词汇晨读03- 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测

 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测(词汇晨读)03
说明：①本系列资料的例句尽可能多地选自高考真题或各地模拟试题；
②凡是形容词+ly构成的副词在本系列资料【拓展】栏目里不予列出。
(approach—awkward)
approach v.①走近，靠近，逼近：
Approaching the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
接近市中心时，我们看到了一座高约10米的石像。
②开始考虑，开始着手：He approached the idea with caution.他开始认真地考虑那个主意。
n.①走近，靠近：The approach of winter brings cold weather.冬天快到了，天气要转冷了。
②通路，入口：All approaches were blocked.所有的入口都堵塞了。
③方法，手段：
At the meeting they discussed three different approaches to the study of mathematics.
在会上，他们讨论了三种不同的数学学习方法。
Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with that of their parents.十分之九的父母表示，他们教育孩子的方法与他们的父母的方法有显著差异。
【拓展】参看词条means, method, way。
appropriate adj.适当的，合适的：
Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party.正式聚会上穿牛仔裤不合适。
As a new diplomat, he often thinks of how he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
作为一名新的外交官，他经常考虑如何在这种情况下做出更恰当的反应。
【拓展】①后接that从句时，从句谓语通常要用“(should)+动词原形”：
It is appropriate that he(should)be present.他应到场才对。
②appropriateness n.适当性，适合性：
Revising involves mixing the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing.修改就是把作品所有方面的有效性和适当性融合在一起。
③inappropriate
We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.
我们确实知道人们很担心不恰当地使用他们的信息。
approve v.①赞成，赞同：
People complain that decisions to approve or deny a permit are often arbitrary rather than based on fixed criteria.人们抱怨，决定批准或拒绝许可证往往是任意的而不是基于既定的标准。
I approve of your choice.我赞成你的选择。
I don’t approve of smoking.我不赞成抽烟。
②批准，认可：He approved the building plans.他批准了建筑计划。
【拓展1】①表示“赞成”、“同意”时，通常不及物，若后接宾语，通常要借助介词of：
I approve of your trying to earn some money, but please don’t neglect your studies.
我同意你去挣一些钱，可是请不要误了功课。
②表示“批准”时，总是及物动词，后跟宾语时无需任何介词：
The city council approved the building plan.市议会批准了这项建筑计划。
③“赞成某人做某事”不是approve sb to do sth，因为它是不及物动词，不能直接跟sb.作宾语，可改说 approve of sb.’s doing sth.：
I do not approve of your going out with him.我不赞成你同他一起出去。
【拓展2】approval n.：
①赞成，同意：He showed his approval by smiling.他用微笑表示赞成。
②批准，认可：The mayor gave approval to the plan.市长批准了这个计划。
approximately adv.大体，大致，大约：
The questionnaire takes approximately ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.调查问卷大约需要10到15分钟完成，可以与评估面试一起使用。
arbitrary adj.任意的，任性的，武断的，霸道的，专横的，独断独行的，随心所欲的：
My choice was quite arbitrary.我的选择相当随意。
I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite arbitrary.
我不知道其中涉及到的关键点，所以我的选择是相当武断的。
This is an arbitrary decision.这是个武断的决定。
I’m not used to your arbitrary standards.我不习惯你们那些随心所欲的标准。
arch n.拱廊，拱门，弓形：
The bridge has three arches.这座桥有三座拱洞。
Marble Arch is a famous London landmark.大理石拱门是著名的伦敦标志。
v.(使)弯成弓形：
The rainbow arches the heaven.虹在天上成弓形。
The cat arches its back when it sees the dog.猫看到狗，便把背拱起。
architect n.建筑师，设计师，缔造者：
He is known as a successful architect.他以成功的建筑师闻名。
A dozen ideas were considered before the chief architect decided on the design of the building.
首席设计师考虑了十几个想法然后才决定建筑物的设计。
He was the chief architect of the country’s new economic policy.
他是制定国家新经济政策的总设计师。
He was one of the architects of the republic.他是这个共和国的缔造者之一。
architecture n.①建筑学(术)：He obtained a diploma in architecture.他获得了建筑学的学位证书。
②建筑样式(风格)，建筑物：
The new house he bought was colonial architecture.他新买的房子是美国初期的建筑。
The Forbidden City is one of the world’s greatest works of architecture.
紫禁城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一。
This church is a fine example of Norman architecture.这座教堂是典型的诺曼式建筑。
③构造，结构：The architecture of this house is very substantial.这座房子的结构很牢固。
Arctic adj.①北极的：the Arctic Ocean北冰洋
②极冷的：What arctic weather we are having!天气冷极了！
area n.①面积：What’s the area of the field?这块地面积多大？
②地区，区域：The low area is flooded very often.这低地经常被淹。
Wild swans’ appearance in the area is a good indication of a better environment.
野天鹅在该地区的出现是环境改善的一个很好的标志。
From news on education in Yunnan，we can sense that the problem of lacking resources is particularly acute in rural areas.从云南的关于教育的新闻中，我们可以感觉到在农村地区，缺乏资源的问题特别严重。
③范围，领域，方面：
As is expected, AI is an area where China may appear as a leading force.
正如所预料的那样，人工智能是一个中国可能成为领先者的领域。
【拓展】表示某地的具体面积时，可用含有area的多种表达：
这个房间的面积为10平方米。
The room has an area of ten square meters.
=The area of the room is ten square meters.
=The room is ten square meters in area.
=The room covers an area of ten square meters.
argue v.争辩，争论，争辩(说)，争吵，据理力争：
I argued that we needed a large office.我据理力争我们需要一个大办公室。
Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use arguing with him.
尤金从不愿意改变他的任何观点。和他争论没用。
Those who argue that circus life is harmful to animals show little knowledge of these facts.
