的合理建议。
【词块积累】
(1)consume sth. 消耗/吃掉/花费某物
be consumed with 受……的折磨; 充满
(2)consumer n. 消费者
consumption n. 消耗; 消费
注意：“吃”法有不同
eat普通用词, 既可用于人, 也可用于动物。
dine正式用词, 可指任何一餐, 也指特殊用餐。
have可与eat换用, 但强调一次性的动作。
consume侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净。
swallow主要指 “咽”, 常指匆匆忙忙地吃。
7. Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
又累又饿, 而且一个汉字也不认识, 我们压根儿不知道如何点餐, 于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物, 那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。
【句式解构】
形容词或形容词短语可以作状语, 表示方式、伴随、原因、时间、条件、让步等。
﹡(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)He had tried to coax the dog to him but, frightened, it had run off. (伴随)
他曾试图把狗哄到他身边, 但狗吓坏了, 跑掉了。
﹡Brave, good and strong, Xiulian is the character we care about most. (原因)
勇敢、善良、坚强, 秀莲是我们最关心的人物。
Ripe, these apples are sweet.
这些苹果熟了, 味道很甜。(时间/条件)
Wet or fine, he always gets up at six and takes a walk in the park.
不管是晴天还是下雨天, 他总是六点钟起床, 并到公园里散散步。(让步)
8. On the other hand, it does tell us a lot about Americans.
另一方面, 它确实告诉我们很多关于美国人的事情。
【句式解构】
助动词does或do加在动词原形前面表示对谓语动词的强调, 它属于一般现在时的强调句式用法。如果是对一般过去时的强调, 则用助动词did。
He does like singing. 他确实喜欢唱歌。
Please! Do be quiet a moment! 求求你们! 安静一会儿!
That’s exactly what Reed did say. 里德确实是那样说的。
【要点补充】
(1)does+动词原形, 强调现在的动作(主语是单数形式)
(2)do+动词原形, 强调现在的动作(主语是复数形式)
(3)did+动词原形, 强调过去的动作(无单复数形式)
9. elegant adj. 精美的, 文雅的; 讲究的
He is one of the richest and most elegant gentlemen and lives an elegant life.
他是最富有、最优雅的绅士之一, 并且过着优雅的生活。
The young woman is tall, with a figure of perfect elegance.
这位年轻女士身材高挑, 举止优雅。
Some advertisements are so elegantly presented that we are inspired or even moved.
有些广告是呈现得如此优雅, 以至于我们受到启发, 甚至被感动。
【词块积累】
(1)the elegant way 优雅的方式
elegant manners 举止优雅
(2)elegance n. 优雅
(3)elegantly adv. 优雅地
10. stable adj. 稳定的, 牢固的; 稳重的
However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the children’s stable life.
但是, 以他目前的状况来看, 他的来访会扰乱孩子们稳定的生活。
Due to his negative behavior, he is always regarded as the most unstable element of the team.
由于他的消极行为, 他总被视为团队中最不稳定的因素。
【词块积累】
(1)stable life 稳定的生活
(2)unstable adj. 不稳定的
(3)stability n. 稳定
【易混辨析】
stable和steady在表示 “稳定” 或 “巩固” 方面有几乎相同的意思并常可互换。
stable更侧重“稳固, 固定, 不变”, 如 a stable table, a stable job。
steady更侧重“平稳, 规律性”, 如a steady increase, a steady wind, a steady speed。
Part II Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
1. somewhat adv. 有点, 稍微
Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. 然而, 为了寻找其他志同道合的人, 保罗在网上这个不太可能的地方开始寻找。
Things have changed somewhat since then.
从那时候起, 情况就有些不一样了。
Somehow Karin managed to cope with the demands of her career.
不知怎么地, 卡琳设法应付了那些来自工作的要求。
Anyhow, this doesn’t prevent the Internet from becoming our friend. 无论如何, 这并不妨碍互联网成为我们的朋友。
【词块积累】
somehow 不知怎么地; 以某种方式; 莫名其妙地
anyhow 总之; 无论如何; 不管怎样
2. association n. 协会; 关联
My name is Li Hua. And I am writing to apply for being a volunteer of our School English Association.
我叫李华。我写信是为了申请成为我们学校英语协会的志愿者。
My association with him goes back to our days in high school.
我和他的交往可以追溯至高中时代。
In western cultures, red is associated with power, control, and strength.
在西方文化中, 红色与权力、控制和力量联系在一起。
【词块积累】
(1)association with. . . 与……的交往/联系
in association with. . . 与……联系; 与……联合
(2)associate v. 联想; 联系, 使关联
associate with. . . 联合; 与……联系在一起
(3)associated adj. 关联的; 联系的
be associated with. . . 与……有联系的
表示“与……有联系”的动词短语还有be connected with, be related to, have a link with等。
3. quantity n. 数量; 数额
Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.
专家说, 表扬的质量比表扬的数量更重要。
If all people cut down on food waste, a large quantity of food can be saved and more people will be fed.
如果所有的人都减少食物浪费, 大量的食物可以被节省, 更多的人将被养活。
I hear quantities of money have been collected for the earthquake-hit area.
我听说已经为地震灾区筹集了大量的资金。
【词块积累】
a large/small quantity of 大/少量的
(large) quantities of 大量的
in quantity 大量地
含quantity的短语作主语时, 其谓语动词与quantity的单复数保持一致。a large quantity of和large quantities of 既可以修饰可数名词, 也可以修饰不可数名词。
4. fundamental adj. 根本的; 基础的; 基本的
Hard work is fundamental to success.
