Unit 1 Science and Scientists——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第二册）

这是一份Unit 1 Science and Scientists——【期末复习】高二英语单元知识点梳理学案（人教版2019选择性必修第二册），共16页。学案主要包含了词汇图解，词块积累，要点补充，句式解构，易混辨析，试题演练，写作策略，遣词造句等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2022-2023学年高二英语同步必备知识清单（人教版2019）
选择性必修第二册 Unit 1
词汇知识清单
1

Part I Reading and Thinking
1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的; 沮丧的; 失意的
The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out.
恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。
What made him frustrated was that his son was infected with the flu virus.
令他懊恼的是, 他的儿子感染了流感病毒。
Several more days went by and the youth’s feelings of frustration increased.
几天过去了, 年轻人的挫折感更强了。
He found that watching the movie was frustrating because the ending was so bad.
他发现看这部电影是令人沮丧的, 因为结局太悲伤了。
【词汇图解】 feel frustrated at/with 对……感到沮丧/懊恼

2. subscribe vi. 认购(股份); 定期订购; 定期交纳(会费)
Snow subscribed to the second theory.
斯诺赞同第二种理论。
There are multiple magazines and you can subscribe to the ones that you are interested in.  
有很多种杂志, 你可以订阅你感兴趣的。
I subscribe to a few favourite charities.
我定期向几个中意的慈善机构捐款。
【词块积累】
(1)subscribe to　　　　 同意, 赞同; 订购
(2)subscriber n. 订阅人, 订购者; 定期捐款者
subscribe to意为“同意, 赞成”时, to为介词, 后常跟view, belief, theory等名词作宾语。
【要点补充】
Our monitor put forward a suggestion that our class should subscribe to some magazines and the head teacher subscribed to his suggestion.
我们班长提出了我们应该订购一些杂志的建议, 班主任同意了他的建议。
3. suspect vt. &vi. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人; 可疑对象
(2020·天津高考)He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on.
他拿出一个特殊的装置, 指向嫌疑人, 然后把它打开。
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
They all suspected the man with a moustache to be a player.
他们都猜测留着胡子的那个人是个运动员。
【词块积累】
(1)suspect that. . . 　　　　 怀疑/认为……(尤指坏事可能属实或发生)
suspect sb. to be. . . 怀疑某人是……
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事
(2)a murder suspect 杀人嫌疑犯
the main/prime suspect 首要嫌疑人
4. blame vt. 把……归咎于; 责怪; 指责 n. 责备; 指责
She doesn’t blame anyone for her father’s injury.
她没把她父亲的受伤归咎于任何人。
【词块积累】
(1)blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备某人
blame sth. on. . . 把某事归咎于……
be to blame(for sth. ) (对某事)负有责任
(2)take the blame for 对……承担责任
put/lay/place the blame for sth. on. . . 把某事归咎于……
5. link n. 联系; 纽带 vt. 把……连接起来; 相关联
Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外, 斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。
【词块积累】
(1)a link between. . . (and. . . )　 ……(和……)之间的连接(联系)
(2)link A to/with B　　　　　 将A与B联系/连接起来
link up (with sb. /sth. ) (与某人/某物)连接, 结合
be linked to/with. . . 与……有联系/有关
表示“将……和……连接起来”的短语还有:
connect. . . with/to. . . ; join. . . to
6. decrease n. 减少; 降低; 减少量 vt. & vi. (使大小、数量等)减少; 减小; 降低
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
通过斯诺的不懈努力, 供水公司开始销售清洁水, 世界各地的霍乱威胁也大幅减少了。
There has been a decrease in traffic accidents.
交通事故减少了。
The charge for transportation is on the decrease because of lower fuel costs.
由于更低的燃料花费, 运输费用在降低。
【词块积累】
(1)decrease(from. . . )to (从……)减少到……(表示减少后的量)
decrease by 减少了……(表示减少的量)
decrease in 在……方面减少
(2)a decrease in. . . ……的减少
on the decrease 在减少
7. thanks to幸亏, 由于
Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.
幸运的是, 由于约翰·斯诺的工作, 我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
Thanks to recent research, vaccines against the flu virus are available.
多亏近来的研究, 才有了抵抗流感病毒的疫苗。
Owing to/Due to bad weather, the next flight will be cancelled.
由于天气恶劣, 下一航班将被取消。
8. transform vt. 使改观; 使改变形态 vi. 改变; 转变
A new colour scheme will transform your bedroom.
新的色彩调配将使你的卧室焕然一新。
【词块积累】
transform. . . into. . . 　　　 把……变成……
transformation n. 改变; 改观
9. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现在两个街道上霍乱传播得如此厉害, 以至于10天之内就有500多人失去了生命。
【句式解构】
(1)so. . . that. . . 意为“如此……以至于……”, 引导结果状语从句, 此结构中so为副词, 后面跟形容词或副词。其结构为:

