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北京市西城区2022-2023学年高三英语上学期1月期末考试试卷（Word版附答案）
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这是一份北京市西城区2022-2023学年高三英语上学期1月期末考试试卷（Word版附答案），共13页。试卷主要包含了 5 分，共 15 分）， Knwing hw a等内容，欢迎下载使用。
北京市西城区 2022-2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷
高三英语
本试卷共 12 页，共 100 分。考试时长 90 分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30 分）
第一节（共 10 小题；每小题 1. 5 分，共 15 分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选
出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. So when she was asked to feed carrots to the reddish-brown horse named Charlie on a summer Saturday,
she approached 1 , unsure of herself at times, turning around to a group of
children waiting for their turn to feed him.
Olivia eventually made it to the horse’s mouth and Charlie licked (舔) her hands
as she 2 him his favorite treat. Olivia was amused.
“That’s what I call a(an) 3 ,” said Sabrina, a social worker who has teamed
up with the community organization Alkebu-lan Village to help children overcome
their problems and keep them on paths to 4 .
“I’m excited,” Olivia said smiling. “I love petting him.”
The program “Stop Horsing Around” at Alkebu-lan Village was launched this summer with over a dozen kids signing up. They were taught how to approach, feed,
brush, and mount the horses 5 eventually they got a chance to ride them.
By 6 the program’s horses with Sabrina’s help and forming 7 with
them, children become more self-aware and then begin to recognize and face negative feelings and behaviors, which can help them communicate with others and lead to
significant positive changes to their 8 skills, self-worth and behavior issues.
Sabrina first taught the children that Charlie needed to become 9 with them
by smelling their hands. Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.
Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But
ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. Their 10
consistently turned into smiles, laughter and excitement.
1. A. happily B. calmly C. slowly D. directly
2. A. fed B. left C. made D. threw
3. A. award B. exchange C. negotiation D. breakthrough
4. A. fame B. success C. responsibility D. freedom
5. A. before B. after C. as D. though
6. A. taking over B. walking with C. caring for D. responding to
7. A. routines B. bonds C. judgements D. ideas
8. A. technical B. survival C. organizational D. social
9. A. popular B. familiar C. satisfied D. patient
10. A. resistance B. disappointment C. misunderstanding D. hesitation
第二节（共 10 小题；每小题 1. 5 分，共 15 分）
阅读下列短文，全科免费下载公众号《高中僧课堂》根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
A
Gratitude is more than just saying “thank you”. Gratitude is a deeper appreciation
for someone or something. Expressing gratitude makes us feel a positive emotion.
Over the past thirty years, there 11 (be) many studies showing that writing a
gratitude letter to another person offers us an opportunity 12 (escape) from
negative emotions. Even if we don’t share our writing with anyone, the act of
completing the exercise alone makes us happier and 13 (satisfied) with life. The
more we express gratitude, the more positive we feel.
B
When I was in Singapore six years ago, I gave a taxi driver a card 14 a
specific address on it and asked him to take me there as quickly as possible. When we had almost reached the destination, he circled around the block. His meter read $11, but he took only $10. He explained that he wasn’t so familiar with this area. Before
getting out of the taxi, I 15 (tell) that the ride with the taxi driver is always an
important experience 16 creates the first impression about this country for a
person.
C
When were you born? For most people, this is an easy question. Even those who don’t know their exact birthday can usually figure out when they were born to within
a few years. Yet the Internet is full of quizzes 17 (make) to help you determine
in which decade you were born. These are usually based on what 18 (happen) in
American pop culture at the time you first became aware of it. It sounds foolish. But
many people, though 19 (complain) about the stupid quizzes, still take them,
wondering 20 their answers generate their correct birth year.
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38 分）
第一节（共 14 小题；每小题 2 分，共 28 分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，
并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
北京市西城区 2022—2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷 高三英语 第 3 页（共 12 页）
21. The collections of the Southwest Museum focus on _______.
A. lifestyles of American residents
B. native cultures of the Americas
C. diversity of American festivals
D. development of American arts
22. What can a visitor do at the Southwest Museum?
A. Interview noted artists.
B. Try painting earthenware.
C. Appreciate traveling exhibitions.
D. Survey modern American folk art.
23. Which benefit can a museum member enjoy?
A. Free classes and programs.
B. A 10% discount on kachina dolls.
C. The priority to reserve guided tours.
D. The right to invite friends to exhibition openings.
B
A few days ago, my husband, Russ, and I lost our house of 28 years to a California wild fire.
On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford.
The next morning, we had to drive three and a half hours to find a hotel that had an available room. Only later, in the local newspaper, did we see photographs of the destruction. Our house had been consumed by the fire along with most of our neighborhood.
