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考点01 句子成分与句子类型（知识精细化梳理）-【全优新高考】2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）
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这是一份考点01 句子成分与句子类型（知识精细化梳理）-【全优新高考】2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共28页。试卷主要包含了ffering 2，考查时态，考查非谓语动词，考查宾语从句，考查状语从句，考查定语从句，考查同位语从句，考查固定短语等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点01 句子成分与句子类型
课前热身练
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Fresh warning sounded on plastics problem
Walk along any beach in the world, no matter how isolated, and you will see plastic of some kind washed up on the shoreline, 1 (offer) a reminder of the reckless throwaway culture of the present-day world.
Lately, a study 2 (sound) a fresh warning on the damage caused to the marine ecosystem due to discarded plastics, which eventually has a bearing on human health due to the seafood we consume.
In a paper 3 (title) “A Growing Plastic Smog” published on March 8, 2023 in the peer-reviewed research journal Plos One, researchers called on governments around the world 4 (take) sweeping action to address the “unprecedented plastic pollution” of the world’s oceans.
The plastics break down over time into minute particles that cannot be detected by the naked eye, but find their way into the marine ecosystem and into the seafood humans consume. No one knows for certain 5 the long-term damage will be to marine life and humans, but the study placed much of the blame on the plastics industry for failing to recycle or design for recyclability. “ 6 eaten, microplastics can severely damage an animal’s internal tissues. Globally, we have reached a situation 7 we can no longer ignore the plastic pollution pandemic that is infecting our oceans,” he said.
“This research shows us that beach cleanups and citizen science projects that focus on the environmental fate of plastics have little impact on solving the enormity of the plastic problem. Marcus Eriksen, lead author of the study, said in a statement that the findings were a “stark warning 8 we must act now at a global scale”. “We’ve found an alarming trend of exponential growth of microplastics in the global ocean since the millennium, which 9 (expect) to reach over 170 trillion plastic particles,” said Eriksen, adding that the exponential increase in microplastics across the world’s oceans makes 10 necessary to “bring in an age of corporate responsibility for the entire life of the things they make”.
1．offering 2．has sounded 3．titled 4．to take 5．what 6．Once/If/When 7．where 8．that 9．is expected 10．it
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今海洋面临严重的塑料污染。最近，一项研究对废弃塑料对海洋生态系统造成的破坏发出了新的警告，由于我们食用的海鲜，这些塑料最终会影响人类的健康。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：走在世界上任何一个海滩上，无论多么孤立，你都会看到某种塑料被冲到海岸线上，提醒人们当今世界鲁莽的一次性文化。分析句子结构可知offer与you will see plastic of some kind washed up on the shoreline构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填offering。
2．考查时态。句意：最近，一项研究对废弃塑料对海洋生态系统造成的破坏发出了新的警告，由于我们食用的海鲜，这些塑料最终会影响人类的健康。根据lately可知为现在完成时，主语为study，助动词用has。故填has sounded。
3．考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年3月8日，在同行评议的研究期刊《公共科学图书馆·综合》上发表的一篇题为《不断增长的塑料烟雾》的论文中，研究人员呼吁世界各国政府采取全面行动，解决世界海洋“前所未有的塑料污染”。分析句子结构可知title与paper构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填titled。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年3月8日，在同行评议的研究期刊《公共科学图书馆·综合》上发表的一篇题为《不断增长的塑料烟雾》的论文中，研究人员呼吁世界各国政府采取全面行动，解决世界海洋“前所未有的塑料污染”。表示“呼吁……”短语为call on sb. to do sth.。故填to take。
5．考查宾语从句。句意：没有人确切知道对海洋生物和人类的长期损害是什么，但这项研究将大部分责任归咎于塑料工业未能回收或设计可回收性。引导宾语从句，从句缺少表语，表示是什么，应用what。故填what。
6．考查状语从句。句意：“一旦/如果/当被食用时，微塑料会严重损害动物的内部组织”。此处可理解为引导条件状语从句，表示“一旦”或“如果”用once或if；或理解为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”应用when。首字母大写。故填Once/ If/ When。
7．考查定语从句。句意：他说：“在全球范围内，我们已经到了不能再忽视正在感染海洋的塑料污染大流行的地步。”此处为定语从句修饰先行词situation，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。故填where。
8．考查同位语从句。句意：该研究的主要作者Marcus Eriksen在一份声明中表示，这些发现是一个“严重的警告，我们现在必须在全球范围内采取行动”。说明warning的内容，引导同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，应用that。故填that。
9．考查固定短语。句意：埃里克森说:“我们发现，自千年以来，全球海洋中的微塑料呈指数级增长，这一趋势令人担忧，预计将达到170万亿个塑料颗粒。”他补充说，全球海洋中微塑料的指数级增长使得有必要“引入一个企业对其制造的产品的整个生命周期负责的时代”。表示“预计……”短语为be expected to，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，非限制性定语从句修饰trend，在从句中作主语，谓语用单数。故填is expected。
10．考查it用法。句意：埃里克森说:“我们发现，自千年以来，全球海洋中的微塑料呈指数级增长，这一趋势令人担忧，预计将达到170万亿个塑料颗粒。”他补充说，全球海洋中微塑料的指数级增长使得有必要“引入一个企业对其制造的产品的整个生命周期负责的时代”。此处为make it adj. to do sth.，it作形式宾语，故填it。
核心考点梳理
（一）句子成分
句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn,
seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
3. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
4. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
5. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
7. 同位语：是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
句子成分口诀：
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。
宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。
补充内容：有时一个句子中会出现一种与全句没有语法关系的成分，被称之为独立成份。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。
1、感叹语
感叹语不仅可以是惊叹词，也可以是名词、动词、副词；不仅可以是单词，它表示突然产生的感情，多置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。
Oh! What is that？
Silence! Father is sleeping.
Look! Here is her letter.
Quickly! It’s dangerous.
In about ten minutes, OK?
2、呼语
呼语是说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼。
May I help you, madam？（已婚或单身女人）
Waiter, four cups of tea, please.
3、插入语
插入语表示整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解；可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语往往是插入句中的词语，偶尔也可放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。
The boy, I think, has come from the country.
The boy has come from the country, I think.
To be frank with you, I have no money to spare.
I eat a lot of sweet things, for example, chocolate.
（二）句子类型
一）英语句子按照其用途可分四种
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
二）英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句
1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下：
1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①状态类：be；②保持类：keep, remain, stay；③感官类：feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④表象类：seem, appear；⑤变化类：get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥终止类：prove, turn out等。
This is my English book.
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The trouble is that they are short of money.
2) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。
Poems don't translate easily.
My recent book sells very well.
The sun was shining.
3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
They ate what was left over.
→主谓宾结构的被动语态都属于主谓结构：Dishes can be put in the kitchen.
4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。
The driver saved us a lot of trouble.
They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.
→主谓双宾结构的被动语态有2种：We are offered ＄60,000 for the house by them.（主谓宾）
＄60,000 is offered to us for the house by them.（主谓）
5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。
本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例：
1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.
2) The news made him unhappy.
3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.
4) I had the bike repaired.
5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
注意：
（1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。（call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例：
We call him Tom for short．
I made painting the house the project for the summer.
（2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。例如：
She thought him kind and generous.
We’d better keep the windows open．
（3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise, 等。例：
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital．
David taught his brother to use the computer.
2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”
感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at, witness)、 三个使役动词（make, let, have）、
两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉（feel），变被动，to还原。例：
Let me try again．
I often hear her sing in the next room．
She is often heard to sing in the next room.
感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：
a. He saw a girl get on the bus.
b. He saw a girl getting on the bus.
3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：
My father often helps me(to) study English．
（4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。
We found a man lying on the ground．
He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday.
She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic.
（5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例：
I’ll keep the words in my mind．
I often find him at work.
由 as 构成的短语作宾补:常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。例：
They treat me as their daughter.
→主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：The book was found interesting.
The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday.
6) there be 句型：表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。谓语动词单复数采用就近原则。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.
b. There will be a sports meet next week.
c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.
e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.
注意：
1) 其他各种句子都可由以上基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
2) 以上各种句型中都可以在名词前后加上定语，句首、句中、句末加上相应的状语。
2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。
1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例：
These flowers are white and those flowers are red.
We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing.
We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing.
Hurry up; it's getting late.
I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on.
I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key.
2）并列句的分类：
（1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
（2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
（3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
（4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例：
The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it.
3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。
状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。
定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。
名词性从句
主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句
宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。
同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。
例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句）
2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句）
3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句）
4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句）
5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）
6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句）
当堂知识检测
1．145 people were missing ______ the crash of the French Airbus.
A．in spite of B．along with C．due to D．rather than
2．——You didn’t watch the film last night, _________?
——_________, but I missed the beginning.
A．did I; Yes, I did B．did you; No, I didn’t
C．did you; Yes, I did D．did I; No, I didn’t
3．—What can I do for you, sir?
—No, I only want to speak to the person .
A．in danger B．in return
C．in peace D．in charge
4．—I’m leaving now.
— ________ you turn off the lights.
A．To make sure B．Make sure C．Made sure D．Making sure
5．－ _______?
－My watch reads nine.
A．What’s the date today B．How much is your watch
C．What time is it now D．How many watches do you have
6．Walk along this road for 100 meters ________ you’ll see the hospital.
A．or B．otherwise C．and D．or else
7．________ it was marching along the streets, enjoying the festive atmosphere!
A．What great fun B．How great fun C．What a great fum D．How a funny
8．--Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Guangzhou?
---______. It’s two years since I worked there.
A．Yes, I have B．Yes, I do C．No, I haven’t D．No, I don’t
9．______ to have a picnic here!
A．What great delight B．How great delight
C．What a great delight D．How a great delight
10．There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ?
A．wasn’t there B．was there
C．didn’t it D．did it
11．I don’t expect you can finish the work in three days， ?
A．don’t I B．do I
C．can you D．can’t you
12．Mrs.Black doesn’t believe her husband is able to design a digital camera, ?
A．is he B．isn’t he
C．doesn’t she D．does she
13．—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
—Yes. ________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A．Know B．Knowing C．To know D．Known
14．Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for example, can ________ permanent spinal injury and paralysis.
A．result from B．suffer from C．take on D．lead to
15．Robin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense.句子中非谓语动词是：
A．agrees B．thinks C．starting D．makes
16．We made him our monitor. 划线成分是________
A．宾语 B．定语 C．状语 D．宾补
17．We could have some tests to see what, ________, is wrong, and see whether we can do something to fix it.