(2)such. . . that作“如此……以至于”, 连接一个表示结果的状语从句时, 与so. . . that意思相同, 但用法不同。such后边要跟名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词, 也可以不带), such. . . that的句型结构可分以下三种:

(3)当so或such位于句首时, 主句应用部分倒装形式。
The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
食物如此美味, 你不需要吃太多就能感到高兴。
10. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的, 不一致的
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.
总的来说, 当时的医生对霍乱是如何传播的有两种相互矛盾的解释。
【词块积累】
be contradictory to　　　　　与……矛盾/对立
11. handle n. 把手; 拉手; 柄 vt. 处理; 搬动; 操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
因此, 他把水泵的把手拿掉了, 这样水泵就不能用了。
The police are expert at handling situations like this.
警察处理这类情况很内行。
12. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.  
此外, 斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
【句式解构】
本句是主从复合句。scientists study diseases是定语从句, 修饰 the way, 从句省略了关系词 that 或 in which。
You could tell she was foreign by the way she dressed.
从她的穿着就可以看出她是外国人。
5G will surely change the way people work and live.
5G将会改变人们的工作和生活方式。
注意：
(1)way表示“方式; 方法”时, 其后常接in which或that引导的定语从句, 也可以将关系词in which或that省略掉, 此时关系词在从句中作状语。
(2)way后接定语从句时, 如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语, 则用关系代词that/which, 作宾语时还可以省略。
(3)way表示“方式; 方法”时, 其后还可接不定式或of doing sth. 的形式。
Part II Using Language & Assessing Your Progress
1. pour vt. 倒出; 倾泻; 斟(饮料); 涌出; (雨)倾盆而下
A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.
非牛顿流体很奇怪, 因为你可以像倒液体一样把它倒出来, 但是如果你对它施加任何压力, 它会突然变得像混凝土一样坚硬。
(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) After that I poured oil into a pan and turned on the stove.
我把油倒进锅中, 然后打开了炉子。
When the fire broke out, many customers poured out of the supermarket.
当火灾爆发时, 很多顾客从超市里涌了出来。
【词块积累】
pour out　　　　　 涌出; 倒出
pour in 涌入
pour into 朝……里面倒
2. break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始; 爆发
After the epidemic broke out, the whole country united together and overcame it.
疫情爆发后, 全国人民团结在一起, 并且战胜了它。
Many people broke through the poverty barrier in 2020 with the assistance of our government.
2020年在我们政府的帮助下很多人摆脱了贫困的障碍。
Your health will break down if you don’t pay attention to regular exercise.
如果你不注意定期锻炼, 你的身体会垮掉。
【词汇图解】

3. defend vt. 保卫; 防守; 辩解; 防御; 保护
People should try their best to defend the environment against pollution.
人们应该尽最大努力保护环境免受污染。
The soldiers fought bravely in defence of their country.
士兵们为保卫他们的国家英勇作战。
【词块积累】
(1)defend oneself　 自卫; 为……辩护
defend against 抵御
defend sb. from/against 保护某人免受……
(2)defence n. 防御; 保卫
in defence (of) 保卫(……)
4. assistant n. 助理; 助手; 售货员
She’s always palming the worst jobs off on her assistant.
她总是哄骗她的助手做最苦的差事。
Thanks to his assistance, we have finished our project ahead of schedule.  
多亏了他的帮助, 我们提前完成了我们的工程。
【词块积累】
(1)assistance　　　　　　　n. 援助; 帮助
come to one’s assistance 帮助某人
(2)assist vt. 帮助; 协助; 援助