How are we going to rebuild after this? I thought, rounding a corner in the
sidewalk on my walk back to the hotel. Is it even possible?
I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels. They were just nickels, but they somehow felt special. I bent down and picked them up. If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.
nickel
A few days later, I made a trip to the store to buy essentials. The enormous task
of replacing everything we’d lost put a heavy weight on me. I was about to leave when I felt the urge to stop and turn my head to the right. I could hardly believe it—there on
a shelf, was a nickel! Okay, maybe this is more than luck, I thought and put the nickel in my pocket.
I told myself that I had found the nickels just by chance. Then I found one next
to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever. It seemed that a nickel appeared whenever my spirits plummeted.
Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel. In the grass at the
park, or near the tire of my car in a parking lot. Once, my change for a quick lunch was given entirely in nickels. “I’m sorry,” the cashier said. “It’s all we have.”
It’s all I needed!
One day, I was sitting at the desk when my phone rang. It was a real-estate agent I’d been working with.
“I have a new listing,” she said.
“When can we see it?”
A few hours later, Russ and I were following the agent down the driveway toward the house.
I didn’t think long. Because there, in the driveway, …
24. After the wild fire, the couple ________.
A. lived in their car for one night
B. took some photos of the destruction
C. could hardly afford their Thanksgiving dinner
D. saved precious items from the burned down house
25. What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A. Remained. B. Changed. C. Strengthened. D. Sank.
26. What did the found nickels mean to the author?
A. Luck for the foreseeable future.
B. Hope during challenging times.
C. Signs of a huge fortune to come.
D. Reminders of what had happened.
27. Which would be the best ending for the passage?
A. I spotted a flash of silver in the sun, two nickels, both heads up.
B. I found an old nickel, which seemed to tell a story from the past.
C. I saw a mysterious locked box, and thought perhaps it was full of nickels.
D. I looked up and imagined something on a cloud, a giant nickel, just for me.
C
Of the more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, just a small number specialize in sucking human blood. How mosquitoes track us down so effectively isn’t currently known, but it matters, since they carry dangerous diseases which may cause death.
“In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a
million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans.
Mosquitoes mostly choose what to bite based on odor (气味). Knowing how a
potentially disease-carrying mosquito finds a person, while ignoring other warm- blooded animals, is a key question. But it’s not easy to answer, since any animal smell is made up of hundreds of chemicals mixed together in specific percentage. “The actual chemicals that are found in human odor are basically the same as the chemicals found in animal odor—it’s the percentages and the relative large amount of those substances in human mixtures that’s unique,” said Gauff.
To investigate, researchers decided to record neural activity in the brain of
mosquitoes while exposing them to natural human and animal odor samples. They collected odor samples from about 40 different animals. When they compared some of those with the 16 human samples, something jumped out. Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. Common in the natural world, in humans, decanal comes from another, more complex substance. When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us.
Understanding what the mosquitoes are targeting is only part of the story;
knowing how they do it is also important. To see exactly how mosquitoes use this sense, scientists used genetically modified (转基因的) mosquitoes so that they could cut
open mosquitoes’ heads and watch neurons firing when they’re exposed to human and
animal odors. The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they
thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said.
How to keep mosquitoes’ decanal signal from being transmitted will be the
research team’s next focus. Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease.
28. What’s the final purpose of the research conducted by Gauff’s team?
A. To study why only certain mosquitoes suck human blood.
B. To investigate the neural activity in mosquitoes’ brains.
C. To help prevent deadly diseases caused by mosquitoes.
D. To test the effectiveness of mosquito killers.
29. To which substance(s) would mosquitoes mostly be attracted?
A. Natural oil from human skin.
B. Chemicals in the environment.
C. Decanal generated in human blood.
D. Remains of decomposed sapienic acid.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Most mosquito neurons are not involved in responding to human odor.
B. Genetically modified mosquitoes are not sensitive to human odor.
C. Further research will focus on odor signal and neural connection.
D. Chemicals found in human and animal odors are quite different.
D
The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.
Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and
remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80
percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information.
In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by
phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.
Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters
and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的)
security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union
of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication ( 身 份 验 证 ), the vast majority of consumer services will offer
passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely,
biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo.
But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike
passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.
The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the
password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.”
31. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data.
B. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails.
C. How passwords have caused us trouble.
D. Why passwords are difficult to secure.
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Facial recognition login is the key to fighting hackers.
B. Biometric authentication has its own set of problems.
C. TAK Cyber’s login system guarantees the safety of data.
D. Spoofing brings more problems than automated programs.
33. What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future?
A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Pessimistic. D. Objective.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Biometric authentication: password security solution!
B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future
C. The argument to end passwords has begun
D. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?
