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2022届高考英语一轮讲义学案语法专题三 不可忽视的小词
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这是一份2022届高考英语一轮讲义学案语法专题三 不可忽视的小词，共33页。学案主要包含了不定冠词a/an，定冠词 the，零冠词，介词与名词构成的搭配，介词与其他词构成的搭配等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点一 冠词
一、不定冠词a/an
My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。
②表示“同一”。
③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
④表示“每一”，相当于per。
⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
3．有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。
What fine weather we have got! Let’s go for a picnic.
多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4．不定冠词常见的固定搭配
have a gift for有……的天赋 have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观
lend sb.a hand帮助某人 as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离 a waste of ……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食
a collection of一批…… a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of有一段……的历史
in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时，一时
all of a sudden突然 a matter of ……的问题
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has an excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use a bicycle when possible.
二、定冠词 the
Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。
②用于序数词之前。
③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
④用于江河湖海山岛前。
⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。
⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。
⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。
⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。
⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配
at the moment此刻；目前 in the end最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下 in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时 on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说 in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题 make the most/best of充分利用
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
2．The “Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.
3．Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
三、零冠词
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况
①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。
②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。
⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。
⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．no与such连用时放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for让位 in debt负债
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side并排
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地
单句语法填空
1．Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
2．Everybody wears same style of clothes.(2019·浙江)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。句意为：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
1．如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。
2．如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。
技巧二 注意固定搭配
考点二 代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
①为代词的主格形式作主语。
②为代词的宾格形式作宾语。
③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。
④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。
⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
一、代词的形式
类别
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
I
me
my
mine
myself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人称
you
you
your
yours
yourself
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人称
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
二、it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等
It is early spring，but it is already hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词
Although he didn’t like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.
尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
What will you call it if it is a boy?
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.
对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这场地震。
⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.to do/that从句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
6．It was in 2019 that he graduated from Beijing University.
二、不定代词
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music institute.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。
②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。
③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。
④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。
⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam?
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。
②nothing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。
③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。
④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.
①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。
②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。
③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。
④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。
②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。
③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。
④the ones替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。
⑤those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。
⑥ones替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1．another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.
他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.
单句语法填空
1．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 its
解析 考查代词。所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
2．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟) and imagine
(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 themselves
解析 考查反身代词。imagine sb.doing sth.想象某人做某事。主语是visitors，故用反身代词themselves指“他们自己”。
3．When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find (they) alive.
(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 them
解析 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，故要用人称代词的宾格，they的宾格为them。
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.(2018·浙江)
答案 it
解析 考查it的用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out，其中不定式to eat out是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式
如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。
2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it
如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋从句。
考点三 介词
1．表示方位的介词
We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.
①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。
②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。
③to指到某处，去某处。
④under在……下面，无接触面。
⑤in在……里面。
⑥into到……里面。
⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。
⑧around在/向……周围。
⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。
⑪out of在……外面。
⑫from从……。
⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词
It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in④ two hours.However，it wasn’t long before⑤ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑥ my parents came back.During⑦ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑧ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑨ the years?
①on指在具体的某一天。
②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。
③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。
④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。
⑤before在……之前。
⑥until直到……时候。
⑦during在……期间。
⑧for表示延续一段时间。
⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词
John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④John’s bad behaviour.
①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。
②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。
③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。
④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词
Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
①between表示两者之间。
②for表示支持。
③against表示反对。
④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。
⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。
⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。
⑦besides表示除此之外(还)。
⑧within表示在……范围之内。
⑨except表示同类事物除外。
⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略
1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week.
上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。
I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题
1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.
这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to.
这个问题很值得关注。
3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配
call for需要；要求 pass by经过
pay for为……付款 figure out弄清楚
apply for申请 dream of梦想
search for寻找，搜索 refer to提及；参考
begin with以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成
play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑
care about关心；介意 focus on集中于
feel like想要 charge...for...索费
hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换……
rely on依靠 go back to追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at开头的介词短语
at a loss不知所措 at the cost of以……的代价
at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of冒……的危险
at war处于战争状态
at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布
at the same time同时
2．on开头的介词短语
on exhibition/show在展出 on account of因为
on fire着火 on average平均；一般地
on sale出售，打折 on behalf of代表
on no account/condition决不
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by开头的介词短语
by accident偶然地 by hand手工
by mistake错误地 by chance偶然
by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧
by nature天生地
4．in开头的介词短语
in cash用现金付款 in charge of掌管……
in depth在深度上 in return作为回报
in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危
in height在高度上 in spite of尽管
in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换
in favor of支持，赞成 in no time立刻
in case of万一；如果；假使
in no way决不
in support of为支持……
in place of代替
in honour of为向……表示敬意
in possession of拥有，占有
in memory of为了纪念……
in addition to另外
in the middle of在……中间
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit有益处的 of significance有意义的
of help有帮助的 of use有用的
of importance重要的 of value有价值的
6．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障
out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见
out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能
out of date过期 out of work失业
7．under＋n.表示被动
under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中
under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中
8．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地
with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地
with ease轻而易举地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比
beyond description难以描述
beyond reach够不到
beyond expression/words难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配
but for要不是 instead of代替
regardless of不管，不顾 apart from除……之外
up to直到；由……决定 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
by means of用……办法；借助……
owing to因为
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that?