【词块积累】
(1)in charge (of . . . ) 主管/掌管/负责(……)
in the charge of 在……掌管之下; 由……主管, 负责
take charge of . . . 负责/掌管……
free of charge 免费
(2)charge (sb. ) for sth. 为……(向某人)收费/要价
charge sb. with sth. 指控某人某事
in charge of往往以人作主语, 指“某人负责(主管)某事”; in the charge of往往以物作主语, 指“某物由某人主管”。类似的还有: in control of“控制”, in the control of“由……控制”; in possession of“拥有”, in the possession of“被……拥有”。
6. come down患(病); 染上(小病)
Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
自从得了一种使他失去大部分肌肉功能的疾病后, 他的世界就变成了一个抽象的思想世界。
Can you tell me how the accident came about?
你能告诉我事故是怎样发生的吗?
【词汇图解】

7. above all最重要的是; 尤其是
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
最重要的是, 霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
After all, 15 minutes of exercise is better than nothing.
毕竟, 锻炼15分钟比不锻炼好。
All in all, things worked out for the better.
不管怎么说, 一切都在好转。
【词块积累】
first of all “第一, 首先”, 强调排列顺序
after all　　 毕竟; 终究
in all 共计, 总共
(not)at all 一点也(不), 完全(不)
all in all 总的来说
8. fault n. 弱点; 过错
The police arrived at the scene and concluded that the driver was at fault.
警方到达现场, 断定这是司机的责任。
You are too ready to find fault with other people.
你太喜欢挑别人的毛病了。
【词块积累】
be one’s fault　　　 是某人的过错
be at fault 有过错; 有责任
find fault with 挑剔, 挑……的毛病
【易混辨析】fault与mistake
易混词
辨析
一言辨异
fault
多指性格上的弱点或行为上的过失, 强调因过失应负的责任
It’s your own fault to make such a mistake. 犯了这样的错误是你自己的过失。
mistake
多指因缺乏正确理解而造成的行动上或认识上的错误
9. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. 然而, 使他成为如此杰出和富有创造力的科学家的原因可能是他对其他事物的浓厚兴趣, 比如音乐和绘画。 
【句式解构】本句是一个主从复合句。what引导的是主语从句, 其中含有make+宾语+宾语补足语结构。
It’s her friendliness and the sense of responsibility that make me admire her.
正是她的友好和责任感让我敬佩她。
But we find it difficult to make the plot adapted complete and attractive enough.
但是我们发现很难让改编的情节足够完整, 足够有吸引力。
You should also make it a habit to take your watch with you. 你也应该养成带表的习惯。
She had to shout to make herself heard.
她必须大声喊才能让人听见她说话。
注意：(1)make+宾语+宾语补足语结构中, 宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、不带to的不定式或过去分词。
(2)如果宾语本身比较复杂, 可用“make it(形式宾语)+名词/形容词+to do(that)从句(真正的宾语) ”结构。
(3)make sb. do的被动形式为sb. be made to do。
10. gifted adj. 有天赋的; 天才的; 天资聪慧的
Each person is special and gifted with unique talents.
每个人都是特别的, 都被赋予了独特的才能。
You have to have a gift for learning languages.
你必须要有学习语言的天赋。
【词块积累】
be gifted in(doing)sth. 　 在(做)……方面有天赋
be gifted with sth. 天生具备……
have a gift/talent for 有……的天赋
11. abstract adj. 抽象的; 理性的 n. (文献等的)摘要
Beauty is an abstract concept.
美是一个抽象概念。
In the abstract, these rays are harmful to people’s health.
从理论上说, 这些射线对人们的健康是有害的。
There is a section at the end of the magazine that includes abstracts of recent articles.
杂志的最后一部分收录了近期文章的摘要。
【词块积累】
in the abstract抽象地, 从理论上说
12. steady adj. 稳定的; 平稳的; 稳步的
This year we’ve seen a steady rise in prices.
今年我们看到了物价的持续增长。
He urged local officials to act according to the new development philosophy for making steady progress.
他敦促地方官员按照新的发展理念行事, 以便取得稳步进展。
He was firm and steady unlike others she knew.
他坚定可靠, 和她认识的其他人不一样。
Debt was increasing steadily. 债务在持续增加。
【词块积累】
(1)hold/remain steady 保持平稳
a steady relationship 稳定的关系
(2)steadily 稳定地
13. vivid adj. 生动的; 鲜明的; 丰富的
He gave a vivid account of his life as a pilot.
他生动地描述了他当领航员的生活。
He had a vivid picture of her in his mind.
他头脑中对她有清晰的印象。
14. We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.  
我们中国人能做出和别人一样的东西。
【句式解构】
　　the same 后有时用 that引导定语从句, 表示“同一个, 就是那一个”。
This is the same cell phone that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那部手机。
Rick hasn’t changed. He looks exactly the same as he did at school. 里克一点儿没变, 他看起来和上学时一模一样。
【易混辨析】
the same. . . as. . .
表示“与……一样……”, 即同类异物
the same. . . that. . .
表示“同一个”
This is the same book as I read yesterday.
这本书和我昨天读的那本是一样的。
This is the same book that I read yesterday.
这就是我昨天读的那本书。
语法知识清单
2