A．when necessary B．though enough
C．if anything D．as possible
18．Practicing Chinese kung fu can not only _________ one’s strength, but also develop one’s character.
A．bring up B．take up C．build up D．pull up
19．Several years ago, I had a manager who________ changed his mind about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．ultimately
20．________ a good living habits，________ you will stay healthy.
A．To have; or B．Have；and C．Having；then D．Had；but
21．——________ French book is this?
——It must belong to _________. She' s the only one that is studying French.
A．Who's; Li Ying B．Who's; Li Ying's C．Whose; Li Ying D．Whose; Li Ying's
22．We’d better go now, ______ we’ll miss the train.
A．but B．so C．or D．and
23．— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house?
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
24．John, read the text for us, ______?
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
25．Let’s keep to the point or we __________ any decisions.
A．will never reach B．have never reached
C．never reach D．never reached
26．Zhang Qing has to stay at home to look after her brother, ______?
A．hasn’t she B．hasn’t Zhang Qing
C．doesn’t she D．doesn’t Zhang Qing
27．________ does it take to win the hearts and minds of 10 students in today's education？
A．What B．When C．How D．Why
28．Always _____________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
A．to keep B．to have kept
C．keep D．have kept
29．______, I believe, and you will find Tom is very outgoing.
A．Having a talk with the student
B．Given a talk with the student
C．One talk with the student
D．If you have a talk with the student
30．---Shall we go and see the museum?
---No, ________.
A．don’t mention it B．not at all C．never mind D．it’s not worth it
31．--- ________bargaining is always such great fun?
---Usually people consider it a test to see who can stand their ground longer.
A．What is it that B．Why is it that C．What it is that D．Why it is that
32．The sudden fall in the value of the dollar _____ financial experts.
A．puzzling B．has puzzled C．puzzled out D．puzzles about
33．Start out right away,________ you’ll miss the first train.
A．and B．but C．or D．which
34．________ at the door before entering, please.
A．Knocked B．To knock
C．Knocking D．Knock
35． it is to jump into the river to have a swim in hot summer!
A．What a fun B．How a fun
C．What fun D．How fun
36．Every one of you, ______ the basketball field used to be, quickly please.
A．gathers where B．gather where C．will gather at D．gather at
37．______ is the percentage of the peasants of the country?
A．How many B．How much C．What D．How small
38．I felt _____ by my marriage.
A．trap B．trapping C．trapped D．to trap
39．________ sure that all the windows are shut, mainly because it is reported that a heavy rain is on the way.
A．Making B．To make C．Having made D．Make
40．Don’t hesitate to make a decision, ________ you’ll let such a golden opportunity slip through your fingers.
A．and B．or C．but D．so
41．The flying car Transition can travel at speeds up to 115 mph for 450 miles in the air, _______ at highway speeds on the ground, and fold up to fit in a standard garage.
A．driving B．drive C．to drive D．driven
42．The news that he referred ________ us disappointed.
A．to made B．to making C．to make D．to have made
43．The failure was a(n)_______to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as positive as ever.
A．important factor B．major issue C．heavy blow D．serious danger
44．It was at the age of 5 ________ he left his hometown for Shanghai.
A．that B．when C．which D．as
45．These oranges taste _______.
A．good B．well C．to be good D．to be well
46．Was ______ that I saw last night at the concert?
A．it you B．not you C．you D．that yourself
47．Alice had a wonderful time yesterday, ________?
A．hadn’t she B．wasn’t she C．didn’t she D．wouldn’t she
48．In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
49．-The problem wasn't difficult for him，was it？
-______.He should have been given a more difficult one.
A．No，it was B．Yes，it was
C．Yes，it wasn't D．No，it wasn't
50．His strong sense of humor was make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
A．so as to B．such as to
C．so that D．such that
参考答案：
1．C
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于法国空客的坠毁，145人失踪了。A. in spite of不管，尽管；B. along with和…一起[一道]，随着；C. due to由于，因为；D. rather than而不是。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查介词短语due to，意为“因为，由于”。故选C。
2．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：——你昨晚没看那部电影，是吗？——我看了，但是我错过了开头。分析句子结构可知，第一空是反意疑问句，遵循前肯后否，前否后肯的原则，主语和前面句子主语一致，因此第一空是did you；由“but I missed the beginning”可知，第二个说话人的确去看电影了，因此第二空是Yes, I did，故选C。
3．D
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：——先生，有什么可以帮助你的吗？——没有，我只是想要和负责人说话。A. in danger 在危险中，有…的危险；B. in return 作为回报，作为回应；C. in peace 平安地，安静地；D. in charge 主管，看管，在…看管下。分析上下文意思可知，这里需要介词短语in charge，作后置定语，意为“负责，掌管”。故选D。
4．B
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：——我要走了。——一定要关灯。由“you turn off the lights”可知，第二个说话人是要求第一个说话人关灯，应用祈使句，用动词原形，故选B。
5．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问句。句意：——现在几点了？ ——我的表显示九点。A. What’s the date today今天几号；B. How much is your watch你的表多少钱；C. What time is it now现在什么时间；D. How many watches do you have你有多少块手表。根据回答“我的表显示九点”可知，问句是对现在的时间提问。故选C项。
6．C
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：沿着这条街走100米，然后你就会看到医院。 A. or或者；B. otherwise否则；C. and然后、和；D. or else否则。“祈使句+and/or+简单句”为固定句型，此处应填and表示“然后”。故选C项。
7．A
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：走在大街上，享受节日的气氛是多么有趣啊！此处感叹不可数名词fun应用what，构成what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语；how引导的感叹句结构为：how+形容词+主语+谓语。故选A。
8．D
【详解】考查一般疑问句的回答。句意：——好久没有见到你了。你还在广州工作吗？——不。我不在那工作已经两年了。根据“It’s two years since I worked there.”可知，第二人已经不在广州工作了，即为否定的回答，同时回答的是Do you ...?用No, I don’t，所以选D。
9．C
【详解】考查感叹句以及名词的数。句意：在这里野餐真是太高兴了！分析句子可知，本句是感叹句， 感叹名词delight，表示“令人愉快的事情” 的意思时，delight是可数名词，可以使用what开头的感叹句what + a(n)+adj.+可数名词。使用how开头的感叹句应该是how+ adj.+ a(n)+可数名词单数+it is，所以D项错误。故选C项。
10．A
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：音乐会结束后，后台立刻传来一声尖叫，不是吗？分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查there be句型的反意疑问句结构：be的适当形式＋there，又因前面陈述句部分为肯定形式，是一般过去时，反义疑问句用was的否定形式＋there。故选A。
11．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我没有想到你会在三天之内完成工作，你能吗？含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，且人称为第一人称时。反意疑问句部分助动词与从句助动词一致，陈述句部分是否定句，疑问句部分应用肯定形式。故选C项。
12．D
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：布莱克夫人不相信她丈夫能设计出数码相机，是吗？主语是第三人称，反意疑问句应与主句保持一致，且用肯定形式。故选D。
13．A
【详解】考查祈使句+and句型。句意：——英语的词汇量很大，不是吗？——是的。知道更多的词汇和短语，你将会发现阅读和交流变得很容易。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是祈使句+and+含将来时的句型。故选A。
14．D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，不恰当地移动一个颈部受伤的人，可能会导致永久性的脊髓损伤和瘫痪。A. result from是由于，是因为...； B. suffer from遭受，患有； C. take on 呈现；D. lead to导致。方式不当地搬动颈部受伤的人，空后脊髓损伤和瘫痪是结果，因果关系。故选D项。
15．C
【详解】考查句子结构。句意：火箭科学家罗宾表示同意，他认为从火星开始是最有意义的。分析句子可知，并列谓语动词是agrees和thinks，makes是省略了that的宾语从句的谓语动词，starting是动名词做主语，故选C。
16．D
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：我们选他当班长。句子中，动词made为谓语，him为宾语，our monitor意为“我们的班长”，对宾语作补充说明，为宾语补足语。故选D。
17．C
【详解】考查省略的状语从句语义辨析。句意：我们可以做一些测试，看看有什么问题，如果有的话，看看我们是否可以做些什么来修复它。A. when necessary必要时；B. though enough如果足够；C. if anything如果有的话；D. as possible尽可能。根据前文“We could have some tests to see what”以及后文“see whether we can do something to fix it”可知，如果有什么问题的话，就需要采取措施进行修复。故填C项。
18．C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：练习中国功夫不仅可以增强一个人的力量，而且还可以培养一个人的性格。A. bring up提出，养育；B. take up开始，从事，占据，拿起；C. build up增强；D. pull up停车，拔起。build up one’s strength为固定搭配，意为“增强体力”，此处作句子的谓语。故选C项。
19．B
【详解】考查副词。句意：几年前，我有一个经理，关于他想要的东西，他总是改变主意。A. strangely不可思议地；B. constantly经常地，总是；C. actually实际上；D. ultimately最终。根据句意和语境，这位经理不断地改变自己想要的东西，设空处应用constantly，作状语。故选B项。
20．B
【详解】考查祈使句和连词。句意：有一个好的生活习惯，你就会保持健康。此处前半句表示建议，建议人们有好的生活习惯，应用动词原形开头，前后句是承接关系，应用and连接，故选B项。
21．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问句及其回答。句意：——这是谁的法语书？——这肯定是李英的。目前只有她正在学法语。对物品拥有者进行提问，应使用“whose+物品名词（单）+is this/that?”的句型；“belong to sb”短语意为：属于某人，宾语部分使用宾格人称代词。故选C项。
22．C
【详解】考查连词。句意：我们最好现在就走，否则就赶不上火车了。A. but但是；B.so因此；C. or否则；D. and并且。分析句子得结构可知，本句为“祈使句+or+陈述句”，or意为“否则”；结合句意，故选C。
23．B
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：——2022年前，我们家乡将修建一条地铁。——多么令人兴奋的消息！它会经过我家吗？感叹句的句型：How +形容词+ a(n) +单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What + a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!news为不可数名词，故用句型What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!故选B项。
24．D
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：约翰，给我们读课文好吗？A. does he他会吗；B. will he他会吗；C. do you你会吗；D. will you你会吗。这是向对方提建议或命令对方做某事，空格前面是动词原形read开头的祈使句的肯定句，反义疑问句的疑问部分用will you。故选D。
