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高考英语二轮复习专题一第四讲词句猜测题——上下语境觅答案课件
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这是一份高考英语二轮复习专题一第四讲词句猜测题——上下语境觅答案课件，共9页。PPT课件主要包含了答案 B，答案 D，答案 A，答案 C，答案D，答案B，答案A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第四讲 词句猜测题——上下语境觅答案
一、了解题型特点与设问方式
二、掌握3大猜测词义技法为做好词句猜测题，应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；还应学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。下面介绍三种行之有效的猜词技巧，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词句猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
技法(一) 利用上下文线索猜测词义定义作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、is、are、is/are called、mean、refer t、knwn as等
[典例] (2021·全国甲卷)Suthbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center f British skatebarding，where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language.And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dn't
wrry abut it.Once，when trying a certain trick n the beam(横杆)，I fell nt the stnes，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Tby came ver，helping me up：Safe，man.Safe.A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their bards lud，shuting：“Safe！Safe！Safe！”And that's what mattered—landing tricks，being a gd skater.29．What d the underlined wrds“Safe！Safe！Safe！”prbably mean?A．Be careful！ B．Well dne!C．N way！ D．Dn't wrry！
[解析]根据本段中的And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.可知，作者将“Safe”定义为“cl”，即出色的；同时结合下文，在作者成功完成动作后，朋友们应该用“Safe”为作者喝彩。
举例有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有：such as，，fr example，fr instance，like，including，especially等
[典例] (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) “We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir，”said Félix W．Ortiz，wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n handheld devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law，”he said，“peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”30．What des the underlined wrd “smething”refer t?A．Advice. B．Data.C．Tests. D．Laws.
[解析] 根据画线词所在句“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir.(我们需要能改变人们的行为的书面上的东西。)”可知，smething指的是能够改变人们的行为的东西。且根据下文中的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law，he said，‘peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.’ ”可知，当短信分析仪议案成为法律时，人们的行为才会改变。也就是说，只有当有可能受到法律的约束和惩罚时，司机才不会在开车时使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。
重述作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有r、namely、that is、in ther wrds、that is t say、t be mre exact、t put in anther way等
[典例] (2021·全国乙卷)Still，55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter(29%)rely nly n their smartphnes，accrding t a survey(调查)．Of thse Australians wh still have a landline，a third cncede that it's nt really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies.I think my hme falls int that categry.25．What des the underlined wrd “cncede”mean?A．Admit. B．Argue.C．Remember. D．Remark.
[解析] 画线词所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容，破折号后的内容一般是对上文的进一步解释说明。根据画线词所在句的下文可知，很多人保留座机是为了预防紧急情况，并有一部分人根本不用座机。画线词所在句是说，有三分之一的人承认座机不是必须要有的东西，他们将其作为一种心理安慰。因此cncede意为“承认”。
同义词或近义词有时，在画线单词或短语的前后会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了相应词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词有and、r、like、as well、similarly、t、als、either等
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews' effrts.
29．What des “maintenance”underlined refer t?A．Persnnel safety.B．Assistance frm drnes.C．Inspectin and repair.D．Cnstructin f infrastructure.
[解析] 根据文段第一句的句意“那包括大幅节省maintenance的费用和更好地保护铁路人员安全”可知，A项不符合该处语境，故排除；文段第二句两次出现了maintenance一词，下文提到了inspect and repair，由此可以推出，maintenance的含义就是inspect and repair。B项出现在选段最后一句，与maintenance关系不大，D项在选段中未出现，故排除B、D两项。
反义词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有(whether...)r、unlike、but、yet、hwever、while、althugh、nevertheless、instead、rather than、in cntrast、n the cntrary、n the ther hand等
[典例] (2022·全国甲卷)Ever since her childhd，Ginni，nw 71，has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer，she tured in the UK，but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time t take the plunge．
28．Which f the fllwing best explains“take the plunge”underlined?A．Try challenging things.B．Take a degree.C．Bring back lst memries.D．Stick t a prmise.