表语从句
一、概念
在主从复合句中充当表语的从句, 叫作表语从句。它常位于系动词之后, 用来说明主语的身份或特征。
二、连接词的用法
1. that引导的表语从句。
用法: ①无意义　②不充当句子成分　③不可省略
The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus.
问题可能是, 在我们的办公室里, 当我们试图集中注意力时, 我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。
The trouble is that we haven’t found enough proofs to prove him to be guilty.
麻烦是我们还没有找到足够的证据来证明他有罪。
2. whether引导的表语从句。
The question is whether your parents will subscribe to your plan to travel to Tibet this summer holiday.  
问题是你的父母是否同意你暑假去西藏旅行的计划。
3. 连接代词who/whom/whose/what/which引导表语从句, 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
The problem is who is willing to defend for the suspect in the court. 问题是谁愿意为这个嫌疑犯在法庭上辩护。
With the efforts of local people, the city is no longer what it used to be. 在当地人的努力下, 这个城市不再是过去的样子。
4. 连接副词引导的表语从句。
The problem is how we can transform our initial dream into reality.
问题是我们如何把我们的最初的梦想变成现实。
That’s where the famous astronomer disagreed.
那就是这个著名的天文学家不同意的地方。
5. because, as if/as though等引导的表语从句。
That’s because you don’t know how to handle this kind of crisis. 这是因为你不知道如何应对这类危机。
It looks as if the young man is likely to be in charge of the department.  
看起来似乎这个年轻人有可能负责这个部门。
三、注意事项
1. why和because引导的表语从句的区别。
That’s why. . .
意为“那是……的原因”, 强调结果
That’s because . . .
意为“那是因为……”, 强调原因
I didn’t phone her, and that’s why she got angry with me.
我没有给她打电话。那就是她生我气的原因。
(强调她生气的这一结果)
I didn’t phone her, and that’s because I got angry with her.
我没有给她打电话, 那是因为我生她的气了。
(强调没打电话的原因)
2. reason作主语或主语中包含事件的起因时, 后面的表语从句表示原因时, 要用that来引导, 而不是because。
The reason why the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes.  
每年需要重新注射的原因是这病毒会变化。
3. 表语从句中的虚拟语气。
在表语从句中, 表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等, 主句中的主语通常是: advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea等, 从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”(should可以省略, 但不可换成would)。
My suggestion is that we (should)start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天早出发。
语篇知识清单
3

如何写一篇关于科学精神的评论文章
　　评论科学精神是新课程标准中的写作要求之一, 要求对人物外貌、个性、主要事迹及贡献进行描述和说明。
基本框架:
首先, 对人物进行简要的介绍, 比如生平、事件、职业等。
其次, 挑选出人物一生中比较重要的事迹进行描写, 要尽可能地详细, 因为这影响人们对他/她的整体评价。
最后, 对人物进行客观的评价, 包括其人格、贡献以及闪光点的评价。
【试题演练】
　　请根据以下内容写一篇文章介绍中国科学家潘建伟。