努力工作是成功的基础。
Fundamentally, there are two different approaches to the problem.
从根本上说, 这个问题有两种不同的处理方法。
【词块积累】
(1)be fundamental to 对……很重要
fundamental change 根本改变; 根本变化
fundamental principle 根本原则; 基本原理
(2)fundamentally adv. 根本地, 从根本上
(3)fundamental n. 基本规律, 根本法则
【易混辨析】
fundamental
书面用词, 指作为基础、根本的抽象事物
basic
普通用词, 指明确、具体的基础或起点
essential
语气比basic和fundamental强, 强调必不可少
vital
侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的, 或生死攸关的
5. consistent adj. 一致的; 连续的
Under it’s consistent pull, bite and push, the wire fence was finally torn open with loud noises.
在它不断的拉、咬、推下, 铁丝栅栏终于在巨大的噪音中被撕开了。
We need to be consistent in our approach.
我们必须在方法上保持一致。
New goals are not always consistent with the existing policies.
新目标并不总是与现行政策一致。
He consistently matches his words with his action.
他总是言行一致。
【词块积累】
(1)be consistent in 在……一致
be consistent with 和……一致/相符
(2)consistently adv. 一贯地; 一致地
6. regardless of 不管; 不顾
Regardless of the risk of getting infected, Uncle Li is responsible and devoted to his job.
李叔叔不顾感染的危险, 对工作负责, 尽心尽力。
He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences.
他说干就干了, 没有考虑后果。
【词块积累】
(1)regardless of+从句 不管……, 不顾……, 强调不认为……重要, 从而不加以重视或考虑
(2)despite=in spite of 尽管; 不管; 虽然(后常接名词, 不接从句)
(3)with regard to 关于; 至于
(4)best regards 最好的祝福(用于书信结尾)
regardless of与despite意义相近, 但后者是介词, 无需再接of, 可以直接接宾语。
7. rather than 而不是
Rather than scolding me, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor.
他没有责骂我, 反而称赞我的诚实, 然后鼓励我向邻居道歉。
I would turn off the TV rather than switch off my cellphone or cut off the Internet.
我宁愿关掉电视, 也不愿关掉手机或切断网络。
【词块积累】
would do. . . rather than do. . . 宁愿做……, 也不愿做……
other than 不同于; 除了……外
or rather 更确切地说
more than 多于; 不仅仅; 非常
8. The American Heart Association recommends that we limit ourselves to less than 100-150 calories a day from sugar, which is less than what is usually contained in one can of sweet drink or in a single candy bar. 美国心脏协会建议, 每天从糖中摄取的热量应控制在100-150卡路里以内, 这比一听甜饮料或一块糖果所含的热量要少。
【句式解构】
recommend +宾语从句(从句谓语用动词原形或should +动词原形)。另外, 常用的句式还有: It is/It’s recommended that sb. (should) do sth. 表示“建议……(做某事)”。
Could you recommend a teacher to us? 你能给我们推荐一位老师吗?
I recommend that you talk about the courses on traditional Chinese culture you’ve attended.
我建议你谈谈你参加过的有关中国传统文化的课程。
注意：
(1)这类动词常见的有: 一个坚持 insist, 两个命令command order, 三个建议 advise suggest propose, 四个要求demand require request urge等。
(2)当insist表示“坚持认为; 坚持说”; suggest表示“暗示, 表明”时, 后面宾语从句的谓语不用should+动词原形。例如:
①The young man insisted that he did nothing wrong.
这个年轻人坚持认为他没有做错。
②The girl’s pale face suggested that she was ill and I suggested that she (should)go to see the doctor at once.
这个女孩苍白的脸色表明她病了, 我建议她马上去看医生。
9. overall adv. 总体上; 大致上
adj. 全面的; 综合的; 一切在内的
(2020·江苏高考) For one thing, the overall development over the past decades has been so striking that they feel eager to familiarize themselves with what is going on in China.
一方面, 过去几十年的全面发展如此引人注目, 以至于他们渴望熟悉中国正在发生的事情。
Overall, the prices are still rising.
大体上看来, 价格仍在上涨。
【词块积累】
in general 通常; 一般地
as a whole 整个地; 作为一个整体
10. trick n. 诡计; 计谋; 把戏; 恶作剧; 窍门vt. 欺骗; 诈骗
The boys hid Jon’s bike to play a trick on him.
男孩子们把乔恩的自行车藏起来捉弄他。
It’s a tradition to play tricks on others on April Fool’s Day.
在愚人节那天捉弄别人是一个传统。
After being tricked once, one should learn from one’s mistakes and avoid being tricked again.
上当一次以后, 要从错误中吸取教训, 避免再次上当。
【词块积累】
play a trick on sb. =play tricks on sb. 捉弄某人
avoid being tricked 避免上当/受骗
trick sb. into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事
表示“捉弄, 开玩笑”的其他表达: play a joke on sb. , play jokes on sb. , make fun of sb. , tease/ laugh at sb. 等。
11. It is up to you to decide how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet.
你可以决定你想要怎样生活, 并对你的饮食做出正确的决定。
【句式解构】
It is/was up to sb. to do sth. 意为“该由某人做某事; 取决于某人”, up后的to是介词。相当于 It is/was sb. ‘s duty to do sth. 。例如:
It is up to him to clean our classroom today.