25．A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：让我们紧扣主题，否则我们将永远无法做出任何决定。A.will never reach将不会达到；B.have never reached还没有达到；C.never reach从未达到；D.never reached从未达到。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是“祈使句+or+陈述句”，陈述句使用一般将来时态。故选A。
26．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：张青不得不呆在家里照顾她的弟弟，不是吗？反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是：“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”，含有情态动词have/has/had to的反意疑问句，其附加问句部分通常用助动词do的相应形式代替。本句中has to表示肯定，因而后面需用do的否定形式，且时态需保持一致，因而是doesn’t，问句的主语不用名词，应改成相应的人称代词，根据her brother，可知主语用she。故选C。
27．A
【详解】考查疑问词。句意：在今天的教育中，怎样才能赢得10个学生的心？it takes sth. to do sth.是固定句式，表示做某事需要某物，用代词what来作take的宾语。when什么时候，how如何，why为什么。其他三项都是副词。故选A。
28．C
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：永远记住，你的主要任务就是让这个公司平稳运行。这是一个完整的句子，而that引导的是宾语从句，因此只能是祈使句。故选C。
【点睛】祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句分为第二人称祈使句及第—、三人称祈使句两大类.祈使句用于两个重要句型中；1．“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。2．“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or(else)表示“否则；句首以动词原形开头。从本题的成分来判断，可以看出是考查祈使句。
29．C
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：和汤姆谈一次话，我相信你会发现他很活泼。此处考查“祈使句+and+简单句”这一句型，祈使句可以不是以动词开头，可以以名词开头（实际上就是一个名词短语）。选C。
考点：考查固定句型
30．D
【详解】考查一般疑问句。句意：我们去参观博物馆好吗？不，不值得。A.don’t mention it 别客气；B. not at all一点也不； C. never mind 没有关系；D. it’s not worth it不值得。根据分析可知，该句为Shall we引导的一般疑问句。表示征求他人意见。根据后一句的No可推知，该回答应该为否定回答。D项 it’s not worth it为否定回答，符合题意。故填D项。
31．B
【详解】考查强调句。句意：——为什么讨价还价总是如此有趣呢？——通常人们认为这是一个考验，看看谁能更长时间地坚持自己的立场。此处是强调句型的特殊问句，应该用“特殊疑问词+ is/was + it that...”，答句给出了答疑，句中应询问原因，故用疑问词why，故选B项。
32．B
【详解】考查谓语动词和时态。句意：美元突然贬值，财经专家无不大伤脑筋。分析句子，句中缺少谓语动词，同时选项中puzzle是及物动词，意为“使……困惑”，后直接跟宾语，不需要接介词。puzzle out为固定短语，意为“推测出”不符合题意。故选B。
33．C
【详解】考查“祈使句，and/or+陈述句”。句意：立刻出发，否则你会错过第一班火车的。A. and结果是，那么；B. but但是；C. or否则，要不然；D. which哪一个。根据句意，设空处应用连词or，意为“否则，要不然”，表示在以祈使句为条件下的相反假设，前后句为转折关系。而连词and后接陈述句，表示以祈使句为条件下的结果，为顺接关系。故选C项。
34．D
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：请您进来前敲门。该句为祈使句，用动词原形开头，故选D项。
35．C
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：在炎热的夏天跳进河里游泳是多么有趣啊！分析句子，设空处构成感叹句，其对fun进行感叹，fun为不可数名词，意为“乐趣”，故用what。故选C。
36．B
【详解】考查时态和地点状语从句。句意：你们每一个人，快到原先是篮球场的地方集合。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是祈使句，应用动词原形开头，A、C错误；where the basketball filed used to be为地点状语从句，where在从句中做be后面的表语，指地点。故选B。
37．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问词辨析。句意：这个国家农民的比例是多少？A. How many多少（对可数名词提问）；B. How much多少（对不可数名词提问）；C. What什么；D. How small多么小。分析句子，句中是对百分率多少进行提问，用what进行提问。故选C。
38．C
【详解】考查系表结构。句意：我感到自己被困在婚姻之中。felt为系动词，后接形容词作表语，主语I和trap之间为被动关系，设空处应用过去分词转化的形容词trapped，意为“受困的，受限制的”，作表语。故选C项。
39．D
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：确保所有的窗户都关上，主要是因为据报道大雨即将来临。分析句子结构，这是一个祈使句，根据祈使句的用法，祈使句以动词原形开头，故选D项。
40．B
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：做决定时不要犹豫，否则你会让这样一个千载难逢的机会从指缝间溜走。A. and并且；B. or或者，否则；C. but但是；D. so所以。该句是一个固定句型，即“祈使句+and/or+简单句（将来时态）”，结合句意可知，此处为“否则”之意应用or。故选B。
41．B
【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：飞车Transition能在空中以115英里每小时的速度行驶450英里，在地面以高速公路的速度行驶，还能折叠起来放进一个标准的车库。此处与句中动词travel和fold up作并列的谓语，根据句中情态动词can可知，这里用动词原形。故选B。
42．A
【详解】考查固定短语和谓语动词。句意：他提到的那个消息使我们失望。分析句子可知 that he referred 是一个定语从句，先行词为主语The news，在从句中作宾语，而referred为不及物动词，必须借助to才能接宾语，并且refer to为固定短语，意为“提到，涉及”，而make在本句中作谓语，根据语境，应用一般过去式，故为made，故选A项。
43．C
【详解】考查形容词修饰名词辨析。句意：这次失败对他是一个沉重的打击，但他并不气馁，并很快变得一如既往地积极。A. important factor 重要因素；B. major issue 主要争论点；C. heavy blow 强力打击；D. serious danger 重大险情。根据上文“The failure ”可知，失败对于他肯定是一个打击。故选C项。
44．A
【详解】考查强调句型。句意：那是在5岁的时候他离开了家乡去上海。根据句子结构和意思可知，这里考查强调句型It was...that...的结构，被强调的部分at the age of 5是介词短语做时间状语，he left his hometown for Shanghai是主谓宾基本成分完整的句子，所以只能用that。故选A。
45．A
【详解】考查系表结构。句意：这些橙子味道很好。taste作连系动词，意为“尝起来……”，后接形容词作表语。good为形容词，taste good意为“尝起来很好”，为系表结构。well作形容词时，意为“健康的；令人满意的”，不符合题意。故选A项。
46．A
【详解】考查强调句。句意：我昨晚在音乐会上看到的是你吗？根据句意和“that I saw last night”可知，句子是强调句的一般疑问句，强调句的陈述句结构是“it is/was+被强调的部分+who/that+其他部分”，其一般疑问句是“is/was it+被强调的部分+who/that+其他部分”，句中被强调的部分是you，因此空格处是it you，故选A。
47．C
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：爱丽丝昨天过得很愉快，不是吗?分析句式结构可知，此处为反义疑问句，再根据上文had可知，时态为一般过去时，所以反义疑问句中应该用助动词did，再根据“前肯后否”的原则，所以反义疑问句中用didn’t+主语。故选C项。
48．A
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。
点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。
49．D
【详解】本题解析略。
50．B
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：他如此幽默，全屋的人都被他逗乐了。此处在be动词后应是表语，such as to do或者such as that“到如此程度，如此……以至于……（正式或文学用语）”可以作表语。A项so as to只能作目的状语，不能作表语；C/D项引导结果状语从句。故选B。
【名师点睛】做本题时，要抓住横线后动词make是动词原型，而非句子，故可以排除C、D两项；so as to“为的是； 是为了；以便”的意思，与其后的动词原形一起作目的状语，用来强调目的，故也可以排除。such as to的用法再举一例：His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met.他的举止几乎冒犯了所有他认识的人。
课后巩固提高
二、 用单词的适当形式完成句子
51．You should tell your parents that you're fine, otherwise, they will be concerned ________ you. （用适当的单词填空）
52．Due ________ carelessness, your mistakes may have serious results. (用适当的词填空)
53．Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person. （用适当的词填空）
54．After he greeted his friend, they ________ (begin) to talk. (所给词的适当形式填空)
55．Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. ＂She thought I had hurt_________ (I),＂says Paulson.（所给词的适当形式填空）
56．—May I ask for leave tomorrow?（用适当的代词填空）
—No，you can’t.________ applying for the scholarship must be present.
57．Student performance will be judged ____the basis of degree examination results, theses and continuous assessment, following current university regulations. (用适当的词填空)
58．He made an________（announce）that the president would come to our city. (所给词的适当形式填空）
59．A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “ It is ______（I）”.
60．Do not have a drink or take drugs to calm ____________ (you) down. (所给词的适当形式填空)
61．It is always the case that the police conducted an investigation and look at the evidence that may suggest who ________(commit) the offence. (所给词的适当形式填空)
62．It is no trouble at all; ___________ the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. (所给词的适当形式填空)
63．They ________(emphasis) that they have been kept busy ________ their study and have no time to spare for the outdoor activities. (所给词的适当形式填空)
64．Apple fans are ________(queue) outside the store to buy the new Apple iPhone 6 which will be on sale tomorrow.（所给词的适当形式填空）
65．We ________ with academic stress now.(burden)
三、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A New Way to Learn Languages
Nowadays, the Internet is changing the way people learn languages. There is still no way to avoid the hard work through vocabulary lists and grammar rules, but since the birth of the Internet, books, tapes and even CDs 66 (replace) by email, video chat and social networks.
Livemocha, a Seattle-based company, has created a website helping people learn more than 38 languages by exchanging messages over the Internet and then 67 (correct) each other’s messages. The lessons, 68 form they are in, are delivered online.
The CEO of Livemocha says the website’s advantage is the context 69 you may practice speaking with a real person. “The great irony is that even if you have learned a foreign language in the classroom for years, you are not confident 70 (go) into a restaurant, striking up a conversation,” he said. The casual connections with real people throughout the world are not just fun and surprising but reveal more about 71 the language is really used.
Livemocha is now experimenting with many ways that resemble the games 72 (find) on other social websites to motivate people. Besides, each person can set up a profile 73 includes a short self-description and what language he or she would like to learn. Therefore, if you want to learn one language, you will easily find many people fluent in this language. And it becomes 74 (challenging) to find a study partner. An email or two is all it takes.
There are more and more companies like Livemocha offering online language learning to students throughout the world. 75 merely helping people practice different languages, they also enable people to share interests and make new friends
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with given words, fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given; for the other blanks, use one word for each blank that best fits the context.
For almost 500 years, people have wondered what deadly disease wiped out most of the Aztecs (阿芝特克人). The locals called it cocolizthi, and now a team of scientists think they know exactly what that was. The outbreak is considered to be one of 76 (deadly) epidemics (传染病) in human history. For centuries, its cause 77 (debate) by historians. New evidence suggests that the Aztecs died from a type of bacteria called salmonella enterica.
