【高考真题解密】高考英语真题题源——专题02《阅读理解（说明文）》母题解密（全国通用）

专题02 阅读理解( 说明文 )

【母题来源一】2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（甲卷）

【母题题文】

1.   Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.

In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.

The next step according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.

24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?

A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.

C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.

25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?

A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.

C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.

26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?

A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.

C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.

27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners

【母题来源二】2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（乙卷）

【母题题文】

The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.

First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.

Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.

It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.

However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.

Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.

32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?

A. To collect money for schools.      B. To improve the quality of drinks.

C. To protect children's health.        D. To encourage research in education.

33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?

A. They turned to overseas markets.        B. They raised the prices of their products.

C. They cut down on their production.      D. They reduced their products' sugar content.

34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?

A. Most alcoholic drinks.      B. Milk-based drinks.      C. Fruit juices.      D. Classic Coke.

35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?

A. It is a short-sighted decision.      B. It is a success story.

C. It benefits manufacturers.         D. It upsets customers.

【母题来源三】2022年全国高考新高考I卷

【母题题文】

Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.

33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods.

D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.

【课程标准解读】

阅读理解是高考英语试题的重点，是考查学生语篇阅读能力、语言意识、英语语感的重要题型。在全国各省市的高考英语阅读理解题中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。

【命题意图】说明文通常是使用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通常运用举例、对比、分类、引用、演绎、归纳等方法，按照时间、空间或事物发展的逻辑顺序进行介绍和说明。通过对实体事物（如仪器、产品、自然环境）的解说，或对抽象事理（如概念、原理、定律）的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得相关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、操作指南等。

【考试方向】阅读理解主要测试考生理解主旨与要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义、做出判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度等的能力。说明文的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义推断题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题，其中事实细节题和推理判断题居多。下文将介绍考生在解题过程中容易出现的问题和相应的策略。

【得分要点】

（一）增加外刊积累、避免思维定式

高考英语阅读很大一部分选自国外的网站、报纸、杂志等，时效性和话题性比较突出。因此，考生要熟悉外刊的文章特点、常用写作技巧、话题相关的文化背景知识等相关信息，消除文化隔阂、文化差异造成的理解困难和理解偏差。比如，外刊的标题一般简短概括，非常精练。为了使语句短小而生动、醒目，所使用的词语和句子必须压缩到最精练的程度，这就要求必须有独特的撰写方式。除了大家熟知的省略、缩写等方式，还常常引用或套用名言、典故、谚语和文学著作，运用押韵等修辞手法。这一点是很多考生，甚至是教师的认识盲点。尤其是科普类说明文，很多人对它的认识仅仅停留在标题是文章中心的简单概括，而忽视了它可能采用的修辞手法或者引用或套用所涉及的文化背景知识。

（二）关注句间衔接，紧扣段落中心

英语文章中有大量的词汇是作者用来联系句子的，从而使整篇文章前后贯通、语义明确。标志词（signal words）就是表明句子间和段落间的逻辑关系，具有词义、语法结构标志作用的词或词组。句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。如表示列举的词：for example， for instance; 表罗列的词：first， second， third， to begin with， to conclude;表转折的词：however， but， whereas; 表示原因的词：because， since， as;表示结果的词：so， therefore， thus， consequently， as a result;表示对照的词：on the contrary， by contrast， in comparison;表示目的的词：so that， in order that等。标志词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。

（三）把握文章结构，理清作者思路

说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。作者在谋篇布局上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（description）（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法（cause and effect）、问题与对策法（problem and solution）。实验、研究型文章一般会以实验的过程、进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。介绍说明型文章通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。

在阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析原文的文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。如果文章中含有小标题、副标题等，在概括全文主旨大意和写作目的时需要重点考虑。

说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，虽然，说明文抽象度高，解题难度较大，但是，只要考生掌握说明文的文章特点、篇章结构、作者的行文脉络和叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，对其做出准确的语意理解，轻松解题便水到渠成。

1. （2022·吉林长春·模拟预测）New York-based Ecovative has been creating environmentally friendly packaging made from mushrooms and agricultural waste since 2009. Now, the company wants to bring their amazing material into homes and offices with a new line of compostable (可堆肥的) furnishings that are grown using just three materials: mycelium (the vegetative part of mushrooms), hemp (麻类植物), and salt.