那些争辩说马戏团生活对动物有害的人对这些事实知之甚少。
Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening is a terrible disaster — they always argue with each other, which makes us annoyed.在同一天晚上邀请詹姆斯和伊万真是一个灾难，因为他们总是彼此争吵，这一点让我们很恼火。
【拓展】argue的相关搭配：
It’s no use arguing with my husband about money.和我的丈夫争论钱是没有用的。
They tried to argue him into joining them in the activity.他们试图说服他参加他们的活动。
I don’t want to argue her out of doing that.我可不想说服她不做那件事.
But there are many people who argue for changing their jobs, they argue that change means progress.但是许多人赞成换工作，他们辩解说改变就意味着进步。
Let others argue over small things, but not you.让别人去为小事情争论不休，而不是你。
It is very difficult to argue against its use.想要反对使用维生素B，十分困难。
I never intended to argue on this topic of conversation.我并没有企图争论谁对谁错。
You can argue about any of these assumptions.任何假定都可以争论。
argument n.①争论，辩论：
After a long argument, we decided where to go for our holiday.
经过长时间争论，我们决定了在哪里度假。
②论点，论据，理由：There are many arguments against smoking.有许多理由反对抽烟。
【拓展】beyond argument勿容/不容/无可争辩的：
It is beyond argument that Japanese militarists had committed grave crimes against Chinese people.日本军国主义对中国人民犯下的滔天罪行是不容争辩的。
arise(arose, arisen) v.
①出现，发生：
A number of high buildings have arisen where there was nothing a year ago but ruins.
在一年前还是废墟的地方，出现了许多高层建筑。
②造成，引起：Accidents can arise from carelessness.意外事件可能因疏忽而引起。
arm n.①手臂，臂状物：He was seen walking arm in arm with a lady.有人看见他与一位女士臂挽着臂同行。
②(用复数)武器，武力：Lay down your arms or we’ll fire.放下武器，不然我们就要开枪了。
v.以……装备，武装(起来)：The enemy is arming.敌人正在备战。
armchair n.扶手椅：This armchair is made of bamboo.这个扶手椅是用竹子做成的。
army n.①军队，陆军：
Without a people’s army the people have nothing.没有一个人民的军队，便没有人民的一切。
The two armies fought for control of the bridge.两军为占领那座桥而战。
②大群，大批：An army of ants marched across the path.一大群蚂蚁浩浩荡荡地穿过小径。
around adv.①在周围，在附近：He looked around.他向四周看看。
②到处，各处：Children were playing around on the sand.孩子们在沙地上到处玩。
③环绕，绕圈：The tree measures two meters around.这树周长2米。
④转身：He turned around and saw her.他转过身就看见了她。
⑤到某地方(某人家)：Come around to my place sometime.找个时间来我家玩。
prep.①在…周围，环绕：He put his arms around her shoulders.他搂抱着她的双肩。
②在……的各处，朝……的四处，遍及：
The boy left his toys around the room.男孩把玩具丢得满屋都是。
③在……的附近，在…身边：He lives somewhere around London.他住在伦敦附近。
④大约：He left his homeland around 1945.他大约在1945年离开家乡。
⑤绕过，拐弯：Let’s get around the most difficult part.我们跳过最难的部分吧。
【拓展】①around the corner 即将来临/到来，就快到了，就在附近：
The final examination is around the corner.期末考试即将来临。
We believe that there are educational reforms around the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.我们相信，教育改革即将到来，它将带来许多改善。
②around the clock全天侯，夜以继日：
The Bank is open around the clock.那家银行24小时营业。
③all around周围，四围，前后左右，四下里：
There were television crews and pressmen from all around the world.
来自世界各地的电视工作者和新闻记者齐聚一堂。
It kept on raining heavily for a whole week. As a result ,we have big floods all around our town.雨下了整整一个星期。结果，我们镇上到处洪水泛滥。
arrange v.①安排，准备：
He arranged time each day for watching comedy films.每天都回安排出时间来观看喜剧电影
Can you arrange for a car to take us there?你能安排一辆车送我们去那儿？
The secretary arranged a convenient time and space for the applicants to have an interview.
秘书为申请人参加面试安排了方便的时间和地点。
②商定，约定：We arranged with him to meet at the station.我们与他约好在车站见面。
③整理，排列：We arranged them in pairs.我们把它们成对地排好。
【拓展】①其后可接不定式，但不接不定式的复合结构，如“我已安排他去参加会议”不能译为“I’ve arranged him to attend the meeting.”，可改为“I’ve arranged for him to attend the meeting 或I’ve arranged that he (should) attend the meeting.”
②其名词为arrangement (常用复)安排，准备工作排列，整理，商定，约定：
Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.
无论她说什么，都不会对我们的安排有影响。
I’ll make arrangements for you to be met at the station.我将安排人到火车站接你。
That’s a beautiful flower arrangement.那花插得很美。
We can come to some arrangement over the price.价钱方面，我们可以商议解决.
arrest v.①逮捕，拘捕，拘留：
Although the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.虽然警方认为他是嫌疑最大的人，但由于他们没有确切的证据，所以无法逮捕他。
Stay behind the tape! Sir, stay back or I’ll be forced to arrest you.
站到黄线后面！先生，后退，否则我不得不拘留你了。
The main opposition leaders had been arrested or put under house arrest.
主要反对派领导人都已经遭到逮捕或软禁。
②阻止：The Federal Reserve took extraordinary actions to arrest this crisis.
美联储采取了非常措施阻止危机。
③吸引(注意)：An unusual noise arrested his attention.一阵不寻常的嘈杂声吸引了他的注意。
n.逮捕，拘捕，拘留：
The arrest has come as a terrible shock.这次逮捕让人极为震惊。
She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last year’s election.
虽然两年前就已遭软禁，她在去年的选举中仍然是势力强大的代表人物。
arrival n.①到来，到达：
Father had left for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
我一到伦敦，父亲就出差去了，所以我没看见他。
On(your)arrival at the hotel please wait for further instructions.到达旅馆后，请听候进一步指示。
②出现：The arrival of the cinema was once thought to proclaim the death of the theater.