[解析] 根据画线部分所在句的上句中的“but always lnged t explre further”可知，Ginni一直渴望探索更远的地方，这说明她想尝试有挑战性的事情。
技法（二）根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的词或短语的意义
转折关系[典例] (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America，the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately，it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl(水禽)were killed at the hands f market
hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the everincreasing ppulatins，greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地)．29．What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean?A．Acquire.B．Exprt.C．Destry. D．Distribute.
[解析] 本题需要结合上下文语境逻辑进行分析。根据语境可知，画线词所在句之前部分描述了北美洲陆地上曾经充满了各种野生物种，然而画线词所在句之后的段落却笔锋一转，描绘了大量水禽被猎杀、湿地被破坏的现象；同时结合Unfrtunately这一信号词可推断，画线词在句起转折作用，用于描写殖民者和探险者如何破坏自然资源。
对比关系有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义[典例] (2020·天津卷)Histry grunds us in ur rts.Histry is an imprtant and interesting field f study，and learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper，mre meaningful glimpse(一瞥)int ur ancestral pasts，and hw we gt t where we are tday．Many peple feel like they need a sense f cultural belnging，which is smething that studying yur rts and being penminded t the evlutin f yur culture can prvide.
51．The underlined part“where we are tday”prbably means________．A．the turning pint in ur histryB．the present state f ur natinC．the lcatin f ur hmelandD．the ttal area f ur cuntry
[解析] 根据画线部分所在句前半句中的“learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper，mre meaningful glimpse(一瞥)int ur ancestral pasts”可知，学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，下文与其形成对比关系，即学习历史也可以帮助我们了解我们国家的现在。
类比关系作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推导出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词有similarly，like，just as，als，as well等[典例] (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy：the digital declutter．This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.At the end f the thirty days，yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
29．What des the underlined wrd“declutter”mean?A．Clearup. B．Addn.C．Checkin. D．Takever.
[解析] 本题是一个隐性类比句。根据画线词后的“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.”可知，这个过程(即the digital delutter)要求读者在30天内远离可选择的网络活动，所以作者应是建议读者进行清理。在本句中nline activities与划线词前的digital(数字的，数码的)意思相近。由此推测，画线词delutter表示“清理”，与clearup含义相近。
技法（三）根据构词法猜测词义 很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧
[典例] (2020·新高考Ⅱ卷)The end f the schl year was in sight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence f 15 years，dealing with the varius kinds f“frbidden fruit”that cme ut f bk bags.Nw was the spring f the water pistl(手枪)．I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden fruit.…
My imaginary Grandma's Bx wrked like magic that spring，and later. Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it.Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away—since I seldm actually kept them.Usually the ffender wuld appear at the end f the day，and I wuld return the belnging.25．What d the underlined wrds“the ffender”refer t?A．The student's parent. B．The maker f the Grandma's Bx.C．The authr's grandchild.D．The wner f the frbidden fruit.
[解析] 根据构词法，“er”为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示做某事的人或物；ffend为动词，意为“违反、冒犯”。故 ffender 有“犯规者、违反者”的含义。结合上文中出现的frbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belnging可推断，犯规者指拥有frbidden fruit的人。
(2023·武汉高中毕业生四月调研)D yu ever hear a friend speak n a tpic with the belief that“everyne”thinks the same way？D yu ften find yurself surrunded in a scial media feed that is cmpletely tailred t yu and yur beliefs，reading alng withut the immediate realizatin?A scial media ech chamber(回声室)is when ne experiences a tailred media experience that leaves ut ppsing viewpints and differing vices.Scial media sites cnnect grups f likeminded users based n their shared cntent preferences. As a result，peple see and take in infrmatin accrding t ur preexisting beliefs and pinins.Scial media cmpanies therefre rely n algrithms(算法)t assess
ur interests and fld us with infrmatin that will keep ur attentin.The algrithms fcus n what we“like”and“ share”t keep feeding cntent that makes us cmfrtable.