3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
7．Atkins’ dog，Otis，waited in the nearby bushes uneasily.
8．But one day I came across a sentence in the Bible，“Do not be anxious about tomorrow，for tomorrow will be anxious for itself；let the day’s own trouble be sufficient for the day.”
9．The effect that music can have on our emotions is tremendous，as it can bring people to floods of tears or bursts of laughter.
10．While teens become busy with their studies，it is very important to develop a hobby，which can not only give them fun and rest but also broaden their horizons.
单句语法填空
1．The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist earth，Mother Nature.
(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 on
解析 考查介词。此处on earth相当于in the world，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
2．Museums must compete people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 for
解析 考查介词。此处是固定短语：compete for...with...意为“为了……而与……竞争”。故填for。
3．Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ，through agriculture.(2020·浙江)
答案 in
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the world；省略了关系代词，说明关系代词在句中作宾语。根据语法常识可知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。
技法一 分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。
技法二 记牢搭配
1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；
2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
考点四 动词和动词短语
动词的种类
I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn’t⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。
•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。
•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。
•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。
•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1．有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb.＋sth.结构，如：
award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给某人写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2．不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：
My father (work) in a computer company (lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.
因为work是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查work的主动形式，根据后面的for 5 years 可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。如：
Many doctors (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.
因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。
4．非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。如：
讲座已经开始半个小时了。
The lecture has began for half an hour.×
The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”的常见动词：
accuse sb.of sth.指责某人某事
cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病
rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb.of sth.欺骗某人某物
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人的东西
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb.of sth.使某人确信
suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人某事
6．可用于“动词＋sb.＋for doing sth.”的常见动词：
blame sb.for doing sth.指责某人做某事
批评某人做某事
原谅某人做某事
punish sb.for doing sth.惩罚某人做某事
thank sb.for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
7．可用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”的常见动词：
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from (being) done保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing 禁止某人/物做某事
8．常见动词短语
bring
bring in引进；挣得
bring about引起，导致
bring up养育，培养；提出
bring down降低；使倒下
bring back把……带回来；使恢复
bring forward提出；提前
break
break down抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解
break up打碎；关系结束；解散
break through逾越，突破；冲破
break away (from)挣脱，脱离
break out爆发
break in打断，闯入
break off折断；中断
break into 破门而入
come
come about发生
come out出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来
come on加油；快点
come across偶遇；被理解
come true变为现实
come up走近；被提出
come up with想出，提出
come along一起来
carry
carry on继续，坚持
carry out执行
carry through帮助渡过难关；完成，实现
get
get across传达，使理解
get along/on (with)进展，相处
get away逃脱，设法离开
get down下来；下车
get in收割；到达
get off下车；下班
get up起床
get through 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解
get down to开始认真干
get over克服
give
give up放弃
give in 屈服；呈交
give out耗尽；分发
give away泄露；赠送
give off发出
give back归还；使恢复
go
go against违背
go without(没有……)勉强维持，凑合
go in for爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)
go on继续
go over复习；仔细审查
go ahead 进行；去做吧，拿去用吧
go through经历
go away走开
go for去取来或接来；争取得到
go out出去；熄灭
hold
hold on to坚持，抓住不放
hold back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感)
hold on别挂断，等会儿；坚持
keep
keep away (from)使远离
keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题
keep on继续
keep out挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近
keep up保持(高昂情绪)，不低落；持续
keep up with紧跟上
look
look ahead向前看
look after照看；负责处理
look back回忆，回顾
look out 当心，提防；找出
look up向上看；查阅；形势好转
look down upon看不起
look forward to盼望
look through浏览；快速查看
look into调查；向内看
look around环视；游览
make
make up编造；化妆；组成，构成；弥补
be made up of 由……构成
make up for补偿，弥补
make out 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
put
put down放下来；平定，镇压；记下
put aside把……放到一边；储存
put away把……收起来；储蓄
put forward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前
put off延期，推迟
put on穿戴；上演；增加
put out扑灭
put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿
put up with容忍
send
send for派人去请
send out发送；发出(请柬、信号等)
set
set off出发；引爆
set out出发；动身；着手做
set up创建，建立；竖起
set about开始做；着手做
set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会
set apart使与众不同
set down让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
take
take in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容
take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)
take off 飞机起飞；脱下
take place发生
take along随身携带
take away带走，拿走
take charge负责，掌管
take on呈现；雇用；承担
take out拿出；带……出去
take over 接管，接任
turn
turn away转身，走开
turn out结果是；生产
turn down拒绝；调小
turn on打开；取决于
turn off 关掉
turn over打翻；翻身
turn in 上交(作业等)
turn into变成；成为
turn to求助于；翻到
turn up调大；出现
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Mary was walking(walk) in the garden when it began to rain.