电影院的出现，曾经一度被认为宣告了戏院的消亡。
③到达者：He was the first arrival.他是第一个到的。
arrive v.①到达，达到，抵达：
The play had already been on for quite some time when we arrived at the New Theatre.
当我们到达新剧院时，这出戏已经上演了一段时间。
You must arrive at the airport two hours earlier.你必须提前两小时到达机场。
They have arrived home safe and sound.他们已平安到家。
Last night, John was answering the letters that had arrived for him during the past two weeks.
昨晚，约翰正在回过去两周来寄给他的的信。
②来临：The time has arrived for action.行动的时刻到了。
③达到，达成：At last we arrived at an agreement.最后我们达成了协议。
arrow n.①箭：He shot arrows one by one, but each missed.他射了一箭又一箭，但都未射中。
②箭头，箭号：Follow the arrows for Central Station.到中心车站请按箭号走。
art n. ①艺术，美术：
Shall we go to the art exhibition right away?我们马上去看艺术展览好吗？
She displayed great ardor for art.她对艺术表现出极大的热心。
Language teaching is both a science and an art.语言教学既是一门科学又是一门艺术。
②技艺，技术：He is good at the art of making friends.他善于交友。
The art of painting is not easy to learn.画画的技艺是不容易学的。
③(用复数)人文学科：Are you a Bachelor of Arts?你是文学学士吗？
article n.①文章，论文：
One day I came across a newspaper article about an English professor at a nearby state college.
一天，我在报纸上看到一篇关于附近一所州立大学英语教授的文章。
②物品，物件，东西：The shop sells articles of all kinds.这家商店卖各种商品。
③条款，项目：articles of an agreement协议的条款
④冠词：The word takes no article before it.这个单词前不用冠词。
artificial adj.①人工的，人造的：
We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways.
我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。
This orange drink contains no artificial flavorings.这种橙汁饮品不含人工调味料。
This dress is made of artificial fibers.这件衣服是人造纤维的。
I was fitted an artificial tooth by the dentist.牙医给我镶了颗假牙。
②不自然的，做作的：
She welcomed us with an artificial smile on her face.她脸上挂着不自然的笑容来迎接我们。
Her artificial manner made me sick.她那装腔作势的样子令我恶心。
artist n.①艺术家，美术家：
His dream of becoming an artist has been fulfilled.他成为一个艺术家的梦想实现了。
Finally she realized her intention of becoming an artist.最后她实现了当美术家的愿望。
②艺人(如歌星，演员等)：
She also got the title of the best new artist.她还获得了最佳新艺人的头衔。
【拓展】artistic adj.艺术的：
I found out that I have no artistic ability at all.我发现我根本没有艺术能力
as adv.①和……一样，同样地：
He swims fast, but I swim as fast (as him).他游泳游得快，但我也游得(他)那样快。
②例如：I was wearing clothes for dirty work, as when gardening.
我穿着做粗活的衣服，如栽花种草时所穿的衣服。
conj.①当……的时候：He fell asleep as he was reading.他看书时睡着了。
②一边……一边：He sang as he was taking a bath.他一边洗澡一边唱歌。
③随着：As time passed, things seemed to get worse.随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更糟了。
As the months went by, I began to realize that I actually wanted to walk Misty.
④因为，由于：As you weren’t there, I left a message.由于你不在，我留了个信儿。
⑤如同，正如，像……一样，按照：
Do as I do.照我的样子做。
Leave the table as it is.不要动这桌子。
Just as a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.正如一个单词可以改变句子的意思那样，一个句子也能够改变一个段落的意思。
⑥虽然，尽管：
Young as I am, I know this well.虽然我很年轻，但这点我很清楚。
Try as he might, he couldn’t open the door.他想尽了办法也没能打开门。
Much as she likes him she would never consider marrying him.尽管她喜欢他，但她并不打算嫁给他。
Child as she is, she knows how to deal with family affairs.尽管她还是个孩子，她却已经会处理家务了。
prep.①好像，如同：He was dressed as a policeman.他打扮得像个警察。
②看作，当作：I only said it as a joke.我说那话只是开玩笑的。
③以……身份，作为：He was famous as a scholar.作为一位学者他很著名。
As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。
④当……时：As a child he was sent to six different schools.他儿时前后上过6所学校。
【拓展】①(与such, as, the same连用)像……的，凡是……的，……一类的人(物)：
He is not such a fool as he looks 他并不像看起来那样傻。
Such men as (=Those men who) heard of him praised him.听说过他的人都赞扬他。
②这件事，这一点：He is late, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常的事。
③as...as 与……一样，不但……而且(在否定句中，也可换成 so…as)：
He gets up as early as I(me).他起床与我一样早。
She is as clever as(she is)beautiful.她既聪明又漂亮。
④as for/as to 至于：
As for the cost, that will have to be considered.至于费用，那是需要考虑的。
There is no doubt as to his honesty.对于他的诚实，那是没有疑问的。
⑤as if/as though好像，仿佛：
What’s the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs.
什么声音？听起来好像是从楼上传来的。
We’ve missed the bus. It looks as if we’ll have to walk.
我们错过了公共汽车，看来我们得步行了。
They treat me as though I were a stranger.他们待我如陌生人。
I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened.
我突然听到一头大象在哭，好像很害怕。
⑥as well也，又：
I write my own songs and I play the guitar as well.我唱自己谱曲的歌，也弹吉他。
⑦as well as也，不但……而且，和……一样好：
They visited some factories, hospitals as well as the school.
他们参观了这所学校，还参观了工厂和医院。
You as well as he are to blame for the accident.你还有他都应该为这次事故负责。
Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I had danced as well as her.