今天应由他打扫我们的教室。
It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
该由父母教孩子礼仪。
语法知识清单
2
过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态
一、过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或状态, 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导时间状语。过去完成时除了强调动作发生在过去之外, 还常用于间接引语和虚拟语气的句子中。例如:
We had built five new buildings by the end of last year.
到去年年底, 我们已经建了五座新大楼。
The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫过。
The researchers said at least 4% of the population in those countries had been infected.
研究人员表示, 那些国家至少有4%的人口被感染。
The letter was passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 这封信从一个人传到另一个人, 直到每个人都看完。
Helen said(that)she had moved to another flat.
海伦说她已经搬到另一套公寓去了。
If only we had listened to their advice!
要是我们听了他们的建议就好了!
注意：过去完成时的标志词和句型
by+过去时间点, before, until, hardly/scarcely. . . when. . . ; no sooner. . . than; It was the first/second. . . time that. . . (从句用过去完成时)
二、过去完成时的构成
1. 肯定句: 主语 + had + 过去分词+其他.
2. 否定句: 主语 + had + not + 过去分词+其他.
3. 疑问句: Had + 主语 + 过去分词+其他?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词+其他?
The Union sent letters to the embassy to cheer on the Chinese people who had fought against the epidemic.
工会致函大使馆, 为抗击疫情的中国人民加油。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war. 这个国家还没有从战争的影响中恢复过来。
How many new words had you learned before the foreign teacher came to your school?
在外教来你们学校之前, 你们学了多少新单词?
三、过去完成时的被动语态的形式
1. 肯定句: 主语+ had been done +其他成分.
2. 否定句: 主语+ had not been done +其他成分.
3. 疑问句: Had +主语+ been done +其他成分?
疑问词+ had +主语+ been done +其他成分?
By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished. 当他到达学校时, 第一节课已经结束了。
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in. 那个男孩被提醒他的家庭作业还没有交。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended? 当飓风结束时, 有多少建筑物被摧毁了?
注意：
(1)过去完成时指发生在过去之前, 也就是过去的过去的动作。用过去完成时必须有一个表过去的时间作对比。例如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
他写完作业以后才去睡觉。
(2)如果两个动作紧接着发生, 则常常不用过去完成时, 特别是在包含before和after的复合句中, 因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确, 可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 到达英国后, 马克思努力提高他的英语水平。
语篇知识清单
3
写一篇关于健康饮食的文章
饮食话题因其与健康的生活方式息息相关而显得尤为重要, 食物的营养、食物的平衡、 食物的有机生产与污染、食物的制作方法与食用习惯、食物与传统文化的关系、饮食与健康等, 都是有关食物的常见话题。根据写作要求和目的的不同, 一篇文章一般从一个角度写, 突出重点, 不宜面面俱到。
【试题演练】
人们的健康很大程度上受制于饮食习惯。请你写一篇英语作文, 就如何养成良好的饮食习惯发表你的看法。
注意: 1. 写作词数应为80左右。2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
【遣词造句】
·完成句子
1. 健康的饮食习惯对我们的健康非常重要。
Healthy eating habits are very important for our health.
2. 我们应该每天吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果, 因为它们为我们提供了维生素。
We should eat fresh vegetables and fruit every day, as they supply vitamins to us.
3. 早上或晚上喝一杯牛奶也是有益的。
A glass of milk in the morning or at night is also beneficial.
4. 我们应该注重均衡饮食, 它保证我们必要的营养。
We should focus on a balanced diet and it assures us the necessary nutrients.
5. 垃圾食品是我们的健康的致命杀手, 所以我们应该远离它。
Junk food is a fatal killer for our health, so we should stay away from it.
6. 不吃早餐是一个很坏的习惯, 这对我们的健康有很大的危害。
It is a very bad habit to skip breakfast, which does great harm to our health.
7. 我们应该吃健康的食物, 保持精力充沛。
We should eat healthy food to keep ourselves energetic.
·句式升级
8. 用定语从句改写句4。
We should focus on a balanced diet, which assures us the necessary nutrients.
9. 用动名词短语作主语改写句6。
Skipping breakfast is a very bad habit, which does great harm to our health.
【参考范文】
Healthy eating habits are very important for our health. But how can we form a healthy eating habit?
In my opinion, we should eat fresh vegetables and fruit every day, as they supply vitamins to us. A glass of milk in the morning or at night is also beneficial. Besides, we should focus on a balanced diet, which assures us the necessary nutrients.
Junk food is a fatal killer for our health, so we should stay away from it. What’s more, skipping breakfast is a very bad habit, which does great harm to our health.
All in all, we should eat healthy food to keep ourselves energetic.
【话题延伸】
1. 话题词汇
(1)diet 饮食
(2)balanced 平衡的
(3)junk food 垃圾食品
(4)tasty 美味的
(5)authentic 正宗的
(6)organic 有机的
(7)intake 摄入
(8)dairy products 奶制品
(9)nutritious 有营养的
(10)frozen food 冷冻食品
(11)recipe 食谱
(12)low-calorie 低热量的
(13)appetizer 开胃点心
(14)main course 主菜
(15)side dish 配菜
(16)dessert 餐后甜食
(17)snack 小吃
(18)delicious 美味的
(19)hot 辣的
(20)stir fry 煸炒
(21)steaming 清蒸
2. 话题句式
(1)How would you like your steak?
你的牛排要几分熟?