An international team of scientists came to this conclusion 78 analysing the skeletons (骨骼) of 29 Aztecs buried in a cocoliztli cemetery in the Oaxaca region of Mexico. The scientists obtained samples from the teeth of ten of the skeletons. They compared these with their database of bacteria and found traces of salmonella enterica.
Salmonella enterica can cause enteric fever, 79 typhoid (伤寒) is a type. Today, there are around 21 million cases of typhoid worldwide and it is considered 80 global threat.
The Aztecs were fierce hunter-gatherers who settled in 81 is now Mexico at the beginning of the 13th century. From their incredible capital city Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the Aztecs fought wars with other tribes 82 they ruled much of the region.
The Aztecs ended up controlling large parts of Mesoamerica -now much of Mexico and Central America - until Spanish explorers 83 (arrive) in 1519 and brought with them advanced weapons and deadly diseases. The team believe that the 84 (domesticate) animals, such as goats and horses, which the explorers brought with them carried the deadly bacteria.
By 1545, not even 30 years after the Spanish had arrived, Mexico’s Aztec nation started coming down with a terrible illness. Symptoms included high fever, headaches and bleeding from the eyes, nose and mouth. Within five years, up to 15 million people-- more than 80% of the population at the time-had died from the mystery illness they called cocoliztli. The Aztec people had no immunity (免疫) 85 (fight) the disease.
参考答案：
51．about
【详解】考查介词。句意：你应该告诉你的父母你很好，不然他们会很担忧你的。be concerned about...意为“担心......”，为固定搭配。故填about。
52．to
【详解】考查介词短语。句意：由于粗心大意，你的错误可能会造成严重的后果。due to由于，介词短语后接名词或名词词组，作原因状语，符合题意。故填to。
53．in
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：两位苏士比拍卖行专家表示，当亲眼看到这只瓷碗时，他们确信这件文物可追溯到15世纪。根据句子结构和意思可知，这里考查固定搭配in person，表示“亲自”的意思，符合句意。故填in。
54．began
【详解】考查一般过去时。句意：他和他的朋友打过招呼后，他们就开始交谈。after引导的时间状语从句中的动词时态为一般过去时，根据句意，陈述过去的动作用一般过去时，故填began。
55．myself
【详解】考查代词。句意：保尔森大声尖叫，以至于她的女儿从房子里跑了出来。“她以为我弄伤了自己。”保尔森说。分析句子可知宾语从句的主语为I，空处位于动词hurt之后，为宾语，根据语境可知这里指她以为“我”弄伤了我自己，所以应用反身代词作宾语，故填myself。
56．Anyone
【详解】句意：任何一名申请奖学金的人必须在场。结合句意可知答案为Anyone。
57．on
【详解】考查介词和固定搭配。句意：根据学校现行规定，以学位考试成绩、论文和连续考核为依据对学生的表现进行评定。on the basis of意为“根据”，为固定搭配。此处用介词短语作状语。故填on。
58．announcement
【详解】考查名词。句意：他宣布总统将来到我们的城市 。分析句子及语意，可知设空处应填名词作宾语。固定短语make an announcement意为宣布，宣告。故填announcement。
59．me /mine
【详解】考查代词。句意：公车上的一位女士喊道：“哦，天哪，是我的包（是我丢的包）。”从语境以及It is判断此处是做表语，强调“是我的包，或者是我丢了包”，可以用代词me或者名词性物主代词mine。填me/mine。
60．yourself
【详解】考查反身代词。句意：不要喝酒或吸毒来让自己平静下来。此处为祈使句，省略了主语you，短语calm...down，意为“使……冷静下来”，后接宾语，当宾语和主语所指相同时，宾语用反身代词。故填yourself。
61．committed
【详解】考查时态。句意：通常情况下，警察会进行调查，查看可能表明是谁作案了的证据。题干中名词evidence为先行词，后接限制性定语从句，先行词为物，故从句中的谓语动词suggest，意为“暗示，表明”之意，后接宾语从句，宾语从句不能使用虚拟语气，根据句意，陈述过去发生的动作，谓语动词用一般过去时，故填committed。
62．on
【详解】考查介词短语。句意：这一点也不麻烦；恰恰相反，能帮助你将是一件非常高兴的事。此处考查介词短语on the contrary，为固定搭配，意为“正相反”，作状语，设空处应填介词on。故填on。
63． emphasize/emphasise with
【详解】考查动词、时态，介词。句意：他们强调他们一直忙于学习，没有时间参加户外活动。第一空为谓语动词，陈述客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，主语为They，谓语动词用动词原形，emphasis的动词为emphasize/emphasise，意为“强调”。第二空考查动词短语keep sb busy with sth，意为“使某人忙于……”，busy后接介词with，为固定搭配，第二空应填with。故填：①emphasize/emphasise；②with。
64．queuing
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：苹果粉们在店外排队购买明天即将发售的新款苹果iPhone 6。queue意为“排队（等候）”，根据后半句的定语从句which will be on sale tomorrow可知，苹果粉们今天就在排队了，根据空前的are，本句的谓语用现在进行时，设空处应用现在分词queuing。故填queuing。
65．are burdened
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：我们现在的学业压力很大。be burdened with表示“负重担”，now提示用一般现在时，故填are burdened。
66．have been replaced 67．correcting 68．whatever 69．where 70．to go 71．how 72．found 73．which/that 74．less challenging 75．Instead of
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍Livemocha公司创建了一个网站，通过在互联网上交换信息，然后互相纠正信息，帮助人们学习语言。
66．考查时态和语态。句意：词汇表和语法规则仍然是无法避免的，但自从互联网诞生以来，书籍、磁带甚至cd都被电子邮件、视频聊天和社交网络所取代。设空处为谓语，主语和谓语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，根据时间状语since the birth of the Internet，可知应用现在完成时，故填have been replaced。
67．考查动名词。句意：总部位于西雅图的Livemocha公司创建了一个网站，通过在互联网上交换信息，然后互相纠正信息，帮助人们学习超过38种语言。设空处和exchanging messages over the Internet并列作介词by的宾语，应用动名词，故填correcting。
68．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论是何种形式的课程，都是在线授课。分析可知，设空处引导让步状语从句，表示无论什么，故填whatever。
69．考查定语从句。句意：Livemocha的首席执行官表示，该网站的优势在于，你可以在其中练习与真人交谈。设空处连接定语从句，修饰先行词the context，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
70．考查不定式。句意：他说：“最具讽刺意味的是，即使你在教室里学了多年外语，你也没有信心走进一家餐馆，与人搭讪。”短语be confident to do，意为“有信心去做某事”，符合句意，故填to go。
71．考查宾语从句。句意：与世界各地真实的人的随意联系不仅有趣和令人惊讶，而且还揭示了语言的真实使用方式。设空处连接宾语从句，在从句中作方式状语，故填how。
72．考查过去分词。句意：Livemocha现在正在尝试许多类似于其他社交网站上的游戏的方法来激励人们。设空处为非谓语动词，修饰名词the games作定语，和名词之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，故填found。
73．考查定语从句。句意：此外，每个人都可以建立一个档案，其中包括简短的自我描述和他或她想学的语言。设空处引导定语从句，修饰名词profile，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
74．考查形容词。句意：寻找学习伙伴也变得不那么困难了。设空处为形容词作表语，表示不那么困难的，应用比较级，故填less challenging。
75．考查固定短语。句意：它们不仅能帮助人们练习不同的语言，还能让人们分享兴趣和结交新朋友。根据句意，可应用短语instead of，意为“代替……，而不是……”，句首单词首字母大写，故填Instead of。
76．the deadliest 77．has been debated 78．after 79．of which 80．a 81．what 82．until 83．arrived 84．domesticated 85．to fight
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们终于弄清楚消灭了大部分阿芝特克人的是一种叫做肠道沙门氏菌的细菌。
76．考查最高级。句意：这次爆发被认为是人类历史上最致命的流行病之一。根据上文的“one of”可知，空处为形容词最高级，修饰名词“epidemics”；最高级前用定冠词the。故填the deadliest。
77．考查时态和语态。句意：几个世纪以来，历史学家一直在争论它的原因。这里为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语“for centuries”可知，本句时态为现在完成时；主语为“its cause”，单数，和动词debate之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填has been debated。
78．考查介词。句意：一个国际科学家小组在分析了埋葬在墨西哥瓦哈卡地区cocoliztli墓地的29具阿芝特克人的骨骼后得出了这一结论。根据句意可知，研究人员是在分析了埋葬在墨西哥瓦哈卡地区cocoliztli墓地的29具阿芝特克人的骨骼之后得出结论的。根据空后的“analysing”可知，空处为介词，表示“在……之后”。故填after。
79．考查定语从句。句意：肠道沙门氏菌可引起肠热，其中伤寒是其中一种。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“enteric fever”，指物；根据句意可知“伤害”是肠热的一种类型。由此判断需要补充介词of，其后用关系代词which。故填of which。
80．考查冠词。句意：今天，全世界大约有2100万例伤寒病例，它被认为是一种全球性威胁。修饰可数名词单数“threat”，泛指，用不定冠词a。故填a。
81．考查宾语从句。句意：阿芝特克人是凶猛的狩猎采集者，他们在13世纪初定居在现在的墨西哥。这里为宾语从句的连接词，宾语从句中缺少主语用what。故填what。
82．考查状语从句。句意：从他们令人难以置信的首都特诺奇蒂特兰(现在的墨西哥城)开始，阿芝特克人与其他部落作战，直到他们统治了大部分地区。这里为状语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，阿芝特克人与其他部落作战直到他们统治了大部分地区。故填until。
83．考查时态。句意：阿芝特克人最终控制了中美洲的大部分地区——现在的墨西哥和中美洲的大部分地区——直到1519年西班牙探险家到来，并带来了先进的武器和致命的疾病。这里为从句的谓语动词，根据上文可知，从句时态为一般过去时。故填arrived。
84．考查形容词。句意：研究小组认为，探险者带来的驯养动物，如山羊和马，携带了致命的细菌。根据空后的animals可知，空处为形容词；再根据下文“such as goats and horses”可知，这些动物都是被驯养的动物。故填domesticated。
85．考查非谓语动词。句意：阿芝特克人没有对抗这种疾病的免疫力。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，表示“……的免疫力”，用动词不定式。故填to fight。
考点01 句子成分与句子类型
课前热身练
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Fresh warning sounded on plastics problem
Walk along any beach in the world, no matter how isolated, and you will see plastic of some kind washed up on the shoreline, 1 (offer) a reminder of the reckless throwaway culture of the present-day world.