In rder t truly get access t all infrmatin and t evaluate ur media，we must give urselves the pprtunity t step ut f ur cmfrt zne.While this becmes increasingly challenging，there are things we can d.The first step is t beef up yur media cnsumptin surces.Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins will allw yu t at least understand what peple are saying utside f yur ech chamber.Next，read each thing yu see with a critical eye. Make sure that each thing yu accept as the truth is truly the fact.Lastly，attempt t
search ut reliable new surces that are knwn fr trying their best t leave ut false infrmatin.By accepting that ur media buffet n scial media is a prduct f ur present beliefs and pinins，we can wrk t make sure we are nt simply stuck in a scial media ech chamber.
【语篇解读】 本文主要讲述了社交媒体回声室效应的产生原因以及应对策略。1．What is a result f the scial media ech chamber?A．Peple cntact likeminded nline users effectively.B．Peple keep reading fr mre differing viewpints.C．Peple rely n algrithms t evaluate their interests.D．Peple nly get infrmatin cnfirming their beliefs.
解析：推理判断题。第一段中提到的“yurself surrunded in a scial media feed that is cmpletely tailred t yu and yur beliefs”正是社交媒体回声室效应的一种体现和影响；再结合第二段中的“peple see and take in infrmatin accrding t ur preexisting beliefs and pinins”可知，社交媒体回声室效应会让我们看到和吸收符合我们之间看法和认知的信息。故D项正确。
2．What des“beef up”underlined in paragraph 3 mean?A．Track. B．Imprve.C．Prvide. D．Identify.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“step ut f ur cmfrt are things we can d”可知，画线短语所在句讲到的正是走出舒适区做出改变的措施。再结合下文中的“Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins”可知，第一个措施是改进我们的社交媒体观看内容来源，故B项与画线短语的意义最为接近。
3．Which f the fllwing can help us get ut f the ech chamber?A．Criticizing fake news n scial media.B．Expsing urselves t ppsing vices.C．Researching primary surces f infrmatin.D．Accepting ur present beliefs and pinins.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins will allw yu t at least understand what peple are saying utside f yur ech chamber.”可知，接触一些不同的思想和观点可以帮助我们摆脱社交媒体回声室效应，故B项正确。
4．What is the purpse f the text?A．T call n peple t use algrithms frequently.B．T ask peple nt t take in infrmatin blindly.C．T prmte the use f varius scial media sites.D．T infrm peple f new technlgy develpments.
解析：作者意图题。本文第一段讲到了人们在生活中经常会遇到这样的情况：你被社交媒体上完全为你量身定做的信息包围，然而你在读这些信息时却没有立马意识到；第二段讲述了这种现象的成因；第三段讲到了解决这种问题的方式。由此可知，本文的写作目的是帮助人们摆脱这种只接受印证自己想法的信息的局面，故B项“让人们不要盲目地接受信息”正确。
B(2023·广东佛山禅城区高三模拟)Ledet，a native f Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mm.“It was as tugh as yu can imagine. Smetimes，we had t dig in trash cans fr pizzas and nt yet rtten fruit，”said Ledet.When he graduated frm high schl，there were nly tw ptins he had—g t the military r get a jb.S，in 2004，the US Navy became his jb.But life has a way f ffering secnd chances.During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.But as he als needed t make mney fr his family，Ledet tk a jb at Batn Ruge General Medical Center as a security guard.
It was a jb that changed his path.While wrking there，he became inspired and wanted t becme a physician.S he started asking as many physicians as he culd whether he culd shadw them.And a lt f them tld him security guards dn't becme dctrs.But ne dctr，Dr.Patrick Greiffenstein，hnred Ledet's request.He did what was necessary s that Ledet culd fficially fllw him as he did surgeries and cared fr patients.Ledet was dedicated frm the start.“He desired t learn and he read n his wn and he lked up things，s it seemed bvius that this was real fr him.He wuld stay late and then g int his shift the next mrning r d a shift and cme jin us in the mrning，”said Greiffenstein.