While creating hard material from mushrooms might sound magical, the company’s CEO Eben Bayer says it is a relatively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”. The company begins by adding a few mycelium cells to damp hemp or other agricultural waste.

The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until everything is ”glued“ together. The combination is then mixed again and placed into the desired mold (模具) where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strong as wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable material a similar shelf life to wood.

Also, though the table tops of the stylish Tafl and King’s tables released at the recently held Biofabricate 2016 conference in New York City resemble marble, they are far from it. The perfectly carved blocks are made of a material grown by a North Carolina-based company named bioMASON using grains of sands and bacteria.

As you have probably guessed, this waste-free furniture does not come cheap. Customers can expect to pay anywhere from $249 USD for the Tafl to $699 USD for the King’s table, both of which are only available in limited quantities. Those that cannot afford those prices can choose cheaper GIY (grow it yourself) ones made of various products ranging from Christmas tree decorations to lamp shades.

9．Why did Eben compare making hard materials to making bread?

A．Their raw materials are the same. B．Their product appearances are alike.

C．Their production processes are simple. D．Their production costs are relatively low.

10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The method of making mushrooms hard. B．How to make mushroom furniture materials.

C．What are needed to make mushroom furniture. D．The difficulties of making mushroom furniture.

11．What can we learn about Tafl and King’s tables?

A．They are in limited supply. B．They are offered in GIY forms.

C．They consist mainly of marble. D．They are designed by bioMASON.

12．What is the best title for the text?

A．The Invention of New Kinds of Furniture

B．The First Sale of Furniture Made of Mushrooms

C．Scientists Found New Material to Make Furniture

D．Future Furniture May Be Grown from Mushrooms

2.（2022·河南安阳·模拟预测）Instead of a human deliveryman, Beijing resident Xiao Wei received his online order for daily necessities in less than 30 minutes from an unmanned delivery vehicle.

The four-wheeled vehicle named “magic bag” is 1.56 meters high, 2.77 meters long, and 1.19 meters wide. Weighing 500 kg, it can carry about 100 kg of goods at a time and run a distance of 100 km on a single charge with a maximum traveling speed of 20 kph.

After customers place orders on the Meituan app, an intelligent distribution system will assign orders to those autonomous vehicles, which will pick up and deliver goods to pick-up stations at the final destinations. Customers can collect the delivery from the stations without any human contact during the whole process, said Meituan Dianping, China’s major online food delivery platform.

“I can check the real-time route of the driverless vehicle. It is fast, convenient and safe as well,” said Xiao. “This is also the first time that Meituan has used unmanned vehicles to complete delivery orders on open roads.” Meanwhile, according to Meituan, daily sales on its retail grocery service app have increased by 200 to 300 percent in Beijing compared to figures from before the epidemic.

The catering（餐饮）chain brand Xiaoheng Dumplings has cooperated with an unmanned vehicle enterprise to pilot unmanned vehicle delivery services in Beijing. Li Heng, the founder of Xiaoheng Dumplings, believes unmanned delivery is the future of the industry as it is cleaner, safer and more efficient. “An unmanned vehicle can deliver 300 to 400 meals a day, while a deliveryman can only deliver dozens of meals,” Li said. Xiaoheng’s unmanned vehicles have a heat preservation function. A new type of vehicle with a freezing function will be introduced in the future to deliver frozen food.

Meituan and Xiaoheng will continue the unmanned delivery service in the future. More varieties of goods, including food, medicine, and daily necessities, will be added to such delivery services.

13．What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?

A．The origin of driverless delivery vehicles.

B．The introduction of driverless delivery vehicles.

C．The reason for using driverless delivery vehicles.

D．The background of creating driverless delivery vehicles.

14．What are customers required to do to place orders?

A．Contact the food delivery platform.

B．Collect groceries at the pick-up station.

C．Download a Meituan app.

D．Track the real-time route of the vehicle.

15．What is Li Heng’s attitude towards unmanned delivery vehicles?

A．Favorable. B．Suspicious. C．Cautious. D．Indifferent.

16．What can we learn from the text?

A．Driverless vehicles have been in operation in many cities.

B．More types of goods will be delivered by driverless vehicles.

C．Driverless vehicles can hand goods to the customers directly.

D．Meituan is experiencing a huge labor shortage of delivering.