2．English has been taught(teach) in a new way at my college in the past few years.
3．Smith is to study medicine as soon as he finishes(finish) military service.
4．Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come(come)．
5．He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned down.
6．To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took up cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
单句语法填空
1．The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 touched
解析 考查时态。句子的主语是The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
2．...because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon
(construct)．(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 is constructed
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处是宾语从句的谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由空前的时态及语境可知，此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
答案 decorated
解析 考查非谓语动词。see sth.done看到某物被……，此处表示“看到礼物装点着红包和祝福好运的信息”。them与decorate之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。
4．The artist was sure he would (choose)，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister，the old man laughed.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 be chosen
解析 考查动词的语态。主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
1．动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。
2．记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．—We had a really damp September this year.
—I can’t remember autumn when it rained so much.
答案 an
解析 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in last row.
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”，故填the。
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。town是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4．Among “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
答案 the
解析 设空后的four new great inventions 在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词the。
5．“As soon as he opens (he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
答案 his
解析 考查代词。根据mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。
6．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan
(they).
答案 them
解析 考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，故应用表复数的宾格代词them。
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for the teachers and the students.
答案 both
解析 考查固定搭配。固定搭配both...and...意为“两者都”，符合语境，故用both。
8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after (me) and live independently.
答案 myself
解析 考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。
9．When they grow older than three years old， is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.
答案 it
解析 考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit (they) intake of coffee.
答案 their
解析 考查形容词性物主代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always the move.
答案 on
解析 考查介词。句意为：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。on the move在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。
12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items， washing machines and they use too much water.
答案 like/including
解析 考查介词。根据“some modern household items”及空后的“washing machines”可知，此处表示举例，故可填like“例如”或including“包括”。
13．Sichuan is home pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.
答案 to
解析 考查介词。be home to...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。
14．Wolf Warrior Ⅱ is the first film to taste success both in terms box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.
答案 of
解析 考查介词。句意为：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms of在……方面，就……而言。
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division
north and south.
答案 between
解析 考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间，用介词between。
16．I sat next to the man and introduced myself.We had ________ amazing conversation.
答案 an
解析 考查冠词。作宾语的名词amazing conversation前应填限定词；该处表示“进行一次交谈”，故需用不定冠词，且amazing的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
17．Sarah looked at ________ finished painting with satisfaction.
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“已经完成的那幅画”，故填定冠词the。
18．A lack ________ water can lead to health problems such as headaches，poor physical performance，and even more serious problems.
答案 of
解析 考查固定搭配。a lack of为固定搭配，意为“缺乏”。
19．After work，he learned to play ________ guitar.He liked living on the farm，for the life was simple.
答案 the/his
解析 考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
20．The director cannot be here，so I would like to express my warm welcome to all of you ________ his behalf.
答案 on
解析 考查介词。句意为：主任不能来，所以我代表他向大家表示热烈的欢迎。on one’s behalf代表某人，以某人的名义。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then，with rise of science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。with the rise of意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。故填the。
2．When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was joke.
(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为那是一个玩笑”可知，此处joke为泛指，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
3．Unexpectedly，I’m face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at top of her lungs.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。at the top of one’s lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最响亮的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
4．When fat and salt are removed from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.As result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
5．This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over
top.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
6．Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 of/for
解析 考查介词。名词method后接介词of/for，表示“……的方法”。
7．We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs，seven to be exact.