Lately, a study 2 (sound) a fresh warning on the damage caused to the marine ecosystem due to discarded plastics, which eventually has a bearing on human health due to the seafood we consume.
In a paper 3 (title) “A Growing Plastic Smog” published on March 8, 2023 in the peer-reviewed research journal Plos One, researchers called on governments around the world 4 (take) sweeping action to address the “unprecedented plastic pollution” of the world’s oceans.
The plastics break down over time into minute particles that cannot be detected by the naked eye, but find their way into the marine ecosystem and into the seafood humans consume. No one knows for certain 5 the long-term damage will be to marine life and humans, but the study placed much of the blame on the plastics industry for failing to recycle or design for recyclability. “ 6 eaten, microplastics can severely damage an animal’s internal tissues. Globally, we have reached a situation 7 we can no longer ignore the plastic pollution pandemic that is infecting our oceans,” he said.
“This research shows us that beach cleanups and citizen science projects that focus on the environmental fate of plastics have little impact on solving the enormity of the plastic problem. Marcus Eriksen, lead author of the study, said in a statement that the findings were a “stark warning 8 we must act now at a global scale”. “We’ve found an alarming trend of exponential growth of microplastics in the global ocean since the millennium, which 9 (expect) to reach over 170 trillion plastic particles,” said Eriksen, adding that the exponential increase in microplastics across the world’s oceans makes 10 necessary to “bring in an age of corporate responsibility for the entire life of the things they make”.
1．offering 2．has sounded 3．titled 4．to take 5．what 6．Once/If/When 7．where 8．that 9．is expected 10．it
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今海洋面临严重的塑料污染。最近，一项研究对废弃塑料对海洋生态系统造成的破坏发出了新的警告，由于我们食用的海鲜，这些塑料最终会影响人类的健康。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：走在世界上任何一个海滩上，无论多么孤立，你都会看到某种塑料被冲到海岸线上，提醒人们当今世界鲁莽的一次性文化。分析句子结构可知offer与you will see plastic of some kind washed up on the shoreline构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填offering。
2．考查时态。句意：最近，一项研究对废弃塑料对海洋生态系统造成的破坏发出了新的警告，由于我们食用的海鲜，这些塑料最终会影响人类的健康。根据lately可知为现在完成时，主语为study，助动词用has。故填has sounded。
3．考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年3月8日，在同行评议的研究期刊《公共科学图书馆·综合》上发表的一篇题为《不断增长的塑料烟雾》的论文中，研究人员呼吁世界各国政府采取全面行动，解决世界海洋“前所未有的塑料污染”。分析句子结构可知title与paper构成被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。故填titled。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年3月8日，在同行评议的研究期刊《公共科学图书馆·综合》上发表的一篇题为《不断增长的塑料烟雾》的论文中，研究人员呼吁世界各国政府采取全面行动，解决世界海洋“前所未有的塑料污染”。表示“呼吁……”短语为call on sb. to do sth.。故填to take。
5．考查宾语从句。句意：没有人确切知道对海洋生物和人类的长期损害是什么，但这项研究将大部分责任归咎于塑料工业未能回收或设计可回收性。引导宾语从句，从句缺少表语，表示是什么，应用what。故填what。
6．考查状语从句。句意：“一旦/如果/当被食用时，微塑料会严重损害动物的内部组织”。此处可理解为引导条件状语从句，表示“一旦”或“如果”用once或if；或理解为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”应用when。首字母大写。故填Once/ If/ When。
7．考查定语从句。句意：他说：“在全球范围内，我们已经到了不能再忽视正在感染海洋的塑料污染大流行的地步。”此处为定语从句修饰先行词situation，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。故填where。
8．考查同位语从句。句意：该研究的主要作者Marcus Eriksen在一份声明中表示，这些发现是一个“严重的警告，我们现在必须在全球范围内采取行动”。说明warning的内容，引导同位语从句，从句不缺少成分，句意完整，应用that。故填that。
9．考查固定短语。句意：埃里克森说:“我们发现，自千年以来，全球海洋中的微塑料呈指数级增长，这一趋势令人担忧，预计将达到170万亿个塑料颗粒。”他补充说，全球海洋中微塑料的指数级增长使得有必要“引入一个企业对其制造的产品的整个生命周期负责的时代”。表示“预计……”短语为be expected to，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，非限制性定语从句修饰trend，在从句中作主语，谓语用单数。故填is expected。
10．考查it用法。句意：埃里克森说:“我们发现，自千年以来，全球海洋中的微塑料呈指数级增长，这一趋势令人担忧，预计将达到170万亿个塑料颗粒。”他补充说，全球海洋中微塑料的指数级增长使得有必要“引入一个企业对其制造的产品的整个生命周期负责的时代”。此处为make it adj. to do sth.，it作形式宾语，故填it。
核心考点梳理
（一）句子成分
句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn,
seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
3. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
4. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
5. 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
7. 同位语：是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
句子成分口诀：
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。
宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。
补充内容：有时一个句子中会出现一种与全句没有语法关系的成分，被称之为独立成份。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。
1、感叹语
感叹语不仅可以是惊叹词，也可以是名词、动词、副词；不仅可以是单词，它表示突然产生的感情，多置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。
Oh! What is that？
Silence! Father is sleeping.
Look! Here is her letter.
Quickly! It’s dangerous.
In about ten minutes, OK?
2、呼语
呼语是说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼。
May I help you, madam？（已婚或单身女人）
Waiter, four cups of tea, please.
3、插入语
插入语表示整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解；可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语往往是插入句中的词语，偶尔也可放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。
The boy, I think, has come from the country.
The boy has come from the country, I think.
To be frank with you, I have no money to spare.
I eat a lot of sweet things, for example, chocolate.
（二）句子类型
一）英语句子按照其用途可分四种
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
二）英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句
1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下：
1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①状态类：be；②保持类：keep, remain, stay；③感官类：feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④表象类：seem, appear；⑤变化类：get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥终止类：prove, turn out等。
This is my English book.
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The trouble is that they are short of money.
2) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。
Poems don't translate easily.
My recent book sells very well.
The sun was shining.
3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
They ate what was left over.
→主谓宾结构的被动语态都属于主谓结构：Dishes can be put in the kitchen.
4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。
The driver saved us a lot of trouble.
They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.
→主谓双宾结构的被动语态有2种：We are offered ＄60,000 for the house by them.（主谓宾）
＄60,000 is offered to us for the house by them.（主谓）
5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。
本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例：
1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.
2) The news made him unhappy.
3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.
4) I had the bike repaired.
5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
注意：
（1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。（call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例：
We call him Tom for short．
I made painting the house the project for the summer.
（2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。例如：
She thought him kind and generous.
We’d better keep the windows open．
（3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise, 等。例：
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital．
David taught his brother to use the computer.
2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”
感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at, witness)、 三个使役动词（make, let, have）、
两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉（feel），变被动，to还原。例：
Let me try again．
I often hear her sing in the next room．
She is often heard to sing in the next room.
感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：
a. He saw a girl get on the bus.
b. He saw a girl getting on the bus.
3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：
My father often helps me(to) study English．
（4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。
We found a man lying on the ground．
He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday.
She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic.
（5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例：
I’ll keep the words in my mind．
I often find him at work.
由 as 构成的短语作宾补:常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。例：
They treat me as their daughter.
→主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：The book was found interesting.
The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday.
6) there be 句型：表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。谓语动词单复数采用就近原则。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there?或aren’t there?在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.
b. There will be a sports meet next week.
c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.
e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.
注意：
1) 其他各种句子都可由以上基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
2) 以上各种句型中都可以在名词前后加上定语，句首、句中、句末加上相应的状语。
2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。
1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例：
These flowers are white and those flowers are red.
We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing.
We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing.
Hurry up; it's getting late.
I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on.
I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key.
2）并列句的分类：
（1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
（2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
（3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
（4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例：
The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it.
3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。
状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。
定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。
名词性从句
主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句
宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。
同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。
例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句）
2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句）
3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句）
4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句）
5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）
6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句）
当堂知识检测
1．145 people were missing ______ the crash of the French Airbus.
A．in spite of B．along with C．due to D．rather than
2．——You didn’t watch the film last night, _________?
——_________, but I missed the beginning.
A．did I; Yes, I did B．did you; No, I didn’t
C．did you; Yes, I did D．did I; No, I didn’t
3．—What can I do for you, sir?
—No, I only want to speak to the person .
A．in danger B．in return
C．in peace D．in charge
4．—I’m leaving now.
— ________ you turn off the lights.
A．To make sure B．Make sure C．Made sure D．Making sure
5．－ _______?
－My watch reads nine.
A．What’s the date today B．How much is your watch
C．What time is it now D．How many watches do you have
6．Walk along this road for 100 meters ________ you’ll see the hospital.
A．or B．otherwise C．and D．or else
7．________ it was marching along the streets, enjoying the festive atmosphere!
A．What great fun B．How great fun C．What a great fum D．How a funny
8．--Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Guangzhou?
---______. It’s two years since I worked there.
A．Yes, I have B．Yes, I do C．No, I haven’t D．No, I don’t
9．______ to have a picnic here!
A．What great delight B．How great delight
C．What a great delight D．How a great delight
10．There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ?
A．wasn’t there B．was there
C．didn’t it D．did it
11．I don’t expect you can finish the work in three days， ?
A．don’t I B．do I
C．can you D．can’t you
12．Mrs.Black doesn’t believe her husband is able to design a digital camera, ?
A．is he B．isn’t he
C．doesn’t she D．does she
13．—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
—Yes. ________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A．Know B．Knowing C．To know D．Known
14．Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for example, can ________ permanent spinal injury and paralysis.
A．result from B．suffer from C．take on D．lead to
15．Robin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense.句子中非谓语动词是：
A．agrees B．thinks C．starting D．makes
16．We made him our monitor. 划线成分是________
A．宾语 B．定语 C．状语 D．宾补
17．We could have some tests to see what, ________, is wrong, and see whether we can do something to fix it.
A．when necessary B．though enough
C．if anything D．as possible
18．Practicing Chinese kung fu can not only _________ one’s strength, but also develop one’s character.
A．bring up B．take up C．build up D．pull up
19．Several years ago, I had a manager who________ changed his mind about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．ultimately
20．________ a good living habits，________ you will stay healthy.
A．To have; or B．Have；and C．Having；then D．Had；but
21．——________ French book is this?