Eldest went n t graduate frm Suthern University with a duble majr: chemistry and bilgy.But a bachelr's degree wuld nt be the end f his academic pursuits.He earned his dctr's degree frm NYU Schl f Medicine.Still，he wanted t be a medical dctr.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Ledet的奋斗故事，Ledet和妹妹是由单亲妈妈抚养长大的，从小生活贫困。后来Ledet从妻子那儿得知每个人都拥有上大学的机会，于是，他通过自己的努力最终获得了博士学位。5．What d we knw abut Russell Ledet's early life?A．He came frm pr family.B．He drpped ut f schl.C．He enjyed being a Navy.D．He dreamed t be a dctr.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Ledet，a native f Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mm.‘It was as tugh as yu can imagine. Smetimes，we had t dig in trash cans fr pizzas and nt yet rtten fruit，’said Ledet. (Ledet是查尔斯湖的本地人，他和妹妹是由他的单身母亲抚养长大的。‘这和你想象的一样艰难。有时，我们不得不在垃圾桶里翻找披萨和尚未腐烂的水果。’Ledet说)”可知，Ledet出身贫苦家庭。故选A。
6．What des the underlined wrd “shadw”in paragraph 3 prbably mean?A．Lk after. B．Wrk with.C．Rely n. D．Learn frm.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线单词下文“And a lt f them tld him security guards dn't becme dctrs.But ne dctr，Dr Patrick Greiffenstein，hnred Ledet's request.He did what was necessary s that Ledet culd fficially fllw him as he did surgeries and cared fr patients.(很多人告诉他保安不会成为医生。但有一位医生Patrick Greiffenstein尊重了Ledet的请求。他做了必要的事情，这样Ledet就可以正式跟随他做手术和照顾病人)”可知，画线单词指的是Ledet询问医生自己是否可以向他们学习以成为医生。故画线单词的意思和“向某人学习”相似。选项A“ Lk after(照顾)”；选项B“Wrk with(共事)”；选项C“Rely n(依赖)”；选项D“Learn frm(向……学习)”。故选D。
7．What persnalities des Ledet have?A．Devted and humble. B．Patient and sensitive.C．Caring and talented. D．Determined and ambitius.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.(在与妻子Mallry的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallry的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”以及文章第三段“It was a jb that changed his path.While wrking there，he became inspired and wanted t becme a physician.(这份工作改变了他的人生道路。在那里工作期间，他受到启发，想成为一名医生。)”以及第三段“Ledet was dedicated frm the start.(Ledet从一开始就很专注)”可推知，Ledet是一个有决心、有毅力、有志向的人。故选D。
8．What message des Ledet's experience cnvey?A．Clthes d nt make a man.B．Yur life is what yu make it.C．While there is life，there is hpe.D．All things cme t thse wh wait.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.(在与妻子Mallry的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallry的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”可知，Ledet从妻子那儿知道每个人都
第四讲 词句猜测题——上下语境觅答案
一、了解题型特点与设问方式
二、掌握3大猜测词义技法为做好词句猜测题，应当熟练掌握《普通高中英语课程标准》规定的词汇，在日常学习、训练中注重积累生僻词汇和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对各种前缀、后缀的变化形式了然于胸；还应学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。下面介绍三种行之有效的猜词技巧，希望对学生提高阅读理解中词句猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。
技法(一) 利用上下文线索猜测词义定义作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其是在一些科普类、社科类以及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时，常使用的信号词汇有i.e.、is、are、is/are called、mean、refer t、knwn as等
[典例] (2021·全国甲卷)Suthbank，at an eastern bend in the Thames，is the center f British skatebarding，where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it.I sn made friends with the lcal skaters.We spke ur wn language.And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.It meant hell.It meant dn't
wrry abut it.Once，when trying a certain trick n the beam(横杆)，I fell nt the stnes，damaging a nerve in my hand，and Tby came ver，helping me up：Safe，man.Safe.A few minutes later，when I landed the trick，my friends beat their bards lud，shuting：“Safe！Safe！Safe！”And that's what mattered—landing tricks，being a gd skater.29．What d the underlined wrds“Safe！Safe！Safe！”prbably mean?A．Be careful！ B．Well dne!C．N way！ D．Dn't wrry！
[解析]根据本段中的And my favrite：Safe.Safe meant cl.可知，作者将“Safe”定义为“cl”，即出色的；同时结合下文，在作者成功完成动作后，朋友们应该用“Safe”为作者喝彩。
举例有时，画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子，这些例子能帮助学生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词汇有：such as，，fr example，fr instance，like，including，especially等
[典例] (2022·新高考Ⅱ卷) “We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir，”said Félix W．Ortiz，wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n handheld devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law，”he said，“peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”30．What des the underlined wrd “smething”refer t?A．Advice. B．Data.C．Tests. D．Laws.