(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 of
解析 考查介词。a pack of为固定搭配，意为“一群”。故填of。
8．I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 for
解析 考查介词。search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
9．One cup of coffee the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.(2018·浙江11月)
答案 in
解析 考查介词。表示“在下午晚些时候或晚上”是in the late afternoon or evening，介词用in。
10．It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
答案 from
解析 考查介词。to and from work为固定短语，意为“上下班”。
11．This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
答案 as
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法”。as意为“作为”。
12．They kept (they) collection at home until it got too big or until they died，and then it was given to a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 their
解析 考查代词。句意为：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏量变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给了一家博物馆。根据句意可知，collection是名词，前面需要一个形容词来限定它。因此，应该填their。
13．Nervously facing challenges，I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”．(2019·北京)
答案 myself
解析 考查反身代词。本句的主语是I，空处作to的宾语，当宾语与主语是同一人称时，宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
14．If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give a try.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
答案 running/it
解析 考查名词或代词。根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故可填名词running，也可填代词it来指代。give sth.a try尝试一下某事。
15．“She thought I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlsson.(2017·浙江)
答案 myself
解析 考查反身代词。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1 冠词与代词篇
(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ)
On our way to the house,1. was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2. would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack of dogs，seven to be exact.4. (them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for 5. (this) animals.Our hosts shared many of 6. (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 7. backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited 8. (we) to local events and let us know of 9. interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On
10. last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
1．答案 it
解析 考查代词。句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．答案 it
解析 考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。
4．答案 They
解析 考查代词。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．答案 these
解析 考查代词。句意参考上题解析。因为animals是复数形式，所以要填指示代词these。
6．答案 their
解析 考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．答案 us
解析 考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．答案 an
解析 考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇
(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ)
She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full 1. life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward 2. the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 3. (rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
Sarah was told that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give 4. school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part 5. shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry 6. with her education.
She has turned 7. several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year 8. to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 9. engineering or architecture.
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school 10.
(come) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.”
语篇解读 本文主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
1．答案 of
解析 考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。
2．答案 to
解析 考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望做某事。
3．答案 resting
解析 考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。
4．答案 up
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。
5．答案 in
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。
6．答案 on
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续做某事。
7．答案 down
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。
8．答案 off
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。
9．答案 in
解析 考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。
10．答案 comes
解析 考查动词时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。
1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁
典例 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是开心啊！
We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!
运用 (2019·北京)因为在七月这里总是下雨，所以你必须带着雨衣。
Because it is always raining here in July，so a raincoat is a must.
2．使用it作形式主语，可以丰富文章句式
典例 (2019·全国Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我们要赢得比赛，赛前做充分的准备是非常重要的。
As you know，it is necessary for us to make enough preparations if we are to win the game.
运用 (2019·天津)如果您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
It would be greatly appreciated if you could take my suggestions into consideration.
3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)此外，我英语口语熟练，这使得我自如地介绍画展成为可能。
Besides，I am fluent in spoken English，which makes it possible for me to introduce the art exhibition freely.
运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)天气变得很热，这让参赛者们更难坚持下去。
It became hot，which made it more difficult for participants to keep up.
4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句
典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)我最喜欢的是我的英语老师，因为他很幽默也很善良。
The teacher I like most is my English teacher because of his humor and kindness.
运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)尽管天气炎热，大多数参赛者都跑到了终点。
The majority of the participants arrived at the finishing line regardless of the hot weather.
考点一 冠词
一、不定冠词a/an
My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②，we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。
②表示“同一”。
③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
④表示“每一”，相当于per。
⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I’m absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
3．有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。
What fine weather we have got! Let’s go for a picnic.
多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4．不定冠词常见的固定搭配
have a gift for有……的天赋 have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观
lend sb.a hand帮助某人 as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离 a waste of ……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食
a collection of一批…… a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of有一段……的历史
in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时，一时
all of a sudden突然 a matter of ……的问题
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related to a Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.
2．He not only is the best student in our class，but also has an excellent sense of humour.
3．He smiled back as if to give me a receipt and I would preserve his smile for a long time.
4．One thing we can do to help solve this problem is walk or use a bicycle when possible.
二、定冠词 the
Mr Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。
②用于序数词之前。
③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
④用于江河湖海山岛前。
⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。
⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。
⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。
⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。
⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配
at the moment此刻；目前 in the end最后，最终
to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下 in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时 on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说 in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题 make the most/best of充分利用
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening on purpose just to see the moonlight.
2．The “Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.