——It must belong to _________. She' s the only one that is studying French.
A．Who's; Li Ying B．Who's; Li Ying's C．Whose; Li Ying D．Whose; Li Ying's
22．We’d better go now, ______ we’ll miss the train.
A．but B．so C．or D．and
23．— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house?
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
24．John, read the text for us, ______?
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
25．Let’s keep to the point or we __________ any decisions.
A．will never reach B．have never reached
C．never reach D．never reached
26．Zhang Qing has to stay at home to look after her brother, ______?
A．hasn’t she B．hasn’t Zhang Qing
C．doesn’t she D．doesn’t Zhang Qing
27．________ does it take to win the hearts and minds of 10 students in today's education？
A．What B．When C．How D．Why
28．Always _____________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
A．to keep B．to have kept
C．keep D．have kept
29．______, I believe, and you will find Tom is very outgoing.
A．Having a talk with the student
B．Given a talk with the student
C．One talk with the student
D．If you have a talk with the student
30．---Shall we go and see the museum?
---No, ________.
A．don’t mention it B．not at all C．never mind D．it’s not worth it
31．--- ________bargaining is always such great fun?
---Usually people consider it a test to see who can stand their ground longer.
A．What is it that B．Why is it that C．What it is that D．Why it is that
32．The sudden fall in the value of the dollar _____ financial experts.
A．puzzling B．has puzzled C．puzzled out D．puzzles about
33．Start out right away,________ you’ll miss the first train.
A．and B．but C．or D．which
34．________ at the door before entering, please.
A．Knocked B．To knock
C．Knocking D．Knock
35． it is to jump into the river to have a swim in hot summer!
A．What a fun B．How a fun
C．What fun D．How fun
36．Every one of you, ______ the basketball field used to be, quickly please.
A．gathers where B．gather where C．will gather at D．gather at
37．______ is the percentage of the peasants of the country?
A．How many B．How much C．What D．How small
38．I felt _____ by my marriage.
A．trap B．trapping C．trapped D．to trap
39．________ sure that all the windows are shut, mainly because it is reported that a heavy rain is on the way.
A．Making B．To make C．Having made D．Make
40．Don’t hesitate to make a decision, ________ you’ll let such a golden opportunity slip through your fingers.
A．and B．or C．but D．so
41．The flying car Transition can travel at speeds up to 115 mph for 450 miles in the air, _______ at highway speeds on the ground, and fold up to fit in a standard garage.
A．driving B．drive C．to drive D．driven
42．The news that he referred ________ us disappointed.
A．to made B．to making C．to make D．to have made
43．The failure was a(n)_______to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as positive as ever.
A．important factor B．major issue C．heavy blow D．serious danger
44．It was at the age of 5 ________ he left his hometown for Shanghai.
A．that B．when C．which D．as
45．These oranges taste _______.
A．good B．well C．to be good D．to be well
46．Was ______ that I saw last night at the concert?
A．it you B．not you C．you D．that yourself
47．Alice had a wonderful time yesterday, ________?
A．hadn’t she B．wasn’t she C．didn’t she D．wouldn’t she
48．In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
49．-The problem wasn't difficult for him，was it？
-______.He should have been given a more difficult one.
A．No，it was B．Yes，it was
C．Yes，it wasn't D．No，it wasn't
50．His strong sense of humor was make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
A．so as to B．such as to
C．so that D．such that
参考答案：
1．C
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于法国空客的坠毁，145人失踪了。A. in spite of不管，尽管；B. along with和…一起[一道]，随着；C. due to由于，因为；D. rather than而不是。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查介词短语due to，意为“因为，由于”。故选C。
2．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：——你昨晚没看那部电影，是吗？——我看了，但是我错过了开头。分析句子结构可知，第一空是反意疑问句，遵循前肯后否，前否后肯的原则，主语和前面句子主语一致，因此第一空是did you；由“but I missed the beginning”可知，第二个说话人的确去看电影了，因此第二空是Yes, I did，故选C。
3．D
【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：——先生，有什么可以帮助你的吗？——没有，我只是想要和负责人说话。A. in danger 在危险中，有…的危险；B. in return 作为回报，作为回应；C. in peace 平安地，安静地；D. in charge 主管，看管，在…看管下。分析上下文意思可知，这里需要介词短语in charge，作后置定语，意为“负责，掌管”。故选D。
4．B
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：——我要走了。——一定要关灯。由“you turn off the lights”可知，第二个说话人是要求第一个说话人关灯，应用祈使句，用动词原形，故选B。
5．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问句。句意：——现在几点了？ ——我的表显示九点。A. What’s the date today今天几号；B. How much is your watch你的表多少钱；C. What time is it now现在什么时间；D. How many watches do you have你有多少块手表。根据回答“我的表显示九点”可知，问句是对现在的时间提问。故选C项。
6．C
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：沿着这条街走100米，然后你就会看到医院。 A. or或者；B. otherwise否则；C. and然后、和；D. or else否则。“祈使句+and/or+简单句”为固定句型，此处应填and表示“然后”。故选C项。
7．A
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：走在大街上，享受节日的气氛是多么有趣啊！此处感叹不可数名词fun应用what，构成what+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语；how引导的感叹句结构为：how+形容词+主语+谓语。故选A。
8．D
【详解】考查一般疑问句的回答。句意：——好久没有见到你了。你还在广州工作吗？——不。我不在那工作已经两年了。根据“It’s two years since I worked there.”可知，第二人已经不在广州工作了，即为否定的回答，同时回答的是Do you ...?用No, I don’t，所以选D。
9．C
【详解】考查感叹句以及名词的数。句意：在这里野餐真是太高兴了！分析句子可知，本句是感叹句， 感叹名词delight，表示“令人愉快的事情” 的意思时，delight是可数名词，可以使用what开头的感叹句what + a(n)+adj.+可数名词。使用how开头的感叹句应该是how+ adj.+ a(n)+可数名词单数+it is，所以D项错误。故选C项。
10．A
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：音乐会结束后，后台立刻传来一声尖叫，不是吗？分析句子结构和意思可知，这里考查there be句型的反意疑问句结构：be的适当形式＋there，又因前面陈述句部分为肯定形式，是一般过去时，反义疑问句用was的否定形式＋there。故选A。
11．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：我没有想到你会在三天之内完成工作，你能吗？含有think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接宾语从句构成的主从复合句在构成反意疑问句时，且人称为第一人称时。反意疑问句部分助动词与从句助动词一致，陈述句部分是否定句，疑问句部分应用肯定形式。故选C项。
12．D
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：布莱克夫人不相信她丈夫能设计出数码相机，是吗？主语是第三人称，反意疑问句应与主句保持一致，且用肯定形式。故选D。
13．A
【详解】考查祈使句+and句型。句意：——英语的词汇量很大，不是吗？——是的。知道更多的词汇和短语，你将会发现阅读和交流变得很容易。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是祈使句+and+含将来时的句型。故选A。
14．D
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：例如，不恰当地移动一个颈部受伤的人，可能会导致永久性的脊髓损伤和瘫痪。A. result from是由于，是因为...； B. suffer from遭受，患有； C. take on 呈现；D. lead to导致。方式不当地搬动颈部受伤的人，空后脊髓损伤和瘫痪是结果，因果关系。故选D项。
15．C
【详解】考查句子结构。句意：火箭科学家罗宾表示同意，他认为从火星开始是最有意义的。分析句子可知，并列谓语动词是agrees和thinks，makes是省略了that的宾语从句的谓语动词，starting是动名词做主语，故选C。
16．D
【详解】考查句子成分。句意：我们选他当班长。句子中，动词made为谓语，him为宾语，our monitor意为“我们的班长”，对宾语作补充说明，为宾语补足语。故选D。
17．C
【详解】考查省略的状语从句语义辨析。句意：我们可以做一些测试，看看有什么问题，如果有的话，看看我们是否可以做些什么来修复它。A. when necessary必要时；B. though enough如果足够；C. if anything如果有的话；D. as possible尽可能。根据前文“We could have some tests to see what”以及后文“see whether we can do something to fix it”可知，如果有什么问题的话，就需要采取措施进行修复。故填C项。
18．C
【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：练习中国功夫不仅可以增强一个人的力量，而且还可以培养一个人的性格。A. bring up提出，养育；B. take up开始，从事，占据，拿起；C. build up增强；D. pull up停车，拔起。build up one’s strength为固定搭配，意为“增强体力”，此处作句子的谓语。故选C项。
19．B
【详解】考查副词。句意：几年前，我有一个经理，关于他想要的东西，他总是改变主意。A. strangely不可思议地；B. constantly经常地，总是；C. actually实际上；D. ultimately最终。根据句意和语境，这位经理不断地改变自己想要的东西，设空处应用constantly，作状语。故选B项。
20．B
【详解】考查祈使句和连词。句意：有一个好的生活习惯，你就会保持健康。此处前半句表示建议，建议人们有好的生活习惯，应用动词原形开头，前后句是承接关系，应用and连接，故选B项。
21．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问句及其回答。句意：——这是谁的法语书？——这肯定是李英的。目前只有她正在学法语。对物品拥有者进行提问，应使用“whose+物品名词（单）+is this/that?”的句型；“belong to sb”短语意为：属于某人，宾语部分使用宾格人称代词。故选C项。
22．C
【详解】考查连词。句意：我们最好现在就走，否则就赶不上火车了。A. but但是；B.so因此；C. or否则；D. and并且。分析句子得结构可知，本句为“祈使句+or+陈述句”，or意为“否则”；结合句意，故选C。
23．B
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：——2022年前，我们家乡将修建一条地铁。——多么令人兴奋的消息！它会经过我家吗？感叹句的句型：How +形容词+ a(n) +单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What + a(n) +形容词+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）!What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!news为不可数名词，故用句型What +形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+（主语+谓语）!故选B项。
24．D
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：约翰，给我们读课文好吗？A. does he他会吗；B. will he他会吗；C. do you你会吗；D. will you你会吗。这是向对方提建议或命令对方做某事，空格前面是动词原形read开头的祈使句的肯定句，反义疑问句的疑问部分用will you。故选D。
25．A