[解析] 根据画线词所在句“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir.(我们需要能改变人们的行为的书面上的东西。)”可知，smething指的是能够改变人们的行为的东西。且根据下文中的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law，he said，‘peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.’ ”可知，当短信分析仪议案成为法律时，人们的行为才会改变。也就是说，只有当有可能受到法律的约束和惩罚时，司机才不会在开车时使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。
重述作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词汇有r、namely、that is、in ther wrds、that is t say、t be mre exact、t put in anther way等
[典例] (2021·全国乙卷)Still，55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter(29%)rely nly n their smartphnes，accrding t a survey(调查)．Of thse Australians wh still have a landline，a third cncede that it's nt really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies.I think my hme falls int that categry.25．What des the underlined wrd “cncede”mean?A．Admit. B．Argue.C．Remember. D．Remark.
[解析] 画线词所在的句子中有破折号，而画线词又位于破折号之前，因此，须特别注意破折号后面的内容，破折号后的内容一般是对上文的进一步解释说明。根据画线词所在句的下文可知，很多人保留座机是为了预防紧急情况，并有一部分人根本不用座机。画线词所在句是说，有三分之一的人承认座机不是必须要有的东西，他们将其作为一种心理安慰。因此cncede意为“承认”。
同义词或近义词有时，在画线单词或短语的前后会出现与之同义或近义的词汇，它往往暗示了相应词或短语的含义，这时就可以根据同义、近义的替代关系推知生词或短语的含义。同义词、近义词常见的信号词有and、r、like、as well、similarly、t、als、either等
[典例] (2022·全国乙卷)That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews' effrts.
29．What des “maintenance”underlined refer t?A．Persnnel safety.B．Assistance frm drnes.C．Inspectin and repair.D．Cnstructin f infrastructure.
[解析] 根据文段第一句的句意“那包括大幅节省maintenance的费用和更好地保护铁路人员安全”可知，A项不符合该处语境，故排除；文段第二句两次出现了maintenance一词，下文提到了inspect and repair，由此可以推出，maintenance的含义就是inspect and repair。B项出现在选段最后一句，与maintenance关系不大，D项在选段中未出现，故排除B、D两项。
反义词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可以根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有(whether...)r、unlike、but、yet、hwever、while、althugh、nevertheless、instead、rather than、in cntrast、n the cntrary、n the ther hand等
[典例] (2022·全国甲卷)Ever since her childhd，Ginni，nw 71，has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer，she tured in the UK，but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time t take the plunge．
28．Which f the fllwing best explains“take the plunge”underlined?A．Try challenging things.B．Take a degree.C．Bring back lst memries.D．Stick t a prmise.