艾伦是一个很棒的舞蹈演员。但愿我能和她跳得一样好。
ash n. ①灰，灰末：Don’t drop cigarette ash on the carpet.别把烟灰弹在地毯上。
②(用复数)骨灰：Her ashes were scattered over the sea.她的骨灰撒在海上。
ashamed adj.惭愧的，难为情的：
You should be ashamed of your behavior.你应该为你的行为感到羞愧。
Don’t be ashamed of making mistakes.别为犯错误而难为情。
I am quite ashamed to have to trouble you.真不好意思，我得要麻烦你。
【拓展】①be ashamed of sth.=对某事感到难为情，be ashamed to do sth.=不好意思(做)……的。若不定式用完成式，则表示对已做过的事感到难为情：
He was ashamed of having lied.=He was ashamed to have lied.他因说谎而感到羞愧。
②be ashamed of sb./oneself为某人/自己感到羞愧：
Mrs. Thompson was ashamed of herself.汤普森夫人为自己感到羞愧。
Asia n.亚洲：China is a developing country in Asia.中国是亚洲的发展中国家。
Asian adj.亚洲的，亚洲人的：
How many Asian countries have taken part in the sport meeting?有多少亚洲国家参加这次运动会？
n.亚洲人：That Asian stopped me and asked if I was Chinese.那个亚洲人拦住我，问我是不是中国人。
aside adv.在旁边，向一边：He stepped aside to let them pass.他往旁边站，好让他们过去。
【拓展】aside from除……以外：
Aside from the web cameras, a number of other high-tech methods are becoming increasingly popular.除了网络摄像机，其他一些高科技方法也越来越流行。
Aside from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.
除了是乐趣和有益的锻炼外，游泳还是一种很有用的技能。
ask v. ①问，询问：You must ask if you don’t know.你不懂就得问。
②请求，要求：Ask him to come early.请他早点来。
If you need any help, just ask.你若需要帮忙，尽管说。
③邀请，约请：I asked her to dinner.我请她吃饭。
【拓展】ask for请求，要求，征求，征得：
You may ask for help.你可以请求帮助。
Could I ask for your reaction to this policy?我能问一下您对这个政策的反应吗？
They would stop Lieberman after classes to ask for his advice on cooking.
下课后他们会拦住利伯曼以征求他对烹饪的建议。
You needn’t ask for permission when camping in national parks in England.
在英国的国家公园露营时，你不需要征得许可。
The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left before I could ask for their names.
我还没有来得及问归还我丢掉钱包的那对年轻的夫妇的名字，他们就离开了。
The boss is not in a good mood now; you’d better not ask for trouble.
老板现在心情不好；你最好不要自找麻烦了。
asleep adj.睡着的：He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂睡着了。
Miss Harper closed her eyes and pretended to be asleep.哈珀小姐闭上眼睛，假装睡着了。
There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.
有时人们很累，几乎在任何地方都会睡着。
Her husband was sound/fast asleep.她丈夫睡得很熟。(习惯上不用 very或very much修饰)
aspect n ①方面：Deaf people are very attentive in almost every aspect of life.
聋人几乎对生活的方方面面都很关注。
The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.
基础数学课程涵盖了算术的每一个基本方面。
②(建筑物的)方面，方位：The house has a southern aspect.这房子朝南。
③外观，外貌，容貌：His face had an angry aspect.他面带怒容。
assess v.估定，评定，评估：
We assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.我们时时在评估决策的利弊。
His annual income was assessed at ten thousand dollars.他的年收入估定为1万美元。
He can quickly assess a person’s character.他可以很快地对一个人的性格作出评估。
【拓展】assessment n.评定，估定，意见，看法：
After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory.
六个月后，如果评估结果令人满意，就该给他加薪。
What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何？
assignment n.任务，工作，作业：
I have always completed every assignment you have given me.
我总是完成你布置给我的每一项任务。
She’s going to India on a special assignment for her newspaper.
她受委派到印度去执行报社的一项特殊任务。
Can you finish this assignment by tomorrow?到明天你能完成这个工作吗？
This is an assignment that could occupy you for an entire semester.
这是一项可以占用你整个学期的作业。
【拓展】assign分配，指定，指派，布置：
The two large classrooms have been assigned to us.这两间大教室分配给了我们。
They’ve assigned their best man to the job.他们指派了最优秀的人担任这项工作。
Our teachers assign too much homework.我们老师布置的家庭作业太多了。
assist v.帮助，援助：
Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything.技术将起到帮助作用，但并不是万能的。
She assisted him in correcting the proof.她帮助他做改校样的工作。
I assisted my son with his homework.我帮助儿子做作业。
assistance n.帮助，援助：
If Mr. Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
如果杜威先生在场，他会向那里的人们提供任何可能的帮助。
The plan was carried out with the assistance of foreign experts.
该计划是在外国专家的帮助下进行的。
【拓展】come to sb.’s assistance援助/帮助某人，give assistance to给以/提供援助(帮助)：
She felt sure that all her friends would come to her assistance.
她确信她的所有朋友都会帮助她的。
The colleges were founded to give assistance to poor scholars. 
创建学院的目的是给贫困的学者提供帮助。
Why not give technical assistance to Member States and partners; 
为什么不给会员国和合作伙伴提供技术援助昵？
assistant n.助手，助理，助教：Who is going to be his assistant?谁将当他的助手？
Professor Smith, along with his assistants, is working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
史密斯教授和他的助手们日以继夜地为这个项目工作，以赶上最后期限。
adj.助理的，辅助的：She is an assistant teacher in our school.她是我们学校的助理教员。
associate v.①结交，参加，联合：
Don’t associate with dishonest boys.不要和不诚实的孩子结交。
According to the law, all foreigners have to associate with the local police within two weeks of arrival.根据法律规定，所有外国人必须在抵达后两周内与当地警方联系。
②联想：People always associate Hangzhou with the West Lake.提起杭州，人们就联想到西湖。
n.同事，伙伴，合伙人：
A former associate of Mr. Pierce’s was among the project’s supporters.
皮尔斯先生的一个前合伙人是这个计划的支持者之一。
【拓展】adj.副的，联合的，有关联的：
He will continue to work for the firm as a special associate director. 