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：让我们紧扣主题，否则我们将永远无法做出任何决定。A.will never reach将不会达到；B.have never reached还没有达到；C.never reach从未达到；D.never reached从未达到。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是“祈使句+or+陈述句”，陈述句使用一般将来时态。故选A。
26．C
【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意：张青不得不呆在家里照顾她的弟弟，不是吗？反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是：“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”，含有情态动词have/has/had to的反意疑问句，其附加问句部分通常用助动词do的相应形式代替。本句中has to表示肯定，因而后面需用do的否定形式，且时态需保持一致，因而是doesn’t，问句的主语不用名词，应改成相应的人称代词，根据her brother，可知主语用she。故选C。
27．A
【详解】考查疑问词。句意：在今天的教育中，怎样才能赢得10个学生的心？it takes sth. to do sth.是固定句式，表示做某事需要某物，用代词what来作take的宾语。when什么时候，how如何，why为什么。其他三项都是副词。故选A。
28．C
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：永远记住，你的主要任务就是让这个公司平稳运行。这是一个完整的句子，而that引导的是宾语从句，因此只能是祈使句。故选C。
【点睛】祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句分为第二人称祈使句及第—、三人称祈使句两大类.祈使句用于两个重要句型中；1．“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。2．“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or(else)表示“否则；句首以动词原形开头。从本题的成分来判断，可以看出是考查祈使句。
29．C
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：和汤姆谈一次话，我相信你会发现他很活泼。此处考查“祈使句+and+简单句”这一句型，祈使句可以不是以动词开头，可以以名词开头（实际上就是一个名词短语）。选C。
考点：考查固定句型
30．D
【详解】考查一般疑问句。句意：我们去参观博物馆好吗？不，不值得。A.don’t mention it 别客气；B. not at all一点也不； C. never mind 没有关系；D. it’s not worth it不值得。根据分析可知，该句为Shall we引导的一般疑问句。表示征求他人意见。根据后一句的No可推知，该回答应该为否定回答。D项 it’s not worth it为否定回答，符合题意。故填D项。
31．B
【详解】考查强调句。句意：——为什么讨价还价总是如此有趣呢？——通常人们认为这是一个考验，看看谁能更长时间地坚持自己的立场。此处是强调句型的特殊问句，应该用“特殊疑问词+ is/was + it that...”，答句给出了答疑，句中应询问原因，故用疑问词why，故选B项。
32．B
【详解】考查谓语动词和时态。句意：美元突然贬值，财经专家无不大伤脑筋。分析句子，句中缺少谓语动词，同时选项中puzzle是及物动词，意为“使……困惑”，后直接跟宾语，不需要接介词。puzzle out为固定短语，意为“推测出”不符合题意。故选B。
33．C
【详解】考查“祈使句，and/or+陈述句”。句意：立刻出发，否则你会错过第一班火车的。A. and结果是，那么；B. but但是；C. or否则，要不然；D. which哪一个。根据句意，设空处应用连词or，意为“否则，要不然”，表示在以祈使句为条件下的相反假设，前后句为转折关系。而连词and后接陈述句，表示以祈使句为条件下的结果，为顺接关系。故选C项。
34．D
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：请您进来前敲门。该句为祈使句，用动词原形开头，故选D项。
35．C
【详解】考查感叹句。句意：在炎热的夏天跳进河里游泳是多么有趣啊！分析句子，设空处构成感叹句，其对fun进行感叹，fun为不可数名词，意为“乐趣”，故用what。故选C。
36．B
【详解】考查时态和地点状语从句。句意：你们每一个人，快到原先是篮球场的地方集合。根据句意及所给句子可知，此处是祈使句，应用动词原形开头，A、C错误；where the basketball filed used to be为地点状语从句，where在从句中做be后面的表语，指地点。故选B。
37．C
【详解】考查特殊疑问词辨析。句意：这个国家农民的比例是多少？A. How many多少（对可数名词提问）；B. How much多少（对不可数名词提问）；C. What什么；D. How small多么小。分析句子，句中是对百分率多少进行提问，用what进行提问。故选C。
38．C
【详解】考查系表结构。句意：我感到自己被困在婚姻之中。felt为系动词，后接形容词作表语，主语I和trap之间为被动关系，设空处应用过去分词转化的形容词trapped，意为“受困的，受限制的”，作表语。故选C项。
39．D
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：确保所有的窗户都关上，主要是因为据报道大雨即将来临。分析句子结构，这是一个祈使句，根据祈使句的用法，祈使句以动词原形开头，故选D项。
40．B
【详解】考查连词词义辨析。句意：做决定时不要犹豫，否则你会让这样一个千载难逢的机会从指缝间溜走。A. and并且；B. or或者，否则；C. but但是；D. so所以。该句是一个固定句型，即“祈使句+and/or+简单句（将来时态）”，结合句意可知，此处为“否则”之意应用or。故选B。
41．B
【详解】考查谓语动词。句意：飞车Transition能在空中以115英里每小时的速度行驶450英里，在地面以高速公路的速度行驶，还能折叠起来放进一个标准的车库。此处与句中动词travel和fold up作并列的谓语，根据句中情态动词can可知，这里用动词原形。故选B。
42．A
【详解】考查固定短语和谓语动词。句意：他提到的那个消息使我们失望。分析句子可知 that he referred 是一个定语从句，先行词为主语The news，在从句中作宾语，而referred为不及物动词，必须借助to才能接宾语，并且refer to为固定短语，意为“提到，涉及”，而make在本句中作谓语，根据语境，应用一般过去式，故为made，故选A项。
43．C
【详解】考查形容词修饰名词辨析。句意：这次失败对他是一个沉重的打击，但他并不气馁，并很快变得一如既往地积极。A. important factor 重要因素；B. major issue 主要争论点；C. heavy blow 强力打击；D. serious danger 重大险情。根据上文“The failure ”可知，失败对于他肯定是一个打击。故选C项。
44．A
【详解】考查强调句型。句意：那是在5岁的时候他离开了家乡去上海。根据句子结构和意思可知，这里考查强调句型It was...that...的结构，被强调的部分at the age of 5是介词短语做时间状语，he left his hometown for Shanghai是主谓宾基本成分完整的句子，所以只能用that。故选A。
45．A
【详解】考查系表结构。句意：这些橙子味道很好。taste作连系动词，意为“尝起来……”，后接形容词作表语。good为形容词，taste good意为“尝起来很好”，为系表结构。well作形容词时，意为“健康的；令人满意的”，不符合题意。故选A项。
46．A
【详解】考查强调句。句意：我昨晚在音乐会上看到的是你吗？根据句意和“that I saw last night”可知，句子是强调句的一般疑问句，强调句的陈述句结构是“it is/was+被强调的部分+who/that+其他部分”，其一般疑问句是“is/was it+被强调的部分+who/that+其他部分”，句中被强调的部分是you，因此空格处是it you，故选A。
47．C
【详解】考查反义疑问句。句意：爱丽丝昨天过得很愉快，不是吗?分析句式结构可知，此处为反义疑问句，再根据上文had可知，时态为一般过去时，所以反义疑问句中应该用助动词did，再根据“前肯后否”的原则，所以反义疑问句中用didn’t+主语。故选C项。
48．A
【详解】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。
点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。
49．D
【详解】本题解析略。
50．B
【详解】考查固定短语。句意：他如此幽默，全屋的人都被他逗乐了。此处在be动词后应是表语，such as to do或者such as that“到如此程度，如此……以至于……（正式或文学用语）”可以作表语。A项so as to只能作目的状语，不能作表语；C/D项引导结果状语从句。故选B。
【名师点睛】做本题时，要抓住横线后动词make是动词原型，而非句子，故可以排除C、D两项；so as to“为的是； 是为了；以便”的意思，与其后的动词原形一起作目的状语，用来强调目的，故也可以排除。such as to的用法再举一例：His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met.他的举止几乎冒犯了所有他认识的人。
课后巩固提高
二、 用单词的适当形式完成句子
51．You should tell your parents that you're fine, otherwise, they will be concerned ________ you. （用适当的单词填空）
52．Due ________ carelessness, your mistakes may have serious results. (用适当的词填空)
53．Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person. （用适当的词填空）
54．After he greeted his friend, they ________ (begin) to talk. (所给词的适当形式填空)
55．Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. ＂She thought I had hurt_________ (I),＂says Paulson.（所给词的适当形式填空）
56．—May I ask for leave tomorrow?（用适当的代词填空）
—No，you can’t.________ applying for the scholarship must be present.
57．Student performance will be judged ____the basis of degree examination results, theses and continuous assessment, following current university regulations. (用适当的词填空)
58．He made an________（announce）that the president would come to our city. (所给词的适当形式填空）
59．A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “ It is ______（I）”.
60．Do not have a drink or take drugs to calm ____________ (you) down. (所给词的适当形式填空)
61．It is always the case that the police conducted an investigation and look at the evidence that may suggest who ________(commit) the offence. (所给词的适当形式填空)
62．It is no trouble at all; ___________ the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. (所给词的适当形式填空)
63．They ________(emphasis) that they have been kept busy ________ their study and have no time to spare for the outdoor activities. (所给词的适当形式填空)
64．Apple fans are ________(queue) outside the store to buy the new Apple iPhone 6 which will be on sale tomorrow.（所给词的适当形式填空）
65．We ________ with academic stress now.(burden)
三、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A New Way to Learn Languages
Nowadays, the Internet is changing the way people learn languages. There is still no way to avoid the hard work through vocabulary lists and grammar rules, but since the birth of the Internet, books, tapes and even CDs 66 (replace) by email, video chat and social networks.
Livemocha, a Seattle-based company, has created a website helping people learn more than 38 languages by exchanging messages over the Internet and then 67 (correct) each other’s messages. The lessons, 68 form they are in, are delivered online.
The CEO of Livemocha says the website’s advantage is the context 69 you may practice speaking with a real person. “The great irony is that even if you have learned a foreign language in the classroom for years, you are not confident 70 (go) into a restaurant, striking up a conversation,” he said. The casual connections with real people throughout the world are not just fun and surprising but reveal more about 71 the language is really used.
Livemocha is now experimenting with many ways that resemble the games 72 (find) on other social websites to motivate people. Besides, each person can set up a profile 73 includes a short self-description and what language he or she would like to learn. Therefore, if you want to learn one language, you will easily find many people fluent in this language. And it becomes 74 (challenging) to find a study partner. An email or two is all it takes.
There are more and more companies like Livemocha offering online language learning to students throughout the world. 75 merely helping people practice different languages, they also enable people to share interests and make new friends
Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with given words, fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given; for the other blanks, use one word for each blank that best fits the context.
For almost 500 years, people have wondered what deadly disease wiped out most of the Aztecs (阿芝特克人). The locals called it cocolizthi, and now a team of scientists think they know exactly what that was. The outbreak is considered to be one of 76 (deadly) epidemics (传染病) in human history. For centuries, its cause 77 (debate) by historians. New evidence suggests that the Aztecs died from a type of bacteria called salmonella enterica.