[解析] 根据画线部分所在句的上句中的“but always lnged t explre further”可知，Ginni一直渴望探索更远的地方，这说明她想尝试有挑战性的事情。
技法（二）根据上下文逻辑猜测词义 有时作者并未在文中对某个单词或短语进行明显的解释说明，此时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一复杂难懂的词或短语的意义
转折关系[典例] (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America，the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife.Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.Unfrtunately，it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces.Millins f waterfwl(水禽)were killed at the hands f market
hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen.Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the everincreasing ppulatins，greatly reducing waterfwl habitat(栖息地)．29．What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean?A．Acquire.B．Exprt.C．Destry. D．Distribute.
[解析] 本题需要结合上下文语境逻辑进行分析。根据语境可知，画线词所在句之前部分描述了北美洲陆地上曾经充满了各种野生物种，然而画线词所在句之后的段落却笔锋一转，描绘了大量水禽被猎杀、湿地被破坏的现象；同时结合Unfrtunately这一信号词可推断，画线词在句起转折作用，用于描写殖民者和探险者如何破坏自然资源。
对比关系有时，文中会对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，或会出现与生词意思相反的词。因此，学生可以根据句中的对比关系来猜测词义[典例] (2020·天津卷)Histry grunds us in ur rts.Histry is an imprtant and interesting field f study，and learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper，mre meaningful glimpse(一瞥)int ur ancestral pasts，and hw we gt t where we are tday．Many peple feel like they need a sense f cultural belnging，which is smething that studying yur rts and being penminded t the evlutin f yur culture can prvide.
51．The underlined part“where we are tday”prbably means________．A．the turning pint in ur histryB．the present state f ur natinC．the lcatin f ur hmelandD．the ttal area f ur cuntry
[解析] 根据画线部分所在句前半句中的“learning the histry f ur hme cuntry can give us a deeper，mre meaningful glimpse(一瞥)int ur ancestral pasts”可知，学习祖国的历史可以让我们更深入、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去，下文与其形成对比关系，即学习历史也可以帮助我们了解我们国家的现在。
类比关系作为一种推理方法，类比关系是指类比各对象之间存在的一种相似性(共同特征)，它通过比较不同对象间的某些相似属性，从而推导出另一属性也可能相似。常见的表示类比关系的信号词有similarly，like，just as，als，as well等[典例] (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy：the digital declutter．This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.At the end f the thirty days，yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
29．What des the underlined wrd“declutter”mean?A．Clearup. B．Addn.C．Checkin. D．Takever.
[解析] 本题是一个隐性类比句。根据画线词后的“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days.”可知，这个过程(即the digital delutter)要求读者在30天内远离可选择的网络活动，所以作者应是建议读者进行清理。在本句中nline activities与划线词前的digital(数字的，数码的)意思相近。由此推测，画线词delutter表示“清理”，与clearup含义相近。
技法（三）根据构词法猜测词义 很多情况下，我们在阅读理解中遇到的生词是派生词或合成词。根据这些词的前缀、后缀、词根或所构成合成词的意思，熟练运用构词法来判断生词的含义是一种十分快速且有效的阅读技巧
[典例] (2020·新高考Ⅱ卷)The end f the schl year was in sight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence f 15 years，dealing with the varius kinds f“frbidden fruit”that cme ut f bk bags.Nw was the spring f the water pistl(手枪)．I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden fruit.…
My imaginary Grandma's Bx wrked like magic that spring，and later. Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it.Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away—since I seldm actually kept them.Usually the ffender wuld appear at the end f the day，and I wuld return the belnging.25．What d the underlined wrds“the ffender”refer t?A．The student's parent. B．The maker f the Grandma's Bx.C．The authr's grandchild.D．The wner f the frbidden fruit.