3.2022·福建厦门·模拟预测Our planet is home to many radioactive substances-not just in is geologic innards but also in its hospitals, at its industrial sites and in its food processing plants. In Colorado, for instance, 27 buildings house scary-sounding chemical elements such as cesium 137 and cobalt 60. These materials are not there for risky purposes, though. They play a part in cancer treatment, blood irradiation, medical and food sterilization, structure and equipment testing, geologic exploration, etc.

The radioactive material is not always bad in a black and-white way: it can be a useful tool. The rays given off by cesium and cobalt can kill germs multiplying in your meat and make your apples last longer. Radiographic instruments can detect, say, cracks in a city’s pipes in a similar way to an x-ray picking up a hairline fracture in your knee. A practice called “well logging” uses sealed radioactive sources to map the geology of holes oil seekers drill into the earth. And of course, radiation is key to cancer treatment.

The risk arises because the same radioactive material that is beneficial could also be stolen or misplaced and find its way into trafficking rings or dirty bombs. It might also barn workers if something accidentally goes wrong during a normal nine-to-five day. In 2017 alone, according to a report from the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, there were 171 “incidents of nuclear or other radioactive materials outside of regulatory control” based on open source reports, 104 of which happened in the U.S.

An initiative called RadSecure 100 was launched to remove and better secure energetic material in 100 U.S. cities. “Where is the most high-risk material located around the most people?” says Emily Adams, deputy director of a domestic program in the Office of Radiological Security. “And that’s how we got our 100.”

17．What message does the author seem to convey in paragraph 1?

A．Radioactive substances can warm our planet.

B．Food processing does harm to workers in plants.

C．The radioactive material is basically everywhere.

D．It’s hard to remove scary-sounding elements in buildings.

18．Why does the author mention “well logging” in paragraph 2?

A．To make a summary. B．To raise a question.

C．To provide a contrast. D．To support an idea.

19．What is RadSecure 100 intended for?

A．Making use of energetic substances. B．Ensuring safety of the radioactive material.

C．Warning people of the most high-risk material D．Protecting the Office of Radiological Security.

20．What is the writer’s attitude towards the radioactive material?

A．Pessimistic. B．Objective. C．Disapproval. D．Carefree.

4.（2022·吉林·东北师大附中模拟预测）What makes a sports event a winner? Exciting action? Tick. Athletes competing to win honour and glory for their club or motherland? Tick. History and tradition? Tick. Delicious snacks? Tick. Most people think global events such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup are the most exciting, but there is some serious competition. Here’s a look at some of the hottest tickets in sports.

The World Series

The World Series is the final championship of the American baseball leagues. The seven-game series is played in October or November and attracts a great number of fans. Baseball is one of America’s favourite sports and has many traditions, such as the "seventh-inning stretch (七局伸展操)". The song "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is played so that everyone can get up after sitting for a long time. The break is also a good time for a snack. Hot peanuts are a hit with hungry baseball fans, but the hot dog is the real winner!

Indian Premier League

Cricket is from England but has become as Indian as saris and curry. The Indian Premier League has the largest audience of all cricket leagues in the world and is the sixth most-watched sports league in the world. Cricket is a unique sport and may seem a little confusing at first, but once you start learning the rules, you’ll love it. The most popular cricket snacks are finger foods like biscuits and cucumber sandwiches.

Wimbledon

Wimbledon is a treat for all tennis fans. The tournament started in 1877 and many of the rules are the same today. For example, the players may only wear white clothes. The event, however, is quite colourful since fans often dress up for the games and wear amazing hats. And when it comes to snacks, it’s "game, set, and match" at Wimbledon. Where else can you enjoy champagne and strawberries as you cheer for the champion?

8. According to the text, which of the following is NOT an attraction of the sports events?

A. History and tradition. B. Competing athletes. C. Prize money. D. Exciting action.

9. What is the most popular snacks for fans of the World Series?

A. Hot peanuts. B. Hot dogs. 

C. Strawberries. D. Cucumber sandwiches.

10. Which event has a strict clothing requirement for players?

A. Wimbledon     B. The World Series 

C. Indian Premier League   D. None of the above

5.（2022·天津·一模）While it may be commonplace, snubbing one’s friends can have serious impacts on relationships, and there are a variety of factors that may drive individuals to ignore their friends in favor of an electronic screen, according to a new University of Georgia study.