3．Smoking is one of the biggest causes of preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
三、零冠词
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children’s meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况
①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。
②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。
④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。
⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。
⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．no与such连用时放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配
on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面 out of date过时的
make room for让位 in debt负债
in shape健康 on foot步行
in danger在危险中 side by side并排
from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地
单句语法填空
1．Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
2．Everybody wears same style of clothes.(2019·浙江)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。句意为：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
1．如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。
2．如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。
技巧二 注意固定搭配
考点二 代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤.It has been worn out.
①为代词的主格形式作主语。
②为代词的宾格形式作宾语。
③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。
④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。
⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
一、代词的形式
类别
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
I
me
my
mine
myself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人称
you
you
your
yours
yourself
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人称
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
二、it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等
It is early spring，but it is already hot.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles from here to the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词
Although he didn’t like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.
尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
What will you call it if it is a boy?
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式
It is important for students to learn English well.
对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.
离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that you can’t go with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.
据报道有20人死于这场地震。
⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.
It took him much energy to write the novel.
写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.to do/that从句
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if you could attend our party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allowing himself(he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our(we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.
5．Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
6．It was in 2019 that he graduated from Beijing University.
二、不定代词
1．all/every/both/each/neither/none
There are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don’t③ want to enter a music institute.Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。
②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。
③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。
④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。
⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nothing/something/everything
—Do you have anything① to say about your exam?
—No，I have nothing② to say about it.
—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.
—I have told you that I don’t have anything① to say about it.Everything④ has gone wrong.
①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。
②nothing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。
③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。
④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others与the others
—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn’t fit me well.
—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.
—Don’t bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.
①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。
②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。
③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。
④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the ones
I found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。
②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。
③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。
④the ones替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。
⑤those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。
⑥ones替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1．another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don’t smoke.
他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Success is just on the other side.You have to want it enough，and be willing enough to get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them from one bad experience to another and are ready to try something else.
3．Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but none of us know the day，or the hour.
4．Both teams were in hard training；neither was willing to lose the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，one that I have never seen.
单句语法填空
1．Data about the moon’s composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 its
解析 考查代词。所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。
2．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟) and imagine
(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 themselves
解析 考查反身代词。imagine sb.doing sth.想象某人做某事。主语是visitors，故用反身代词themselves指“他们自己”。
3．When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find (they) alive.
(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 them
解析 考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处要用代词作find的宾语，故要用人称代词的宾格，they的宾格为them。
4．Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.(2018·浙江)
答案 it
解析 考查it的用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out，其中不定式to eat out是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式
如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。
2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it
如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋从句。
考点三 介词
1．表示方位的介词
We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，only to find nothing.My friend found something special—an empty box.Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.
①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。
②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。
③to指到某处，去某处。
④under在……下面，无接触面。
⑤in在……里面。
⑥into到……里面。
⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。
⑧around在/向……周围。
⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。
⑪out of在……外面。
⑫from从……。
⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词
It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 6∶00 am to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in④ two hours.However，it wasn’t long before⑤ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn’t open it until⑥ my parents came back.During⑦ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn’t listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑧ two hours since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑨ the years?
①on指在具体的某一天。
②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。
③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。
④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。
⑤before在……之前。
⑥until直到……时候。
⑦during在……期间。
⑧for表示延续一段时间。
⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词
John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④John’s bad behaviour.
①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。
②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。
③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。
④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词
Between① the two opinions，I am for② the first one but against③ the second one.By④wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by④ others despite⑤ the different economic backgrounds among⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
①between表示两者之间。
②for表示支持。
③against表示反对。
④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。
⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。
⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。
⑦besides表示除此之外(还)。
⑧within表示在……范围之内。
⑨except表示同类事物除外。
⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略
1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week.
上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。
I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题
1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.
这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。
The problem is well worth paying attention to.
这个问题很值得关注。
3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配
call for需要；要求 pass by经过
pay for为……付款 figure out弄清楚
apply for申请 dream of梦想
search for寻找，搜索 refer to提及；参考
begin with以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成
play with同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑
care about关心；介意 focus on集中于
feel like想要 charge...for...索费
hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换……
rely on依靠 go back to追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at开头的介词短语
at a loss不知所措 at the cost of以……的代价
at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of冒……的危险
at war处于战争状态
at the mercy of在……支配下；由……摆布
at the same time同时
2．on开头的介词短语
on exhibition/show在展出 on account of因为
on fire着火 on average平均；一般地
on sale出售，打折 on behalf of代表
on no account/condition决不
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by开头的介词短语
by accident偶然地 by hand手工
by mistake错误地 by chance偶然
by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧
by nature天生地
4．in开头的介词短语
in cash用现金付款 in charge of掌管……
in depth在深度上 in return作为回报
in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中，垂危
in height在高度上 in spite of尽管
in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换
in favor of支持，赞成 in no time立刻
in case of万一；如果；假使
in no way决不
in support of为支持……
in place of代替
in honour of为向……表示敬意
in possession of拥有，占有
in memory of为了纪念……
in addition to另外
in the middle of在……中间
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit有益处的 of significance有意义的
of help有帮助的 of use有用的
of importance重要的 of value有价值的
6．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障
out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见
out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能
out of date过期 out of work失业
7．under＋n.表示被动
under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中
under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中
8．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地
with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地
with ease轻而易举地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比
beyond description难以描述
beyond reach够不到
beyond expression/words难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配
but for要不是 instead of代替
regardless of不管，不顾 apart from除……之外
up to直到；由……决定 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
by means of用……办法；借助……
owing to因为
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．She patted him on the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time，would you like to do that?