[解析] 根据构词法，“er”为后缀，当其与动词缀合时，表示做某事的人或物；ffend为动词，意为“违反、冒犯”。故 ffender 有“犯规者、违反者”的含义。结合上文中出现的frbidden fruit以及下文提到的return the belnging可推断，犯规者指拥有frbidden fruit的人。
(2023·武汉高中毕业生四月调研)D yu ever hear a friend speak n a tpic with the belief that“everyne”thinks the same way？D yu ften find yurself surrunded in a scial media feed that is cmpletely tailred t yu and yur beliefs，reading alng withut the immediate realizatin?A scial media ech chamber(回声室)is when ne experiences a tailred media experience that leaves ut ppsing viewpints and differing vices.Scial media sites cnnect grups f likeminded users based n their shared cntent preferences. As a result，peple see and take in infrmatin accrding t ur preexisting beliefs and pinins.Scial media cmpanies therefre rely n algrithms(算法)t assess
ur interests and fld us with infrmatin that will keep ur attentin.The algrithms fcus n what we“like”and“ share”t keep feeding cntent that makes us cmfrtable.
In rder t truly get access t all infrmatin and t evaluate ur media，we must give urselves the pprtunity t step ut f ur cmfrt zne.While this becmes increasingly challenging，there are things we can d.The first step is t beef up yur media cnsumptin surces.Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins will allw yu t at least understand what peple are saying utside f yur ech chamber.Next，read each thing yu see with a critical eye. Make sure that each thing yu accept as the truth is truly the fact.Lastly，attempt t
search ut reliable new surces that are knwn fr trying their best t leave ut false infrmatin.By accepting that ur media buffet n scial media is a prduct f ur present beliefs and pinins，we can wrk t make sure we are nt simply stuck in a scial media ech chamber.
【语篇解读】 本文主要讲述了社交媒体回声室效应的产生原因以及应对策略。1．What is a result f the scial media ech chamber?A．Peple cntact likeminded nline users effectively.B．Peple keep reading fr mre differing viewpints.C．Peple rely n algrithms t evaluate their interests.D．Peple nly get infrmatin cnfirming their beliefs.
解析：推理判断题。第一段中提到的“yurself surrunded in a scial media feed that is cmpletely tailred t yu and yur beliefs”正是社交媒体回声室效应的一种体现和影响；再结合第二段中的“peple see and take in infrmatin accrding t ur preexisting beliefs and pinins”可知，社交媒体回声室效应会让我们看到和吸收符合我们之间看法和认知的信息。故D项正确。
2．What des“beef up”underlined in paragraph 3 mean?A．Track. B．Imprve.C．Prvide. D．Identify.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“step ut f ur cmfrt are things we can d”可知，画线短语所在句讲到的正是走出舒适区做出改变的措施。再结合下文中的“Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins”可知，第一个措施是改进我们的社交媒体观看内容来源，故B项与画线短语的意义最为接近。
3．Which f the fllwing can help us get ut f the ech chamber?A．Criticizing fake news n scial media.B．Expsing urselves t ppsing vices.C．Researching primary surces f infrmatin.D．Accepting ur present beliefs and pinins.
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Adding in a few media surces with differing pinins will allw yu t at least understand what peple are saying utside f yur ech chamber.”可知，接触一些不同的思想和观点可以帮助我们摆脱社交媒体回声室效应，故B项正确。
4．What is the purpse f the text?A．T call n peple t use algrithms frequently.B．T ask peple nt t take in infrmatin blindly.C．T prmte the use f varius scial media sites.D．T infrm peple f new technlgy develpments.
解析：作者意图题。本文第一段讲到了人们在生活中经常会遇到这样的情况：你被社交媒体上完全为你量身定做的信息包围，然而你在读这些信息时却没有立马意识到；第二段讲述了这种现象的成因；第三段讲到了解决这种问题的方式。由此可知，本文的写作目的是帮助人们摆脱这种只接受印证自己想法的信息的局面，故B项“让人们不要盲目地接受信息”正确。
B(2023·广东佛山禅城区高三模拟)Ledet，a native f Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mm.“It was as tugh as yu can imagine. Smetimes，we had t dig in trash cans fr pizzas and nt yet rtten fruit，”said Ledet.When he graduated frm high schl，there were nly tw ptins he had—g t the military r get a jb.S，in 2004，the US Navy became his jb.But life has a way f ffering secnd chances.During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.But as he als needed t make mney fr his family，Ledet tk a jb at Batn Ruge General Medical Center as a security guard.