(2)I don’t eat junk food anymore. I’d like to try some healthy foods.
我再也不吃垃圾食品了, 我想吃一些健康的食物。
(3)In my opinion, we should develop good healthy eating habits. 在我看来, 我们应该养成良好的健康饮食习惯。
(4)An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一个苹果, 疾病远离我。
(5)Some soup before dinner, healthy body forever.
饭前喝口汤, 永远没灾殃。
(6)Diet cures more than doctors.
自己饮食有节, 胜过上门求医。
(7)Eat at pleasure. drink with measure. 随意吃饭, 适度饮酒。
(8)Too much fatty food makes me sick. 吃太多的油腻食物让我恶心。
(9)My favorite food is apples.
我最喜欢吃苹果。
(10)Is the meat fresh enough?
肉新鲜吗?
(11)Help me peel these potatoes please. 请帮我把土豆削皮。
(12)Add some soy sauce. 加点酱油。
主题活动·话题实践
Ⅰ. 语用功能表达
·点菜常用语
1. May I have a menu, please? 请给我菜单。
2. May I order, please? 我可以点餐了吗?
3. Do you have a menu in Chinese? 你们有中文菜单吗?
4. What is the specialty of the house? 餐厅的招牌菜是什么?
5. Would you like something to drink before dinner?
在用晚餐前你想喝些什么吗?
6. Can I have the same dish as that?
我可以点与那份相同的餐吗?
7. Do you have today’s special? 你们有今日特餐吗?
8. I’d like appetizers and meat (fish) dish.
我想要一份开胃菜与排餐(鱼餐)。
9. I have to avoid food containing fat (salt/sugar).
我必须避免含油脂(盐分/糖分)的食物。
10. Do you have vegetarian dishes? 你们是否供应素食餐?
11. Could you recommend some good wine?
你是否可以推荐一些不错的酒?
·餐馆服务员迎客用语
1. Sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起, 让您久等了。
2. Have you booked a table? 您预订餐桌了吗?
3. Have you made a reservation? 您预订了吗?
4. Smoking or non-smoking? 吸烟区还是非烟区?
5. Would you like something to drink? 您想喝点东西吗?
6. Would you like to see the menu? 您要看菜单吗?
7. Are you ready to order? 您现在要点餐吗?
8. OK, I’ll be back with your order. 好的, 我这就把您点的菜拿来。
9. What would you like to drink? 您想喝点什么?
10. Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶?
11. Would you mind sitting over there in the corner?
您介意坐在那边的角落里吗?
12. Please enjoy your lunch(dinner). 祝您午餐(晚餐)愉快。
13. Here you are. Please pay the bill at the cashier’s desk.
这是账单, 请到收银台结账。
Ⅱ. 话题情境交流
下面是一段餐馆里的对话, 请根据语境补全对话。
A: 1. Are you ready(你准备好) to order now, madam?
B: Yes, please. I’d like the steak and mushrooms.
A: 2. How would you like(你想要) your steak, rare, medium, or well-done?
B: I’d like it well-done, please.
A: What kind of potatoes would you like to 3. go with(搭配) that, mashed, boiled, or baked?
B: I think I’ll have baked potatoes. And I 4. also want to have(还想要) an ice tea with lemon on the side, please.
A: Good, and would you care for soup or salad to 5. start with(开始)?
B: I’d like cream onion soup please.
A: Will you have some dessert, madam?
B: I want to skip dessert. That’s all, thank you.
A: OK, I’ll be with you 6. in a moment(稍等片刻).
2022-2023学年高二英语同步必备知识清单（人教版2019）
选择性必修第二册 Unit 3
词汇知识清单
1
Part I Reading and Thinking
1. prior adj. 先前的; 优先的
What did you do prior to coming here?
你来这里之前做什么工作?
This task is prior to all others.
这项任务要比所有其他任务优先完成。
It’s a priority to respect our parents. 首先要尊敬我们的父母。
Fire engines have/take priority over other traffic.
消防车比其他车辆有优先通行权。
【词块积累】
(1)prior to 在……之前的, 先于
(2)be prior to 在……前面, 优先
(3)a priority to ……的优先权
(4)have/take priority over 有……的优先权
表示“在……之前”的词汇还有:
before prep. 在……之前, 先于
ahead of 在……之前
in advance 预先; 提前
2. consist vi. 由……组成/构成; 在于
(2019·浙江高考) Rock music consists of many different styles.
摇滚乐由许多不同的风格组成。
Happiness consists in serving the people.
幸福在于为人民服务。
Our deeds must consist with our words.
我们必须言行一致。
【词块积累】
consist of 由……组成
consist in 在于; 存在于
consist with 与……一致; 并存
表示“由……组成”的短语还有: be made up of, be composed of
(2)表示“在于”的同义短语是: lie in
3. stuff vt. 填满; 把……塞进 n. 东西; 物品; 材料; 填充物
We stuffed the bag with old clothes.
我们用旧衣服塞满这个包。
The pillow is stuffed with feathers.
枕头里塞满了羽毛。
I don’t want to eat pepper and stuff.
我不想吃胡椒什么的。
【词块积累】
(1)stuff. . . with. . . 用……填满/塞满……
(2)be stuffed with 塞满了, 挤满了
(3)and stuff 诸如此类
4. slice n. (切下的食物)薄片 vt. 把……切成薄片
Put some butter on a slice of bread and add a teaspoon of butter.