他将作为特别副经理继续为该公司工作。
association n.①协会，社团：
The Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries was established in May 1954.中国人民对外友好协会成立于1954年5月。
②合伙，交际，交往：I benefited much from my association with him.我和他结交受益匪浅。
③联合，联系，联盟：
We’ll work in association with a number of local companies to raise money for the homeless. 
我们要与本地一些公司联合为无家可归的人筹款。
The power of words lies in their association with the ideas and objects in the objective world.
文字的力量在于他们在客观世界中与思想和事物的联系。
assume v.①假定/如，以为，想当然：
Assuming that we can’t get the necessary equipment，we will have to give up the experiment.
假如我们不能得到需要的设备，我们将不得不放弃这个实验。
He assumed that all men were equal at birth.他认为所有人出生时都是平等的。
He’s not such a fool as you assumed him to be.他并非你所以为的那样愚蠢。
Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.
哪儿的失业率高，哪儿的犯罪率就高，可以认为前者是导致后者的原因。
②担任(职务等)，承担(责任等)，带有(某性质等)，采用(某形式等)，采取：
The motion of matter always assumes certain forms.物质的运动总是表现为一定的形式。
I admit I made a lot of mistakes in the work, and I will assume responsibility for them.
我承认我在工作中犯了许多错误，我会为他们承担责任。
Whoever is in charge of the mining company will assume the responsibility for safety accidents.
负责矿业公司的人将承担安全事故的责任。
If you assume a negative attitude and complain all the time, whoever works with you is going to feel the same way.如果你采取一种消极的态度，总是抱怨，和你一起工作的人也会有同样的感觉。
assumption n.假设，想当然：
We are working in the assumption that everyone invited will turn up.
我们假定每一个应邀者都会到场。
Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the assumption you’ve made.
要试着去弄清事实，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。
assure v.向……保证，担保，使……确信：
Tom assured his boss that he would call forth all his energies in doing this new job.
汤姆向老板保证他会全力以赴做好这份新工作。
I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you that it was unintentional.
如果我冒犯了你，我抱歉，但是我向你保证我不是故意的。
【拓展】assurance保证，担保，确信，自信：
I have full assurance of his honesty.我完全相信他的诚实。
He gave me a definite assurance that the repairs would be finished tomorrow.
他给我确切保证，修理将于明日完工。
They were waiting with assurance for me to discover the truth for myself.
他们自信地等待我自己发现事实真相。
astonish v.使惊讶：
His words astonished everybody.他的话使大家感到惊讶。
I was astonished at /by the loud sound.我被那巨大的声音吓了一跳。
【拓展】①astonishment n.惊讶：
They all stared with astonishment.他们全都惊讶地瞪着眼。
To our astonishment, they arrived on time.使我们惊讶的是，他们准时到了。
They heard him give a loud shout of astonishment.他们听见他惊奇地大叫一声。
②astonishing令人吃惊的，表示事物所具有的特征或性质；astonished感到吃惊的，表示人的心理感受：
Here is an astonishing and significant fact: Mental work alone can’t make us tired.
这里有一个令人吃惊的而重要的事实：仅仅脑力劳动是不能使我们疲劳的。
It is believed that if an event is astonishing, it will surely astonish the readers.
人们认为如果一个事件是令人惊讶的，它一定会使读者吃惊。
We were all astonished at the unexpected news.
听了这个突如其来的消息，我们都十分诧异。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
我们吃惊地发现那座庙仍然还是原来的状况。
astronaut n.宇航员，太空员：My son’s dream is to be an astronaut.我儿子的理想是当宇航员。
astronomy n.天文学：Astronomy is the scientific study of the sun, moon, and stars and other heaven bodies.
天文学是研究太阳、月亮、星星和其他天体的科学。
at prep.①(表示地点、场所、活动等)在：
I saw him sitting at the window.我看见他坐在窗户边。
Everybody, we begin at page 50 today.各位，我们今天从第50页开始。
②(表时间、年龄等)在：
What were you doing at that time?当时你在干什么？
He got married at(the age of)36.他36岁时结的婚。
③(表目标、方向等)对，向，朝：
He looked at her curiously.他好奇地看着她。
Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
④(表从事)做，忙于，正在：
He was at dinner when I came.我来时他正在吃饭。
She never talks at table.她在吃饭时从不说话.
⑤(表原因)因为：
At the news he became excited.一听到这消息，他变得很激动。
She was delighted at the chance.她很高兴有这个机会。
⑥(表价格、数量、速度等)以：
He sells the cloth at a dollar a yard.他以每码1美元的价格卖布。
It flies at(the speed of)0 km a second.它以每秒10公里的速度飞行。
⑦在(某方面)：She is quick at learning languages.她学语言学得很快。
He is a genius at maths.他是学习数学的天才。
athlete n.运动员：an all-round athlete 全能运动员
【拓展】athletic adj.运动的，体育的：
Athletic sports are good to the health.体育运动有益健康。
It is wise to warm up before an athletic event.体育赛事之前做热身运动是明智的。
Atlantic adj.大西洋的：the Atlantic (Ocean)大西洋
atmosphere n.①(连用the)大气(层)：The atmosphere has been damaged by man.人类已破坏了大气。
②(用单数)(某地的)空气：The atmosphere is very stuffy in here. Can we open a window?
这里的空气很闷，我们打开一扇窗户好吗？
③(用单数) (抽象的)气氛/氛围，环境：
Colorful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets.
彩色雨伞为夏日街道增添了一种活泼的气氛。
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their
work.公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工享受他们工作的乐趣。
At Shadow Ridge we try to create a loving, caring family atmosphere for our campers.