3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
4．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don’t realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
7．Atkins’ dog，Otis，waited in the nearby bushes uneasily.
8．But one day I came across a sentence in the Bible，“Do not be anxious about tomorrow，for tomorrow will be anxious for itself；let the day’s own trouble be sufficient for the day.”
9．The effect that music can have on our emotions is tremendous，as it can bring people to floods of tears or bursts of laughter.
10．While teens become busy with their studies，it is very important to develop a hobby，which can not only give them fun and rest but also broaden their horizons.
单句语法填空
1．The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist earth，Mother Nature.
(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 on
解析 考查介词。此处on earth相当于in the world，意思是“在世上，在人间”。
2．Museums must compete people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 for
解析 考查介词。此处是固定短语：compete for...with...意为“为了……而与……竞争”。故填for。
3．Some time after 10,000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ，through agriculture.(2020·浙江)
答案 in
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the world；省略了关系代词，说明关系代词在句中作宾语。根据语法常识可知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在……”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾语。
技法一 分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。
技法二 记牢搭配
1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；
2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
考点四 动词和动词短语
动词的种类
I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn’t⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。
•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。
•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。
•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。
•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1．有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb.＋sth.结构，如：
award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给某人写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2．不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：
My father (work) in a computer company (lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.
因为work是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查work的主动形式，根据后面的for 5 years 可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。如：
Many doctors (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.
因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。
4．非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。如：
讲座已经开始半个小时了。
The lecture has began for half an hour.×
The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”的常见动词：
accuse sb.of sth.指责某人某事
cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病
rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb.of sth.欺骗某人某物
remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人的东西
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb.of sth.使某人确信
suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人某事
6．可用于“动词＋sb.＋for doing sth.”的常见动词：
blame sb.for doing sth.指责某人做某事
批评某人做某事
原谅某人做某事
punish sb.for doing sth.惩罚某人做某事
thank sb.for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
7．可用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”的常见动词：
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from (being) done保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing 禁止某人/物做某事
8．常见动词短语
bring
bring in引进；挣得
bring about引起，导致
bring up养育，培养；提出
bring down降低；使倒下
bring back把……带回来；使恢复
bring forward提出；提前
break
break down抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解
break up打碎；关系结束；解散
break through逾越，突破；冲破
break away (from)挣脱，脱离
break out爆发
break in打断，闯入
break off折断；中断
break into 破门而入
come
come about发生
come out出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来
come on加油；快点
come across偶遇；被理解
come true变为现实
come up走近；被提出
come up with想出，提出
come along一起来
carry
carry on继续，坚持
carry out执行
carry through帮助渡过难关；完成，实现
get
get across传达，使理解
get along/on (with)进展，相处
get away逃脱，设法离开
get down下来；下车
get in收割；到达
get off下车；下班
get up起床
get through 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解
get down to开始认真干
get over克服
give
give up放弃
give in 屈服；呈交
give out耗尽；分发
give away泄露；赠送
give off发出
give back归还；使恢复
go
go against违背
go without(没有……)勉强维持，凑合
go in for爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)
go on继续
go over复习；仔细审查
go ahead 进行；去做吧，拿去用吧
go through经历
go away走开
go for去取来或接来；争取得到
go out出去；熄灭
hold
hold on to坚持，抓住不放
hold back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感)
hold on别挂断，等会儿；坚持
keep
keep away (from)使远离
keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题
keep on继续
keep out挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近
keep up保持(高昂情绪)，不低落；持续
keep up with紧跟上
look
look ahead向前看
look after照看；负责处理
look back回忆，回顾
look out 当心，提防；找出
look up向上看；查阅；形势好转
look down upon看不起
look forward to盼望
look through浏览；快速查看
look into调查；向内看
look around环视；游览
make
make up编造；化妆；组成，构成；弥补
be made up of 由……构成
make up for补偿，弥补
make out 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
put
put down放下来；平定，镇压；记下
put aside把……放到一边；储存
put away把……收起来；储蓄
put forward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前
put off延期，推迟
put on穿戴；上演；增加
put out扑灭
put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿
put up with容忍
send
send for派人去请
send out发送；发出(请柬、信号等)
set
set off出发；引爆
set out出发；动身；着手做
set up创建，建立；竖起
set about开始做；着手做
set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会
set apart使与众不同
set down让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
take
take in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容
take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)
take off 飞机起飞；脱下
take place发生
take along随身携带
take away带走，拿走
take charge负责，掌管
take on呈现；雇用；承担
take out拿出；带……出去
take over 接管，接任
turn
turn away转身，走开
turn out结果是；生产
turn down拒绝；调小
turn on打开；取决于
turn off 关掉
turn over打翻；翻身
turn in 上交(作业等)
turn into变成；成为
turn to求助于；翻到
turn up调大；出现
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Mary was walking(walk) in the garden when it began to rain.