1. 1970年3月生, 浙江东阳人。1999年获奥地利维也纳大学实验物理博士学位。潘建伟教授主要从事量子通信等方面的研究。
2. 他是该领域有重要国际影响力的科学家, 并且取得了一系列有重要意义的研究成果。他获得“改革先锋”等称号。
3. 他对世界保持着孩童般的好奇, 一心做研究, 保持与名利的距离。他站在世界的最前沿, 和宇宙对话, 做前无古人的事业。
参考词汇: 量子通信quantum communication; 维也纳Vienna
【写作策略】

【遣词造句】
·完成句子
1. 潘建伟1970年3月生, 浙江东阳人。
Pan Jianwei was born in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province in March 1970.  
2. 1999年获奥地利维也纳大学实验物理博士学位。
In 1999, he received his doctor’s degree in experimental physics from the University of Vienna, Austria.  
3. 潘建伟教授主要从事量子通信等方面的研究。
Professor Pan Jianwei is mainly engaged in the research of quantum communication.  
4. 他是该领域有重要国际影响力的科学家。
He is an internationally influential scientist in this field.  
5. 他取得了一系列有重要意义的研究成果。
He has achieved a series of significant research results.  
6. 他获得了“改革先锋”等称号。
He received such titles as “pioneer of reform”.  
7. 他对世界保持着孩童般的好奇, 一心做研究, 保持与名利的距离。
He keeps childlike curiosity about the world, devotes himself to research, and keeps his distance from fame and fortune.  
8. 他站在世界的最前沿, 和宇宙对话, 做前无古人的事业。
He stands in the front row of the world, talks to the universe, and does things that no one has done before.  
·句式升级
9. 用so. . . that改写句3和句4。
Professor Pan Jianwei is so engaged in the research of quantum communication that he is an internationally influential scientist in this field.  
10. 用现在分词改写句8。
He stands in the front row of the world, talking to the universe, and doing things that no one has done before.  
【参考范文】
　　Pan Jianwei was born in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province in March 1970. In 1999, he received his doctor’s degree in experimental physics from the University of Vienna, Austria. Professor Pan Jianwei is so engaged in the research of quantum communication that he is an internationally influential scientist in this field and has achieved a series of significant research results. He received such titles as “pioneer of reform”. He keeps childlike curiosity about the world, devotes himself to research, and keeps his distance from fame and fortune. He stands in the front row of the world, talking to the universe, and doing things that no one has done before.  
【话题延伸】
1. 话题词汇
(1)serve the people heart and soul
全心全意为人民服务
(2)share sorrow as well as happiness with sb.
与某人同甘共苦
(3)live a happy life
过着幸福的生活
(4)be enthusiastic about. . .
对……有热情
(5)be qualified for
适合; 胜任
(6)think highly of
对……高度评价
(7)have a gift/talent for
对……有天赋
(8)be strict with
对……严格要求
(9)make great contributions to
对……做出巨大贡献
(10)devote oneself to
致力于; 献身于
(11)make a difference
有影响; 有重要作用
(12)be gifted at
对……有天赋
(13)be good at
擅长……
2. 话题句式
(1)介绍人物的成就或取得的成绩:
①During her career life, she obtained 132 championships, including 4 Olympic championships.
在她的职业生涯中, 她获得了132个冠军, 包括四个奥林匹克冠军。
②When he was still a boy, he showed great interest in literature.
当他还是个孩子的时候, 他就对文学表现出了极大的兴趣。
③He/She is good at spoken English and even better at using computers.
他/她擅长英语口语甚至更擅长使用电脑。
④Her story tells us that we should value what we have, and try our best to overcome any difficulty in life.
她的故事告诉我们: 我们应该重视我们所拥有的, 努力克服生活中的任何困难。
(2)介绍人物的影响及人们对此人的评价:
①He became famous for his new theory.
他因他的新理论而出名。
②The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader.
人们把他作为一位激励人的领导而爱戴他。
③We regard him as our model.
我们把他视为我们的榜样。
④Lei Feng has been praised for his communist spirit.
雷锋因为他的共产主义精神而受到表扬。