在影子岭，我们努力为露营者营造一个充满爱心、关怀的家庭氛围。
atom n.①原子：Everything on the earth is made up of atoms.地球上的一切东西都是由原子构成的。
②微粒，微量：The vase was broken to atoms.花瓶被敲得粉碎。
【拓展】atomic adj.原子的，原子能的，原子武器的，极微的：
The Second World War brought the atomic bomb into being.第二次世界大战使原子弹产生。
Our first atomic reactor was built in 1958.我们第一个原子反应堆建于1958年。
attach v.贴上，系上，拴上，使……附属于：
The tourist attached labels to all his bags.旅游者把他的行李都贴上标签。
One day, when I opened my book, I found a beautiful card attached to the first page, giving me best wishes.一天，当我打开书本的时候，我发现了附在第一页上一张漂亮的卡片，给了我最好的祝福。
I’ll attach my comments to this page.我将把我的评语附在这页上。
The normal school has a primary school attached to it.这所师范学校有一所附属小学。
The hospital is attached to that university.这所医院附属于那所大学。
【拓展】①attach importance to对……重视：
My parents always attach great importance to my getting a good education.
我的父母亲很重视让我得到良好的教育。根据句意说明B正确。
②attachment附件，附属物，依恋，依附：
Mother and child form a close attachment.母子情深。
When you send an e-mail you can also send a sound or graphic file as an attachment. 
在发送电子邮件时，你也可以附上一份声音或图片文件。
She has a great attachment to her sister.她十分依恋她的姐姐.
attack v.①攻击，进攻，攻击，袭击：
Most dogs will not attack people if they are left alone.
大多数狗如果让它单独呆着不会攻击人。
We decided to attack at night.我们决定夜晚进攻。
I was suddenly attacked from behind.我突然被人从后面袭击。
②(疾病等)侵袭，侵害：He has been attacked by/with diseases for ten years.10年来他一直病魔缠身。
n.①进攻，攻击：
Fearing further attacks from the enemy, most of the population in the area chose to abandon their hometown.由于害怕敌人的进一步进攻，该地区的大多数人选择放弃他们的家乡。
We defended him against attack.我们使他免受攻击。
②发病，(病)发作：
Smoking multiplies the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.
吸烟会增加心脏病发作和其他健康问题的风险。
attain v.①获得，实现：He attained his goal(s)at last.他终于实现了目标。
②到达(场所、年龄等)：
Soon we attained the top of a mountain.我们不久就到了山顶。
India attained independence in 1947, after a long struggle.
经过一段漫长的斗争，印度于1947年获得了独立。
【拓展】①attainment达到，成就，造诣，学识：
That will help lead you to the attainment of your goals.那会有助于你达到目标。
The attainment of wealth did not make her happy.获得财富并没有使她幸福。
You may well have to forego wealth and power if you want to assure the attainment of happiness and freedom.如果你想要确保快乐与自由的获得，你可就得放开财富与权力。
Prof. Thomson is one scholar of the highest attainment.
汤姆生教授是一位学识渊博的学者。
②attainable可达到的，可获得的：
Our goal is attainable.我们的目标是可以达到的。
attempt v.试图，尝试，努力：
He came across that floor waving his arms like a young bird attempting its first flight
他穿过那层楼，挥舞着双臂，像一只小鸟在尝试第一次飞行
The prisoner attempted to escape/escaping but failed.犯人企图逃跑，但没成功。
A man is being questioned in relation to the attempted murder last night.
一名男子因昨晚谋杀未遂而受到询问。
n.企图，试图，努力，尝试：
He failed in his attempt to finish/at finishing it in time.他企图要及时完成它，却失败了。
It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics.这是一种处理一系列重要主题的尝试。
You should make an attempt to resolve this problem, otherwise you would regret. 
你应该试着解决一下这个问题，否则你会留有遗憾的。
attend v.①出席，参加：
He didn’t attend the meeting.他没有出席会议。
Children must attend school between 5 and 16.5至16岁的孩子必须上学。
Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening?你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会吗？
②看护，照料，护理，服侍，处理：
You’re going out? But who will attend to the baby?你要出去吗？那谁来照料这婴儿昵。
She attended to the wounded soldiers.她护理着受伤的战士。
—Would you like to join us in the game?
—I’m afraid not, for I have something important to attend to.
“你愿意加入跟我们一起游戏吗？”“恐怕不行，因为我有重要的事情要处理。”
③专心，注意：Attend to your work and stop talking.专心工作，不要说话。
Attend to what your teacher says.注意听老师的话。
【拓展】attendance出席，出席人数，出席率：
There was a large attendance at the Fair.出席这次交易会的人数很多。
The attendance of this class never dropped off.这个班的出席率从未下降。
attention n.①注意，关心：
May I have your attention, please?请各位注意。
When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.
当女士们开始戴上红帽子时，他们吸引了很多注意力。
The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which had been placed under the Minister car.警察的注意力突然被一个放在部长车下面的小盒子吸引住了。
The officer ordered the men to stand at attention. 官要求所有的人员立正。
②照料，护理，治疗：He received attention at the hospital.他在医院接受治疗。
【拓展】①在pay attention to, give attention to, bring attention to等短语中的to是介词，后接动词时用动名词：
While speeding up work on the project, we must pay attention to ensuring its quality. 
在加快工程进度的同时，必须注意质量。
He gives all his attention to making money.他的注意力完全集中在赚钱上。
When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.在比较不同的文化时，我们往往只注意不同的文化，而不注意许多相似之处。
②fix/focus one’s attention on把注意力集中于/到：
With so many things to be worried about, he couldn’t focus his attention on study. 
他有这么多担心的事，无法把注意力集中到学习上来。
③attentive adj.注意的，留神的，关心的：
He was attentive to his duty.他忠于职守。
Please be more attentive to your studies.请更加专心学习。
attitude n.①态度，看法：
Her attitude to/towards me has changed.她对我的看法改变了。
Don’t take that attitude with me.别用这种态度对我。
②姿势：He sat in an easy attitude.他舒适地坐着。
【拓展】不要跟“altitude高度，海拔高度”想混淆。
attract v.吸引，引起，引诱：
He shouted to attract attention.他高声喊叫以引起人们注意。
Babies are attracted to bright colors.婴儿喜欢鲜艳的颜色。
Thousands of foreigners were attracted to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.