2．English has been taught(teach) in a new way at my college in the past few years.
3．Smith is to study medicine as soon as he finishes(finish) military service.
4．Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come(come)．
5．He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned down.
6．To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took up cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
单句语法填空
1．The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 touched
解析 考查时态。句子的主语是The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe，谓语动词是touch。根据时间状语last week可判断用一般过去时。touch down意为“(飞机等)降落，着陆”。
2．...because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon
(construct)．(2020·全国Ⅰ)
答案 is constructed
解析 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处是宾语从句的谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由空前的时态及语境可知，此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
答案 decorated
解析 考查非谓语动词。see sth.done看到某物被……，此处表示“看到礼物装点着红包和祝福好运的信息”。them与decorate之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾补。
4．The artist was sure he would (choose)，but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister，the old man laughed.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
答案 be chosen
解析 考查动词的语态。主语he和动词choose之间是被动关系，空格前有would，故用“be＋及物动词的过去分词”。
1．动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。
2．记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．—We had a really damp September this year.
—I can’t remember autumn when it rained so much.
答案 an
解析 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in last row.
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”，故填the。
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。town是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
4．Among “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
答案 the
解析 设空后的four new great inventions 在本句中表示特指，故填定冠词the。
5．“As soon as he opens (he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.
答案 his
解析 考查代词。根据mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。
6．But it’s difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan
(they).
答案 them
解析 考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，故应用表复数的宾格代词them。
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for the teachers and the students.
答案 both
解析 考查固定搭配。固定搭配both...and...意为“两者都”，符合语境，故用both。
8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after (me) and live independently.
答案 myself
解析 考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。
9．When they grow older than three years old， is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.
答案 it
解析 考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。
10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit (they) intake of coffee.
答案 their
解析 考查形容词性物主代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always the move.
答案 on
解析 考查介词。句意为：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。on the move在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。
12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items， washing machines and they use too much water.
答案 like/including
解析 考查介词。根据“some modern household items”及空后的“washing machines”可知，此处表示举例，故可填like“例如”或including“包括”。
13．Sichuan is home pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.
答案 to
解析 考查介词。be home to...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。
14．Wolf Warrior Ⅱ is the first film to taste success both in terms box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.
答案 of
解析 考查介词。句意为：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms of在……方面，就……而言。
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division
north and south.
答案 between
解析 考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间，用介词between。
16．I sat next to the man and introduced myself.We had ________ amazing conversation.
答案 an
解析 考查冠词。作宾语的名词amazing conversation前应填限定词；该处表示“进行一次交谈”，故需用不定冠词，且amazing的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
17．Sarah looked at ________ finished painting with satisfaction.
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“已经完成的那幅画”，故填定冠词the。
18．A lack ________ water can lead to health problems such as headaches，poor physical performance，and even more serious problems.
答案 of
解析 考查固定搭配。a lack of为固定搭配，意为“缺乏”。
19．After work，he learned to play ________ guitar.He liked living on the farm，for the life was simple.
答案 the/his
解析 考查冠词或物主代词。guitar为乐器，需在其前加定冠词the。因为guitar和主语he是所属关系，故也可以用形容词性物主代词his。
20．The director cannot be here，so I would like to express my warm welcome to all of you ________ his behalf.