在一片面包上放一些黄油, 再加一茶匙的黄油。
Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture. 珍娜找到了面包, 把两片放入鸡蛋混合物中。
He sliced a big piece off the bacon. 他切下一大块熏猪肉。
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.
如果你有榨汁机, 你可以仅仅放入冷冻香蕉和一些浆果或切片水果。
【词块积累】
(1) a slice of 一片
(2) slice. . . off 把……切下来
sliced fruit 切片水果
slice. . . into slices 把……切成薄片
类似短语:
chip off 切下; 削去
chop off 砍掉
cut off 切断; 中断
cut out 裁剪; 删去; 关掉
cut away 切掉, 砍掉
5. exceptional adj. 特别的; 罕见的
We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.
我们将在传统的小城镇里漫步, 并在上海的一个特别的博物馆结束我们的旅行。
Everyone should help clean this room and you are no exception.
每个人都应帮忙打扫房间, 而你也不例外。
We all laughed, with the exception of Jerry.
除了杰瑞, 我们都笑了。
【词块积累】
(1)exceptional performance/circumstances/measures/ ability. . . 非同一般的表现/情况/措施/能力等
(2)except prep. 除……之外
except for 除了……以外; 要不是由于
except that. . . 只可惜; 除了……之外
(3)exception n. 例外; 异议
with the exception of 除了……以外
no exception 无一例外
(4)exceptionally adv. 异常地; 特殊地; 例外地
6. consume vt. 吃; 喝; 饮; 消耗, 消费
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.
照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。
The consumption of the resources on the earth is increasing at an alarming rate.
地球上资源的消耗正以惊人的速度增长。
We should adopt the consumers’ reasonable suggestions.
我们应该采纳消费者的合理建议。
【词块积累】
(1)consume sth. 消耗/吃掉/花费某物
be consumed with 受……的折磨; 充满
(2)consumer n. 消费者
consumption n. 消耗; 消费
注意：“吃”法有不同
eat普通用词, 既可用于人, 也可用于动物。
dine正式用词, 可指任何一餐, 也指特殊用餐。
have可与eat换用, 但强调一次性的动作。
consume侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净。
swallow主要指 “咽”, 常指匆匆忙忙地吃。
7. Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
又累又饿, 而且一个汉字也不认识, 我们压根儿不知道如何点餐, 于是厨师在我们桌上摆满了食物, 那是我们吃过的最可口的佳肴。
【句式解构】
形容词或形容词短语可以作状语, 表示方式、伴随、原因、时间、条件、让步等。
﹡(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)He had tried to coax the dog to him but, frightened, it had run off. (伴随)
他曾试图把狗哄到他身边, 但狗吓坏了, 跑掉了。
﹡Brave, good and strong, Xiulian is the character we care about most. (原因)
勇敢、善良、坚强, 秀莲是我们最关心的人物。
Ripe, these apples are sweet.
这些苹果熟了, 味道很甜。(时间/条件)
Wet or fine, he always gets up at six and takes a walk in the park.
不管是晴天还是下雨天, 他总是六点钟起床, 并到公园里散散步。(让步)
8. On the other hand, it does tell us a lot about Americans.
另一方面, 它确实告诉我们很多关于美国人的事情。
【句式解构】
助动词does或do加在动词原形前面表示对谓语动词的强调, 它属于一般现在时的强调句式用法。如果是对一般过去时的强调, 则用助动词did。
He does like singing. 他确实喜欢唱歌。
Please! Do be quiet a moment! 求求你们! 安静一会儿!
That’s exactly what Reed did say. 里德确实是那样说的。
【要点补充】
(1)does+动词原形, 强调现在的动作(主语是单数形式)
(2)do+动词原形, 强调现在的动作(主语是复数形式)
(3)did+动词原形, 强调过去的动作(无单复数形式)
9. elegant adj. 精美的, 文雅的; 讲究的
He is one of the richest and most elegant gentlemen and lives an elegant life.
他是最富有、最优雅的绅士之一, 并且过着优雅的生活。
The young woman is tall, with a figure of perfect elegance.
这位年轻女士身材高挑, 举止优雅。
Some advertisements are so elegantly presented that we are inspired or even moved.
有些广告是呈现得如此优雅, 以至于我们受到启发, 甚至被感动。
【词块积累】
(1)the elegant way 优雅的方式
elegant manners 举止优雅
(2)elegance n. 优雅
(3)elegantly adv. 优雅地
10. stable adj. 稳定的, 牢固的; 稳重的
However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the children’s stable life.
但是, 以他目前的状况来看, 他的来访会扰乱孩子们稳定的生活。
Due to his negative behavior, he is always regarded as the most unstable element of the team.
由于他的消极行为, 他总被视为团队中最不稳定的因素。
【词块积累】
(1)stable life 稳定的生活
(2)unstable adj. 不稳定的
(3)stability n. 稳定
【易混辨析】
stable和steady在表示 “稳定” 或 “巩固” 方面有几乎相同的意思并常可互换。
stable更侧重“稳固, 固定, 不变”, 如 a stable table, a stable job。
steady更侧重“平稳, 规律性”, 如a steady increase, a steady wind, a steady speed。
Part II Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
1. somewhat adv. 有点, 稍微
Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. 然而, 为了寻找其他志同道合的人, 保罗在网上这个不太可能的地方开始寻找。
Things have changed somewhat since then.
从那时候起, 情况就有些不一样了。
Somehow Karin managed to cope with the demands of her career.