The study reveals positive associations between depression and social anxiety and increasing snubbing: depressed people are likely to snub their friends more frequently, and socially anxious people, who prefer online social interactions, might also exhibit more snubbing behavior. These people are really sensitive to their messages. With each buzz or sound, they consciously or unconsciously look at their phones. The device’s various applications are key drivers contributing to this dynamic.

The finding also shows that agreeable individuals have a lower instance of snubbing in the presence of their friends. People who have agreeableness as a personality feature tend to show cooperative, polite and friendly behaviors in their interpersonal relationships and social settings. Though agreeable people may prioritize strong friendships, an exploratory study reveals they are also more likely to turn to phones in the presence of three or more people.

That dynamic may influence the spread of snubbing in the context of a work environment. “It’s ironic that while so many people believe that snubbing behavior is rude, they still do it,” Sun said. “A majority of people snub others, and in a group, it may seem OK, because it’s just me, the speaker doesn’t notice I’m using the phone. The number of people in a group can be one reason.”

Alternately, disabling or turning over a phone can indicate a show of respect for a situation and focus on a person. That, too, is a signal—I am listening to what you are saying and I am focusing on you.

11. What does the underlined word “snubbing” in paragraph 1 mean?

A. ignoring B. depressing C. respecting D. suspecting

12. What can cause snubbing behavior?

A. Social requirements. B. Unhealthy mental condition.

C. Frequent social interactions. D. Limited communication devices.

13. What can be inferred about the agreeable people?

A. They are insensitive to phone messages.

B. They are more likely to snub their friends.

C. They attach importance to firm friendships.

D. They get accustomed to groups with more people.

14. Why do some people continue snubbing behavior even if they know it’s rude?

A. The majority are using phones.

B. They don’t like the environment.

C. The speaker doesn’t care about it.

D. They think they will go unnoticed.

15. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. How snubbing behaviors can be avoided

B. Why people snub their friends with their phones

C. Why people are addicted to phone messages

D. How phones influence people’s social interactions

6.（2022·福建·二模）By examining tiny vessels (血管) inside a person’s eyes, doctors might one day be able to predict that person’s risk of early death, according to a new study.

Past research had shown the retina (视网膜), light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye, as a possible indicator of a person’s bjological age. The retina offers a unique, accessible “window” to evaluate underlying pathological (病理的) processes of some serious diseases that are associated with increased risks of death. In the new study, the researchers turned to a deep-learning technique that could predict a person’s risk of death by analyzing the biological age of the retina.

Their deep-learning model, a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence that’s modeled to learn similar to a human brain, analyzed more than 80.000 images of fundus (眼底) - the internal back surface of the eye that includes the retina. They obtained the images from nearly 47.000 people between the ages of 40 and 69, stored in the UK. Biobank. TO figure out whether their model was accurate, they first analyzed more than 19,000 fundus images taken from more than 1,100 participants who were in relatively good health. The idea was that the retinal biological ages of these people should be fairly similar to their chronological age (实际年龄) .

The model was fairly accurate in predicting retinal ages, with an accuracy of within 3.5 years to chronological ages. They then used the model to assess the remaining nearly 36,000 participants’ fundus photos collected across a span of 11 years. They found that 51 percent of the participants had a “retinal age gap” - the difference between biological and chronological age - of more than 3 years, 28 percent had a gap of more than 5 years and 4.5 percent had a gap of more than 10 years. In other words, these participants had “older” eyes compared to their chronological age.

Those who had larger age gaps had a 49-67 percent higher risk of death from causes other than cardiovascular disease or cancer. With every one year increase in the age gap, the risk of death increased by 2 percent for any cause and 3 percent for causes other than cardiovascular disease and cancer.

16. What can we know about the retina?

A. It causes serious diseases.

B. It indicates the risk of death.

C. It speeds pathological processes.

D. It improves people’s physical health.

17. How do researchers know the retinal age?

A. By examining the nerve tissue.

B. By studying the human brain,

C. By checking the eyesight.

D. By analyzing fundus images.

18. What percentage of the participants had the largest retinal age gap?

A. 3.5%. B. 4.5%. C. 28%. D. 51%

19. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A. A new study is conducted on tiny vessels

B. Image technology is used to predict diseases

C. Eyes may reveal a person’s biological age

D. A deep-leaning on the retina is necessary