成千上万个外国朋友被吸引来参加世博会开幕式。
attraction n.①吸引(力)，魅力：
She felt a strong attraction to him.她感到他(对她)有强烈的吸引力。
Part of the attraction is Darwin’s proximity to Asia.  
达尔文市的魅力一部分在于它靠近亚洲。
②有吸引力的人或物，可引申为“胜地，景点”：
The small Ohio city where it was filmed is a tourist attraction. 
该片拍摄所在地的那座俄亥俄州小城成了旅游景点。
The Great Wall is such a well-known tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.
长城是一个著名的旅游胜地，每年有数百万人涌入。
One of the main attractions of the job is the high salary.这份工作最吸引人的是薪水高。
【拓展】“A have attraction for B”这一结构表示的是A对B有吸引力或诱惑力，即B喜欢A，而不是其相反：Money and women had no attraction for him.他不为金钱和美女所动。
attractive adj.迷人的，有吸引力的：
Her dark eyes are very attractive.她的黑眼睛很迷人。
It seems all the activities you offer are attractive and meaningful.
你提供的所有活动似乎都很有吸引力和意义。
The man is reading a book, whose cover is very attractive.
这位男士正在读一本书，书的封面很吸引人。
【拓展】attractiveness n.吸引力，魅力：
Red skin color contributes greatly to the attractiveness of the fruit.
果皮红色在很大程度上能增进果实的吸引力。
audience n.观众，听众：
Not until the end of the performance did the audience get the chance to take photos with the respectable actor.直到表演结束，观众们才有机会和这位受人尊重的演员合影。
【拓展】用作主语时，谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(视为个体)：
The audience is/are listening attentively.听众都在聚精会神地听着。
aunt n.伯母，舅母，婶，姑，姨：
She has no relations besides an aged aunt.她除了有一个年老的伯母以外，再没有亲戚了。
My elder sister had a baby last month, so I am an aunt now.
我姐姐上个月生了孩子，所以我现在是阿姨了。
authentic adj.①可信的，可靠的，确实的：
They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。
I had obtained the authentic details about the birth of the organization. 
我已经掌握了有关该组织诞生的可靠的详细资料。
②真的，真正的：
She has authentic charm whereas most people simply have nice manners.
她散发出真正的魅力，而大多数人只是举止优雅而已。
author n.作者，作家：
The book was translated without the permission of the author.这本书未经作者许可就给翻译了。
Doris Lessing, an author who has had a fascinating life, lived in Iran until she was five before moving to Zimbabwe.多丽丝·莱辛是一位经历过非凡生活的作家，她在五岁之前都在伊朗居住，然后才移居津巴布韦。
authority n.①权力，权威，职权：
The leader must be a person of authority.领袖必须是有权威的人。
We have the authority to search the building.我们有权搜查这座建筑物。
②(常用复)有权力发号施令的人或团体，当局，官方：
The health authorities are investigating the matter.卫生局正在调查此事。
The authority concerned must have taken stricter measures to ensure traffic safety next year,
hasn’t it?
有关当局一定会在明年实施更严格的交管措施确保交通安全，是吧？
③权威，专家：We see him as an authority on the subject.我们把他看作为这方面的权威。
④权威著作，可靠出处：What’s your authority for your statement?你的说法出处何在?
automatic adj.自动的，机械的：
Every savings bank is installed with an automatic warning device.
每个银行储蓄所里都设有自动报警装置。
The heating system in the hotel has an automatic temperature control.
旅馆里的取暖系统是自动调温的。
Computer power now allows automatic searches of fingerprint files to match a print at a crime scene. 现在，计算机电源允许自动搜索指纹文件，以匹配犯罪现场的指纹。
If there were no automatic washing machines, people would have to wash their clothes by hand or with hand-operated machines.如果没有自动化洗衣机，人们就不得不用手或者用手操作的机器来洗衣服。
Robots can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one after completing one specific task, and this is where automatic machines differ. 机器人可以通过计算机重新编程，在完成一项特定任务后，再执行另一项任务，这就是自动机器的不同之处。
【拓展】automatically adv.自动地：
Machine translation is a technology that automatically translates text from one language to another.机器翻译是一种自动地从一种语言翻译到另一种语言的技术。
If you smoke a cigarette every day, you will automatically become addicted to smoking.
如果你每天吸一支烟，你会自动的吸烟上瘾。
autonomous adj.自治的，有自治权的，自主的：
Each of the U.S. states has an autonomous government.美国的每个州都有一个自治政府。
He comes from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.他来自广西壮族自治区。
This African country has become independent and autonomous. 
这个非洲国家已经独立自主了。
autumn n.秋天，秋季：It’s been one of the coldest autumns for years.这是多年来最冷的一个秋天。
【拓展】表示“秋天”的还有fall。
available adj.①可得到的，可利用的，有效的：
Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。
Sometimes the best is not available to us, and we just settle for the existing situation.
有时我们得不到最好的，我们只能满足于现状。
There are plenty of jobs available in the western part of the country.
这个国家的西部有很多工作机会。
This is the only available room.只剩这个房间可用了。
These tickets are available for one month.这些票有效期一个月。
②有空的：The lawyer is not available now.律师现在没空。
avenue n.①大道，林阴道，大街：
Sean has formed the habit of jogging along the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.
肖恩已经养成了一个每天沿着林荫小道慢跑两个小时的习惯。
②途径，手段：Books are avenues to knowledge.书是通向知识的途径。
Without the Internet, those who are disabled would have fewer avenues to meet people outside.
倘若没有因特网，那些残疾人与外界沟通的途径就会减少。
average n.①平均，平均数：
An average of 10 students are absent each day.平均每天有10个学生缺席。
The amount of snow this year has been below/above average.今年的降雪量低/高于平均水平。
She runs on average about 15 miles a day every day, whatever the circumstances.