不知怎么地, 卡琳设法应付了那些来自工作的要求。
Anyhow, this doesn’t prevent the Internet from becoming our friend. 无论如何, 这并不妨碍互联网成为我们的朋友。
【词块积累】
somehow 不知怎么地; 以某种方式; 莫名其妙地
anyhow 总之; 无论如何; 不管怎样
2. association n. 协会; 关联
My name is Li Hua. And I am writing to apply for being a volunteer of our School English Association.
我叫李华。我写信是为了申请成为我们学校英语协会的志愿者。
My association with him goes back to our days in high school.
我和他的交往可以追溯至高中时代。
In western cultures, red is associated with power, control, and strength.
在西方文化中, 红色与权力、控制和力量联系在一起。
【词块积累】
(1)association with. . . 与……的交往/联系
in association with. . . 与……联系; 与……联合
(2)associate v. 联想; 联系, 使关联
associate with. . . 联合; 与……联系在一起
(3)associated adj. 关联的; 联系的
be associated with. . . 与……有联系的
表示“与……有联系”的动词短语还有be connected with, be related to, have a link with等。
3. quantity n. 数量; 数额
Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.
专家说, 表扬的质量比表扬的数量更重要。
If all people cut down on food waste, a large quantity of food can be saved and more people will be fed.
如果所有的人都减少食物浪费, 大量的食物可以被节省, 更多的人将被养活。
I hear quantities of money have been collected for the earthquake-hit area.
我听说已经为地震灾区筹集了大量的资金。
【词块积累】
a large/small quantity of 大/少量的
(large) quantities of 大量的
in quantity 大量地
含quantity的短语作主语时, 其谓语动词与quantity的单复数保持一致。a large quantity of和large quantities of 既可以修饰可数名词, 也可以修饰不可数名词。
4. fundamental adj. 根本的; 基础的; 基本的
Hard work is fundamental to success.
努力工作是成功的基础。
Fundamentally, there are two different approaches to the problem.
从根本上说, 这个问题有两种不同的处理方法。
【词块积累】
(1)be fundamental to 对……很重要
fundamental change 根本改变; 根本变化
fundamental principle 根本原则; 基本原理
(2)fundamentally adv. 根本地, 从根本上
(3)fundamental n. 基本规律, 根本法则
【易混辨析】
fundamental
书面用词, 指作为基础、根本的抽象事物
basic
普通用词, 指明确、具体的基础或起点
essential
语气比basic和fundamental强, 强调必不可少
vital
侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的, 或生死攸关的
5. consistent adj. 一致的; 连续的
Under it’s consistent pull, bite and push, the wire fence was finally torn open with loud noises.
在它不断的拉、咬、推下, 铁丝栅栏终于在巨大的噪音中被撕开了。
We need to be consistent in our approach.
我们必须在方法上保持一致。
New goals are not always consistent with the existing policies.
新目标并不总是与现行政策一致。
He consistently matches his words with his action.
他总是言行一致。
【词块积累】
(1)be consistent in 在……一致
be consistent with 和……一致/相符
(2)consistently adv. 一贯地; 一致地
6. regardless of 不管; 不顾
Regardless of the risk of getting infected, Uncle Li is responsible and devoted to his job.
李叔叔不顾感染的危险, 对工作负责, 尽心尽力。
He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences.
他说干就干了, 没有考虑后果。
【词块积累】
(1)regardless of+从句 不管……, 不顾……, 强调不认为……重要, 从而不加以重视或考虑
(2)despite=in spite of 尽管; 不管; 虽然(后常接名词, 不接从句)
(3)with regard to 关于; 至于
(4)best regards 最好的祝福(用于书信结尾)
regardless of与despite意义相近, 但后者是介词, 无需再接of, 可以直接接宾语。
7. rather than 而不是
Rather than scolding me, he praised my honesty and then encouraged me to apologize to our neighbor.
他没有责骂我, 反而称赞我的诚实, 然后鼓励我向邻居道歉。
I would turn off the TV rather than switch off my cellphone or cut off the Internet.
我宁愿关掉电视, 也不愿关掉手机或切断网络。
【词块积累】
would do. . . rather than do. . . 宁愿做……, 也不愿做……
other than 不同于; 除了……外
or rather 更确切地说
more than 多于; 不仅仅; 非常
8. The American Heart Association recommends that we limit ourselves to less than 100-150 calories a day from sugar, which is less than what is usually contained in one can of sweet drink or in a single candy bar. 美国心脏协会建议, 每天从糖中摄取的热量应控制在100-150卡路里以内, 这比一听甜饮料或一块糖果所含的热量要少。
【句式解构】
recommend +宾语从句(从句谓语用动词原形或should +动词原形)。另外, 常用的句式还有: It is/It’s recommended that sb. (should) do sth. 表示“建议……(做某事)”。
Could you recommend a teacher to us? 你能给我们推荐一位老师吗?
I recommend that you talk about the courses on traditional Chinese culture you’ve attended.
我建议你谈谈你参加过的有关中国传统文化的课程。
注意：
(1)这类动词常见的有: 一个坚持 insist, 两个命令command order, 三个建议 advise suggest propose, 四个要求demand require request urge等。
(2)当insist表示“坚持认为; 坚持说”; suggest表示“暗示, 表明”时, 后面宾语从句的谓语不用should+动词原形。例如:
①The young man insisted that he did nothing wrong.