An international team of scientists came to this conclusion 78 analysing the skeletons (骨骼) of 29 Aztecs buried in a cocoliztli cemetery in the Oaxaca region of Mexico. The scientists obtained samples from the teeth of ten of the skeletons. They compared these with their database of bacteria and found traces of salmonella enterica.
Salmonella enterica can cause enteric fever, 79 typhoid (伤寒) is a type. Today, there are around 21 million cases of typhoid worldwide and it is considered 80 global threat.
The Aztecs were fierce hunter-gatherers who settled in 81 is now Mexico at the beginning of the 13th century. From their incredible capital city Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the Aztecs fought wars with other tribes 82 they ruled much of the region.
The Aztecs ended up controlling large parts of Mesoamerica -now much of Mexico and Central America - until Spanish explorers 83 (arrive) in 1519 and brought with them advanced weapons and deadly diseases. The team believe that the 84 (domesticate) animals, such as goats and horses, which the explorers brought with them carried the deadly bacteria.
By 1545, not even 30 years after the Spanish had arrived, Mexico’s Aztec nation started coming down with a terrible illness. Symptoms included high fever, headaches and bleeding from the eyes, nose and mouth. Within five years, up to 15 million people-- more than 80% of the population at the time-had died from the mystery illness they called cocoliztli. The Aztec people had no immunity (免疫) 85 (fight) the disease.
参考答案：
51．about
【详解】考查介词。句意：你应该告诉你的父母你很好，不然他们会很担忧你的。be concerned about...意为“担心......”，为固定搭配。故填about。
52．to
【详解】考查介词短语。句意：由于粗心大意，你的错误可能会造成严重的后果。due to由于，介词短语后接名词或名词词组，作原因状语，符合题意。故填to。
53．in
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：两位苏士比拍卖行专家表示，当亲眼看到这只瓷碗时，他们确信这件文物可追溯到15世纪。根据句子结构和意思可知，这里考查固定搭配in person，表示“亲自”的意思，符合句意。故填in。
54．began
【详解】考查一般过去时。句意：他和他的朋友打过招呼后，他们就开始交谈。after引导的时间状语从句中的动词时态为一般过去时，根据句意，陈述过去的动作用一般过去时，故填began。
55．myself
【详解】考查代词。句意：保尔森大声尖叫，以至于她的女儿从房子里跑了出来。“她以为我弄伤了自己。”保尔森说。分析句子可知宾语从句的主语为I，空处位于动词hurt之后，为宾语，根据语境可知这里指她以为“我”弄伤了我自己，所以应用反身代词作宾语，故填myself。
56．Anyone
【详解】句意：任何一名申请奖学金的人必须在场。结合句意可知答案为Anyone。
57．on
【详解】考查介词和固定搭配。句意：根据学校现行规定，以学位考试成绩、论文和连续考核为依据对学生的表现进行评定。on the basis of意为“根据”，为固定搭配。此处用介词短语作状语。故填on。
58．announcement
【详解】考查名词。句意：他宣布总统将来到我们的城市 。分析句子及语意，可知设空处应填名词作宾语。固定短语make an announcement意为宣布，宣告。故填announcement。
59．me /mine
【详解】考查代词。句意：公车上的一位女士喊道：“哦，天哪，是我的包（是我丢的包）。”从语境以及It is判断此处是做表语，强调“是我的包，或者是我丢了包”，可以用代词me或者名词性物主代词mine。填me/mine。
60．yourself
【详解】考查反身代词。句意：不要喝酒或吸毒来让自己平静下来。此处为祈使句，省略了主语you，短语calm...down，意为“使……冷静下来”，后接宾语，当宾语和主语所指相同时，宾语用反身代词。故填yourself。
61．committed
【详解】考查时态。句意：通常情况下，警察会进行调查，查看可能表明是谁作案了的证据。题干中名词evidence为先行词，后接限制性定语从句，先行词为物，故从句中的谓语动词suggest，意为“暗示，表明”之意，后接宾语从句，宾语从句不能使用虚拟语气，根据句意，陈述过去发生的动作，谓语动词用一般过去时，故填committed。
62．on
【详解】考查介词短语。句意：这一点也不麻烦；恰恰相反，能帮助你将是一件非常高兴的事。此处考查介词短语on the contrary，为固定搭配，意为“正相反”，作状语，设空处应填介词on。故填on。
63． emphasize/emphasise with
【详解】考查动词、时态，介词。句意：他们强调他们一直忙于学习，没有时间参加户外活动。第一空为谓语动词，陈述客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，主语为They，谓语动词用动词原形，emphasis的动词为emphasize/emphasise，意为“强调”。第二空考查动词短语keep sb busy with sth，意为“使某人忙于……”，busy后接介词with，为固定搭配，第二空应填with。故填：①emphasize/emphasise；②with。
64．queuing
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：苹果粉们在店外排队购买明天即将发售的新款苹果iPhone 6。queue意为“排队（等候）”，根据后半句的定语从句which will be on sale tomorrow可知，苹果粉们今天就在排队了，根据空前的are，本句的谓语用现在进行时，设空处应用现在分词queuing。故填queuing。
65．are burdened
【详解】考查固定搭配。句意：我们现在的学业压力很大。be burdened with表示“负重担”，now提示用一般现在时，故填are burdened。
66．have been replaced 67．correcting 68．whatever 69．where 70．to go 71．how 72．found 73．which/that 74．less challenging 75．Instead of
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍Livemocha公司创建了一个网站，通过在互联网上交换信息，然后互相纠正信息，帮助人们学习语言。
66．考查时态和语态。句意：词汇表和语法规则仍然是无法避免的，但自从互联网诞生以来，书籍、磁带甚至cd都被电子邮件、视频聊天和社交网络所取代。设空处为谓语，主语和谓语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，根据时间状语since the birth of the Internet，可知应用现在完成时，故填have been replaced。
67．考查动名词。句意：总部位于西雅图的Livemocha公司创建了一个网站，通过在互联网上交换信息，然后互相纠正信息，帮助人们学习超过38种语言。设空处和exchanging messages over the Internet并列作介词by的宾语，应用动名词，故填correcting。
68．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论是何种形式的课程，都是在线授课。分析可知，设空处引导让步状语从句，表示无论什么，故填whatever。
69．考查定语从句。句意：Livemocha的首席执行官表示，该网站的优势在于，你可以在其中练习与真人交谈。设空处连接定语从句，修饰先行词the context，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
70．考查不定式。句意：他说：“最具讽刺意味的是，即使你在教室里学了多年外语，你也没有信心走进一家餐馆，与人搭讪。”短语be confident to do，意为“有信心去做某事”，符合句意，故填to go。
71．考查宾语从句。句意：与世界各地真实的人的随意联系不仅有趣和令人惊讶，而且还揭示了语言的真实使用方式。设空处连接宾语从句，在从句中作方式状语，故填how。
72．考查过去分词。句意：Livemocha现在正在尝试许多类似于其他社交网站上的游戏的方法来激励人们。设空处为非谓语动词，修饰名词the games作定语，和名词之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，故填found。
73．考查定语从句。句意：此外，每个人都可以建立一个档案，其中包括简短的自我描述和他或她想学的语言。设空处引导定语从句，修饰名词profile，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which/that。
74．考查形容词。句意：寻找学习伙伴也变得不那么困难了。设空处为形容词作表语，表示不那么困难的，应用比较级，故填less challenging。
75．考查固定短语。句意：它们不仅能帮助人们练习不同的语言，还能让人们分享兴趣和结交新朋友。根据句意，可应用短语instead of，意为“代替……，而不是……”，句首单词首字母大写，故填Instead of。
76．the deadliest 77．has been debated 78．after 79．of which 80．a 81．what 82．until 83．arrived 84．domesticated 85．to fight
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们终于弄清楚消灭了大部分阿芝特克人的是一种叫做肠道沙门氏菌的细菌。
76．考查最高级。句意：这次爆发被认为是人类历史上最致命的流行病之一。根据上文的“one of”可知，空处为形容词最高级，修饰名词“epidemics”；最高级前用定冠词the。故填the deadliest。
77．考查时态和语态。句意：几个世纪以来，历史学家一直在争论它的原因。这里为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语“for centuries”可知，本句时态为现在完成时；主语为“its cause”，单数，和动词debate之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填has been debated。
78．考查介词。句意：一个国际科学家小组在分析了埋葬在墨西哥瓦哈卡地区cocoliztli墓地的29具阿芝特克人的骨骼后得出了这一结论。根据句意可知，研究人员是在分析了埋葬在墨西哥瓦哈卡地区cocoliztli墓地的29具阿芝特克人的骨骼之后得出结论的。根据空后的“analysing”可知，空处为介词，表示“在……之后”。故填after。
79．考查定语从句。句意：肠道沙门氏菌可引起肠热，其中伤寒是其中一种。这里为定语从句的关系词，先行词为“enteric fever”，指物；根据句意可知“伤害”是肠热的一种类型。由此判断需要补充介词of，其后用关系代词which。故填of which。
80．考查冠词。句意：今天，全世界大约有2100万例伤寒病例，它被认为是一种全球性威胁。修饰可数名词单数“threat”，泛指，用不定冠词a。故填a。
81．考查宾语从句。句意：阿芝特克人是凶猛的狩猎采集者，他们在13世纪初定居在现在的墨西哥。这里为宾语从句的连接词，宾语从句中缺少主语用what。故填what。
82．考查状语从句。句意：从他们令人难以置信的首都特诺奇蒂特兰(现在的墨西哥城)开始，阿芝特克人与其他部落作战，直到他们统治了大部分地区。这里为状语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，阿芝特克人与其他部落作战直到他们统治了大部分地区。故填until。
83．考查时态。句意：阿芝特克人最终控制了中美洲的大部分地区——现在的墨西哥和中美洲的大部分地区——直到1519年西班牙探险家到来，并带来了先进的武器和致命的疾病。这里为从句的谓语动词，根据上文可知，从句时态为一般过去时。故填arrived。
84．考查形容词。句意：研究小组认为，探险者带来的驯养动物，如山羊和马，携带了致命的细菌。根据空后的animals可知，空处为形容词；再根据下文“such as goats and horses”可知，这些动物都是被驯养的动物。故填domesticated。
85．考查非谓语动词。句意：阿芝特克人没有对抗这种疾病的免疫力。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，表示“……的免疫力”，用动词不定式。故填to fight。
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