答案 on
解析 考查介词。句意为：主任不能来，所以我代表他向大家表示热烈的欢迎。on one’s behalf代表某人，以某人的名义。
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then，with rise of science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。with the rise of意为“随着……的崛起”，是固定短语。故填the。
2．When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was joke.
(2019·全国Ⅱ)
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为那是一个玩笑”可知，此处joke为泛指，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
3．Unexpectedly，I’m face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at top of her lungs.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。at the top of one’s lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最响亮的声音，声嘶力竭地”。
4．When fat and salt are removed from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something.As result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
答案 a
解析 考查冠词。as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
5．This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over
top.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
答案 the
解析 考查冠词。此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
6．Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
答案 of/for
解析 考查介词。名词method后接介词of/for，表示“……的方法”。
7．We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs，seven to be exact.
(2019·全国Ⅲ)
答案 of
解析 考查介词。a pack of为固定搭配，意为“一群”。故填of。
8．I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.
(2018·全国Ⅲ)
答案 for
解析 考查介词。search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
9．One cup of coffee the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.(2018·浙江11月)
答案 in
解析 考查介词。表示“在下午晚些时候或晚上”是in the late afternoon or evening，介词用in。
10．It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.(2017·全国Ⅱ)
答案 from
解析 考查介词。to and from work为固定短语，意为“上下班”。
11．This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
答案 as
解析 考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法”。as意为“作为”。
12．They kept (they) collection at home until it got too big or until they died，and then it was given to a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
答案 their
解析 考查代词。句意为：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏量变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给了一家博物馆。根据句意可知，collection是名词，前面需要一个形容词来限定它。因此，应该填their。
13．Nervously facing challenges，I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”．(2019·北京)
答案 myself
解析 考查反身代词。本句的主语是I，空处作to的宾语，当宾语与主语是同一人称时，宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
14．If you are time poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give a try.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
答案 running/it
解析 考查名词或代词。根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故可填名词running，也可填代词it来指代。give sth.a try尝试一下某事。
15．“She thought I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlsson.(2017·浙江)
答案 myself
解析 考查反身代词。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1 冠词与代词篇
(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ)
On our way to the house,1. was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long 2. would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack of dogs，seven to be exact.4. (them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for 5. (this) animals.Our hosts shared many of 6. (they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in 7. backyard.
When they were free from work，they invited 8. (we) to local events and let us know of 9. interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On
10. last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
语篇解读 本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
1．答案 it
解析 考查代词。句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．答案 it
解析 考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。
4．答案 They
解析 考查代词。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．答案 these
解析 考查代词。句意参考上题解析。因为animals是复数形式，所以要填指示代词these。
6．答案 their
解析 考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．答案 us
解析 考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．答案 an
解析 考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇
(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ)
She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full 1. life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward 2. the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 3. (rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
Sarah was told that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give 4. school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part 5. shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry 6. with her education.
She has turned 7. several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year 8. to model full-time before going to university to get a degree 9. engineering or architecture.
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school 10.
(come) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.”
语篇解读 本文主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
1．答案 of
解析 考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。
2．答案 to
解析 考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望做某事。
3．答案 resting
解析 考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。
4．答案 up
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。
5．答案 in
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。
6．答案 on
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续做某事。
7．答案 down
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。
8．答案 off
解析 考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。
9．答案 in
解析 考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。
10．答案 comes
解析 考查动词时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。
1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁
典例 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是开心啊！
We picked apples while having a good taste of them.What a pleasure!
运用 (2019·北京)因为在七月这里总是下雨，所以你必须带着雨衣。
Because it is always raining here in July，so a raincoat is a must.
2．使用it作形式主语，可以丰富文章句式
典例 (2019·全国Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我们要赢得比赛，赛前做充分的准备是非常重要的。
As you know，it is necessary for us to make enough preparations if we are to win the game.
运用 (2019·天津)如果您能考虑我的建议，我将不胜感激。
It would be greatly appreciated if you could take my suggestions into consideration.
3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)此外，我英语口语熟练，这使得我自如地介绍画展成为可能。
Besides，I am fluent in spoken English，which makes it possible for me to introduce the art exhibition freely.
运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)天气变得很热，这让参赛者们更难坚持下去。
It became hot，which made it more difficult for participants to keep up.
4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句
典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)我最喜欢的是我的英语老师，因为他很幽默也很善良。
The teacher I like most is my English teacher because of his humor and kindness.
运用 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，写作)尽管天气炎热，大多数参赛者都跑到了终点。
The majority of the participants arrived at the finishing line regardless of the hot weather.
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