这个年轻人坚持认为他没有做错。
②The girl’s pale face suggested that she was ill and I suggested that she (should)go to see the doctor at once.
这个女孩苍白的脸色表明她病了, 我建议她马上去看医生。
9. overall adv. 总体上; 大致上
adj. 全面的; 综合的; 一切在内的
(2020·江苏高考) For one thing, the overall development over the past decades has been so striking that they feel eager to familiarize themselves with what is going on in China.
一方面, 过去几十年的全面发展如此引人注目, 以至于他们渴望熟悉中国正在发生的事情。
Overall, the prices are still rising.
大体上看来, 价格仍在上涨。
【词块积累】
in general 通常; 一般地
as a whole 整个地; 作为一个整体
10. trick n. 诡计; 计谋; 把戏; 恶作剧; 窍门vt. 欺骗; 诈骗
The boys hid Jon’s bike to play a trick on him.
男孩子们把乔恩的自行车藏起来捉弄他。
It’s a tradition to play tricks on others on April Fool’s Day.
在愚人节那天捉弄别人是一个传统。
After being tricked once, one should learn from one’s mistakes and avoid being tricked again.
上当一次以后, 要从错误中吸取教训, 避免再次上当。
【词块积累】
play a trick on sb. =play tricks on sb. 捉弄某人
avoid being tricked 避免上当/受骗
trick sb. into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事
表示“捉弄, 开玩笑”的其他表达: play a joke on sb. , play jokes on sb. , make fun of sb. , tease/ laugh at sb. 等。
11. It is up to you to decide how you want to live, and to make the right decisions about your diet.
你可以决定你想要怎样生活, 并对你的饮食做出正确的决定。
【句式解构】
It is/was up to sb. to do sth. 意为“该由某人做某事; 取决于某人”, up后的to是介词。相当于 It is/was sb. ‘s duty to do sth. 。例如:
It is up to him to clean our classroom today.
今天应由他打扫我们的教室。
It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
该由父母教孩子礼仪。
语法知识清单
2
过去完成时和过去完成时的被动语态
一、过去完成时的概念
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或状态, 句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导时间状语。过去完成时除了强调动作发生在过去之外, 还常用于间接引语和虚拟语气的句子中。例如:
We had built five new buildings by the end of last year.
到去年年底, 我们已经建了五座新大楼。
The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫过。
The researchers said at least 4% of the population in those countries had been infected.
研究人员表示, 那些国家至少有4%的人口被感染。
The letter was passed from one to another until everyone had read it. 这封信从一个人传到另一个人, 直到每个人都看完。
Helen said(that)she had moved to another flat.
海伦说她已经搬到另一套公寓去了。
If only we had listened to their advice!
要是我们听了他们的建议就好了!
注意：过去完成时的标志词和句型
by+过去时间点, before, until, hardly/scarcely. . . when. . . ; no sooner. . . than; It was the first/second. . . time that. . . (从句用过去完成时)
二、过去完成时的构成
1. 肯定句: 主语 + had + 过去分词+其他.
2. 否定句: 主语 + had + not + 过去分词+其他.
3. 疑问句: Had + 主语 + 过去分词+其他?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词+其他?
The Union sent letters to the embassy to cheer on the Chinese people who had fought against the epidemic.
工会致函大使馆, 为抗击疫情的中国人民加油。
The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war. 这个国家还没有从战争的影响中恢复过来。
How many new words had you learned before the foreign teacher came to your school?
在外教来你们学校之前, 你们学了多少新单词?
三、过去完成时的被动语态的形式
1. 肯定句: 主语+ had been done +其他成分.
2. 否定句: 主语+ had not been done +其他成分.
3. 疑问句: Had +主语+ been done +其他成分?
疑问词+ had +主语+ been done +其他成分?
By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished. 当他到达学校时, 第一节课已经结束了。
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in. 那个男孩被提醒他的家庭作业还没有交。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended? 当飓风结束时, 有多少建筑物被摧毁了?
注意：
(1)过去完成时指发生在过去之前, 也就是过去的过去的动作。用过去完成时必须有一个表过去的时间作对比。例如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
他写完作业以后才去睡觉。
(2)如果两个动作紧接着发生, 则常常不用过去完成时, 特别是在包含before和after的复合句中, 因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确, 可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如: After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 到达英国后, 马克思努力提高他的英语水平。
语篇知识清单
3
写一篇关于健康饮食的文章
饮食话题因其与健康的生活方式息息相关而显得尤为重要, 食物的营养、食物的平衡、 食物的有机生产与污染、食物的制作方法与食用习惯、食物与传统文化的关系、饮食与健康等, 都是有关食物的常见话题。根据写作要求和目的的不同, 一篇文章一般从一个角度写, 突出重点, 不宜面面俱到。
【试题演练】
人们的健康很大程度上受制于饮食习惯。请你写一篇英语作文, 就如何养成良好的饮食习惯发表你的看法。
注意: 1. 写作词数应为80左右。2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。
【遣词造句】
·完成句子
1. 健康的饮食习惯对我们的健康非常重要。
Healthy eating habits are very important for our health.
2. 我们应该每天吃新鲜的蔬菜和水果, 因为它们为我们提供了维生素。
We should eat fresh vegetables and fruit every day, as they supply vitamins to us.
3. 早上或晚上喝一杯牛奶也是有益的。
A glass of milk in the morning or at night is also beneficial.
4. 我们应该注重均衡饮食, 它保证我们必要的营养。
We should focus on a balanced diet and it assures us the necessary nutrients.