不管环境如何，她每天平均跑15英里。
②一般标准，平均标准：
Tom’s work at school is above(the)average, Jim’s is below(the)average and Jack’s is up to(the)average.汤姆的学习成绩属于中上水平，吉姆的学习成绩属中下水平，杰克的学习成绩属中等水平。
adj.①平均的，中等的：
Average temperatures in July range from 15 to 25 degrees.
七月平均气温在15到25度之间。
②平常的，普通的：He is just an average student.他只是个普通的学生。
Jerry is only an average boy, so don’t expect too much from him.
杰瑞只是一个普通的男孩，所以从他那里没有期盼太多。
【拓展】v.平均，均分：He averages two trips a year.他平均每年旅游两次。
avoid v.避免，回避，躲避：
The accident which left 15 people on board dead could have been avoided if both the angry female passenger and the bus driver had kept calm.如果愤怒的女乘客和巴士司机保持冷静，这起导致15人死亡的事故本来是可以避免的。
I think she is avoiding me.我想她是在躲着我。
You’d better avoid mentioning her wife’s disease since he is very sad.
你最好避免提到他妻子的病情，因为他很难过。
To avoid being confused, the team wore different-coloured uniforms.
为了避免混淆，队员们穿着不同颜色的制服。
【拓展】avoidable adj.可以避免的，unavoidable adj.不可避免的：
The tragedy was entirely avoidable. 那场悲剧是完全可以避免的。
Most students study because it’s unavoidable. By contrast, there are students who actually enjoy it.大多数学生学习都是迫不得已(大多数学生学习是因为这是不可避免的)。相比之下，有一些学生是真的喜欢学习。
awake(awoke, awoken)
v.醒来，唤醒，弄醒：
I usually awake early.我通常醒得很早。
The noise awoke me.那声音把我吵醒了。
That leaky faucet somehow awakened me to the fact that I now had to face up with the challenge of getting things fixed.那个漏水的水龙头不知怎么地唤醒了我，让我意识到我现在不得不面对修理东西的挑战。
adj.醒的，清醒的：
—Why do you drink so much coffee?
—Well, as long as it doesn’t keep me awake in the night, I see no harm in it.
句意：“你为什么喝那么多咖啡？”“咳。只要它不让我在夜间醒来，我看不出有什么害处。”
Are you fully awake to the danger you’re in?
你充分意识到你自己所处的危险了吗？
【拓展】①用作动词时，相当于wake up，但本身通常不与副词up连用。
②用作形容词时，只用作表语，不作定语；要表示“完全醒着”，不用very修饰，而用 wide, fully, thoroughly等修饰：
I was wide awake then.我当时完全是醒着的。
award n.奖(品)，奖励：
The film won an Oscar award for 1985.这部电影获1985年奥斯卡金像奖。
John accepted the championship award on behalf of the team.约翰代表球队接受了冠军奖励。
Because of her excellent work she was given many awards.由于她出色的工作，她获得了许多奖项。
v.①颁发，发给，授予：
In recognition of the city’s contributions to improving habitat and urban environment, Xuzhou was awarded the “United Nation Habitat Award” in 2018.为表彰徐州市为改善人居环境和城市环境做出的贡献，徐州市于2018年荣获“联合国人居奖”。
②判给(赔偿)：The court awarded him damages of $5000.法庭判给他5000美元赔偿费。
aware adj.发觉的，意识到的，察觉的，明白的：
They seemed not to be aware of what was happening around.
他们似乎没有意识到周围正在发生的事情。
I don’t think people are really aware of just how much it costs.
我认为人们并不真正明白这要花多少钱。
Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved.应该让人人都知道其中的风险。
As you’re aware, this is not a new problem.正如你所了解的，这不是一个新问题。
【拓展】awareness认识，觉察，意识：
There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
Youth glided past without our awareness.青春在我们不知不觉中逝去。
He had no awareness of his mistakes.他没有意识到自己的错误。
The bus accident in Chongqing has aroused people’s awareness that the bus takes on
bad-tempered passengers.重庆公交事故引起了人们对公交车乘客脾气暴躁的认识。
away adv.①离开，不在：He is away on holiday.他外出度假了。
②(距)……远：
The station is two kilometers away.车站离此两公里远。
My birthday is two months away.我的生日还有两个月。
③……掉，到别处：Don’t throw the box away.别把盒子扔掉。
【拓展】与某些表示运动的动词(如 run, walk, go, rush, ride, drive, move 等)连用，相当于off：
He rushed away(=off).他跑开了。
awful adj.①可怕的，吓人的：It was an awful accident.那是一次可怕的事故。
Many awful facts have shown that it is totally wrong to ignore environmental protection when we develop economy.许多可怕的事实表明，当我们发展经济时忽视环境保护是完全错误的。
②(口语)极差的，糟糕的：That’s an awful book.那是一本很糟糕的书。
adv.(口语)非常，极其：I’m awful glad you came.你来了，我非常高兴。
awkward adj. ①笨拙的，不灵活的，不熟练的：I was always an awkward dancer.我跳舞一向笨手笨脚的。
②使用不便的，不当的，(姿势)别扭的：
Can’t you do something about the handle of this ax? It’s awkward to use.
难道你不能处理一下这把斧头的手柄吗？它用起来不顺手。
I must have slept in an awkward position. I’m aching all over!
我睡觉的时候，一定是睡姿不当，因为我现在浑身疼痛。
③造成尴尬(困难、不便)的，感到尴尬(难为情、不好意思)的：
He came to visit us at an awkward time.他在我们很不方便的时候来了。
When my new colleagues asked me about my child, I felt very awkward as I was still a single woman.当我的同事问我孩子的事情时，我感觉很尴尬，因为我还单身呢。根据句意说明A正确。
【拓展】awkwardness n.尴尬：
She forced a smile to cover up her awkwardness.
她强挤出了一丝微笑来掩饰自己的尴尬。