It was a jb that changed his path.While wrking there，he became inspired and wanted t becme a physician.S he started asking as many physicians as he culd whether he culd shadw them.And a lt f them tld him security guards dn't becme dctrs.But ne dctr，Dr.Patrick Greiffenstein，hnred Ledet's request.He did what was necessary s that Ledet culd fficially fllw him as he did surgeries and cared fr patients.Ledet was dedicated frm the start.“He desired t learn and he read n his wn and he lked up things，s it seemed bvius that this was real fr him.He wuld stay late and then g int his shift the next mrning r d a shift and cme jin us in the mrning，”said Greiffenstein.
Eldest went n t graduate frm Suthern University with a duble majr: chemistry and bilgy.But a bachelr's degree wuld nt be the end f his academic pursuits.He earned his dctr's degree frm NYU Schl f Medicine.Still，he wanted t be a medical dctr.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Ledet的奋斗故事，Ledet和妹妹是由单亲妈妈抚养长大的，从小生活贫困。后来Ledet从妻子那儿得知每个人都拥有上大学的机会，于是，他通过自己的努力最终获得了博士学位。5．What d we knw abut Russell Ledet's early life?A．He came frm pr family.B．He drpped ut f schl.C．He enjyed being a Navy.D．He dreamed t be a dctr.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Ledet，a native f Lake Charles and his sister were raised by his single mm.‘It was as tugh as yu can imagine. Smetimes，we had t dig in trash cans fr pizzas and nt yet rtten fruit，’said Ledet. (Ledet是查尔斯湖的本地人，他和妹妹是由他的单身母亲抚养长大的。‘这和你想象的一样艰难。有时，我们不得不在垃圾桶里翻找披萨和尚未腐烂的水果。’Ledet说)”可知，Ledet出身贫苦家庭。故选A。
6．What des the underlined wrd “shadw”in paragraph 3 prbably mean?A．Lk after. B．Wrk with.C．Rely n. D．Learn frm.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线单词下文“And a lt f them tld him security guards dn't becme dctrs.But ne dctr，Dr Patrick Greiffenstein，hnred Ledet's request.He did what was necessary s that Ledet culd fficially fllw him as he did surgeries and cared fr patients.(很多人告诉他保安不会成为医生。但有一位医生Patrick Greiffenstein尊重了Ledet的请求。他做了必要的事情，这样Ledet就可以正式跟随他做手术和照顾病人)”可知，画线单词指的是Ledet询问医生自己是否可以向他们学习以成为医生。故画线单词的意思和“向某人学习”相似。选项A“ Lk after(照顾)”；选项B“Wrk with(共事)”；选项C“Rely n(依赖)”；选项D“Learn frm(向……学习)”。故选D。
7．What persnalities des Ledet have?A．Devted and humble. B．Patient and sensitive.C．Caring and talented. D．Determined and ambitius.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.(在与妻子Mallry的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallry的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”以及文章第三段“It was a jb that changed his path.While wrking there，he became inspired and wanted t becme a physician.(这份工作改变了他的人生道路。在那里工作期间，他受到启发，想成为一名医生。)”以及第三段“Ledet was dedicated frm the start.(Ledet从一开始就很专注)”可推知，Ledet是一个有决心、有毅力、有志向的人。故选D。
8．What message des Ledet's experience cnvey?A．Clthes d nt make a man.B．Yur life is what yu make it.C．While there is life，there is hpe.D．All things cme t thse wh wait.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段“During a cnversatin with his wife，Mallry，he realized that cllege is nt just fr rich peple，he can g t cllege t.With Mallry's help，he applied t Suthern University.(在与妻子Mallry的一次谈话中，他意识到大学不仅仅是为富人准备的，他也可以上大学。在Mallry的帮助下，他申请了南方大学)”可知，Ledet从妻子那儿知道每个人都
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