5. 垃圾食品是我们的健康的致命杀手, 所以我们应该远离它。
Junk food is a fatal killer for our health, so we should stay away from it.
6. 不吃早餐是一个很坏的习惯, 这对我们的健康有很大的危害。
It is a very bad habit to skip breakfast, which does great harm to our health.
7. 我们应该吃健康的食物, 保持精力充沛。
We should eat healthy food to keep ourselves energetic.
·句式升级
8. 用定语从句改写句4。
We should focus on a balanced diet, which assures us the necessary nutrients.
9. 用动名词短语作主语改写句6。
Skipping breakfast is a very bad habit, which does great harm to our health.
【参考范文】
Healthy eating habits are very important for our health. But how can we form a healthy eating habit?
In my opinion, we should eat fresh vegetables and fruit every day, as they supply vitamins to us. A glass of milk in the morning or at night is also beneficial. Besides, we should focus on a balanced diet, which assures us the necessary nutrients.
Junk food is a fatal killer for our health, so we should stay away from it. What’s more, skipping breakfast is a very bad habit, which does great harm to our health.
All in all, we should eat healthy food to keep ourselves energetic.
【话题延伸】
1. 话题词汇
(1)diet 饮食
(2)balanced 平衡的
(3)junk food 垃圾食品
(4)tasty 美味的
(5)authentic 正宗的
(6)organic 有机的
(7)intake 摄入
(8)dairy products 奶制品
(9)nutritious 有营养的
(10)frozen food 冷冻食品
(11)recipe 食谱
(12)low-calorie 低热量的
(13)appetizer 开胃点心
(14)main course 主菜
(15)side dish 配菜
(16)dessert 餐后甜食
(17)snack 小吃
(18)delicious 美味的
(19)hot 辣的
(20)stir fry 煸炒
(21)steaming 清蒸
2. 话题句式
(1)How would you like your steak?
你的牛排要几分熟?
(2)I don’t eat junk food anymore. I’d like to try some healthy foods.
我再也不吃垃圾食品了, 我想吃一些健康的食物。
(3)In my opinion, we should develop good healthy eating habits. 在我看来, 我们应该养成良好的健康饮食习惯。
(4)An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一个苹果, 疾病远离我。
(5)Some soup before dinner, healthy body forever.
饭前喝口汤, 永远没灾殃。
(6)Diet cures more than doctors.
自己饮食有节, 胜过上门求医。
(7)Eat at pleasure. drink with measure. 随意吃饭, 适度饮酒。
(8)Too much fatty food makes me sick. 吃太多的油腻食物让我恶心。
(9)My favorite food is apples.
我最喜欢吃苹果。
(10)Is the meat fresh enough?
肉新鲜吗?
(11)Help me peel these potatoes please. 请帮我把土豆削皮。
(12)Add some soy sauce. 加点酱油。
主题活动·话题实践
Ⅰ. 语用功能表达
·点菜常用语
1. May I have a menu, please? 请给我菜单。
2. May I order, please? 我可以点餐了吗?
3. Do you have a menu in Chinese? 你们有中文菜单吗?
4. What is the specialty of the house? 餐厅的招牌菜是什么?
5. Would you like something to drink before dinner?
在用晚餐前你想喝些什么吗?
6. Can I have the same dish as that?
我可以点与那份相同的餐吗?
7. Do you have today’s special? 你们有今日特餐吗?
8. I’d like appetizers and meat (fish) dish.
我想要一份开胃菜与排餐(鱼餐)。
9. I have to avoid food containing fat (salt/sugar).
我必须避免含油脂(盐分/糖分)的食物。
10. Do you have vegetarian dishes? 你们是否供应素食餐?
11. Could you recommend some good wine?
你是否可以推荐一些不错的酒?
·餐馆服务员迎客用语
1. Sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起, 让您久等了。
2. Have you booked a table? 您预订餐桌了吗?
3. Have you made a reservation? 您预订了吗?
4. Smoking or non-smoking? 吸烟区还是非烟区?
5. Would you like something to drink? 您想喝点东西吗?
6. Would you like to see the menu? 您要看菜单吗?
7. Are you ready to order? 您现在要点餐吗?
8. OK, I’ll be back with your order. 好的, 我这就把您点的菜拿来。
9. What would you like to drink? 您想喝点什么?
10. Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶?
11. Would you mind sitting over there in the corner?
您介意坐在那边的角落里吗?
12. Please enjoy your lunch(dinner). 祝您午餐(晚餐)愉快。
13. Here you are. Please pay the bill at the cashier’s desk.
这是账单, 请到收银台结账。
Ⅱ. 话题情境交流
下面是一段餐馆里的对话, 请根据语境补全对话。
A: 1. Are you ready(你准备好) to order now, madam?
B: Yes, please. I’d like the steak and mushrooms.
A: 2. How would you like(你想要) your steak, rare, medium, or well-done?
B: I’d like it well-done, please.
A: What kind of potatoes would you like to 3. go with(搭配) that, mashed, boiled, or baked?
B: I think I’ll have baked potatoes. And I 4. also want to have(还想要) an ice tea with lemon on the side, please.
A: Good, and would you care for soup or salad to 5. start with(开始)?
B: I’d like cream onion soup please.
A: Will you have some dessert, madam?
B: I want to skip dessert. That’s all, thank you.
A: OK, I’ll be with you 6. in a moment(稍等片刻).
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