第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在
答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect
Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have
strong friendships. 35
Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine
whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative. 36 Moreover,
research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood.
Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood.
In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by
researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across
the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood. 37 For
example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.
38 Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence,
suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.
But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined
whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood. 39 Thus,
the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later.
A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically.
B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect?
C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood?
D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping
teens build positive relationships.
E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult.
F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant
associations with any of the later life outcomes.
G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships.
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32 分）
第一节（共 4 小题；第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分, 共 12 分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The other day I was having coffee and catching up with Brian, a friend I hadn’t seen in over a year, when he asked me this question: “Do you regret leaving Google?” “Of course, I don’t regret it,” I answered. But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
Truth is, not every decision we make will be the right choice for us. I learned later
that quitting my one and only source of income to start an e-commerce business from nothing was a recipe for financial disaster. No, that decision was not the right one at the time. Perhaps I should’ve followed the advice I give today: Build your business while working a full-time job so that you can work from a place of stability. But then again, I wouldn’t have learned such a valuable lesson had I not acted upon what was truly important to me at the time—the freedom of pursuing my own dream, on my own terms.
We regret what’s in the past and can’t be changed. We compare the choices we
made yesterday to an ideal path that we think we should have taken—we simply imagine it to be a better path. What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
There’s a much better way to look at regret—a more mindful way—and it can be
seen at a place where action, reflection, and gratitude meet.
So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful.
40. What did Brian’s question make the writer realize?
41. List the two words the author uses to describe the viewpoint people should take when facing regret.
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Ø When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that
past choices can’t be changed.
43. What has been your biggest regret during your high school life? What have you learned from this? (In about 40 words)
第二节（20 分）
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在为高三毕业典礼征集活动方案。你
有意参加，并对活动设计形成了一些想法。请你给英国好友 Jim 写一封邮件询问他
的建议。内容包括：
1. 介绍设计想法；
2. 说明设计理由。
注意：1. 词数 100 左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,
Li Hua
（请务必将作文写在答题卡指定区域内）
北京市西城区 2022-2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷
高三英语
本试卷共 12 页，共 100 分。考试时长 90 分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30 分）
第一节（共 10 小题；每小题 1. 5 分，共 15 分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选
出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. So when she was asked to feed carrots to the reddish-brown horse named Charlie on a summer Saturday,
she approached 1 , unsure of herself at times, turning around to a group of
children waiting for their turn to feed him.
Olivia eventually made it to the horse’s mouth and Charlie licked (舔) her hands
as she 2 him his favorite treat. Olivia was amused.
“That’s what I call a(an) 3 ,” said Sabrina, a social worker who has teamed
up with the community organization Alkebu-lan Village to help children overcome
their problems and keep them on paths to 4 .
“I’m excited,” Olivia said smiling. “I love petting him.”
The program “Stop Horsing Around” at Alkebu-lan Village was launched this summer with over a dozen kids signing up. They were taught how to approach, feed,
brush, and mount the horses 5 eventually they got a chance to ride them.
By 6 the program’s horses with Sabrina’s help and forming 7 with
them, children become more self-aware and then begin to recognize and face negative feelings and behaviors, which can help them communicate with others and lead to
significant positive changes to their 8 skills, self-worth and behavior issues.
Sabrina first taught the children that Charlie needed to become 9 with them
by smelling their hands. Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.
Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But
ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. Their 10
consistently turned into smiles, laughter and excitement.
1. A. happily B. calmly C. slowly D. directly
2. A. fed B. left C. made D. threw
3. A. award B. exchange C. negotiation D. breakthrough
4. A. fame B. success C. responsibility D. freedom
5. A. before B. after C. as D. though
6. A. taking over B. walking with C. caring for D. responding to
7. A. routines B. bonds C. judgements D. ideas
8. A. technical B. survival C. organizational D. social
9. A. popular B. familiar C. satisfied D. patient
10. A. resistance B. disappointment C. misunderstanding D. hesitation
第二节（共 10 小题；每小题 1. 5 分，共 15 分）
阅读下列短文，全科免费下载公众号《高中僧课堂》根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
A
Gratitude is more than just saying “thank you”. Gratitude is a deeper appreciation
for someone or something. Expressing gratitude makes us feel a positive emotion.
Over the past thirty years, there 11 (be) many studies showing that writing a
gratitude letter to another person offers us an opportunity 12 (escape) from
negative emotions. Even if we don’t share our writing with anyone, the act of
completing the exercise alone makes us happier and 13 (satisfied) with life. The
more we express gratitude, the more positive we feel.
B
When I was in Singapore six years ago, I gave a taxi driver a card 14 a
specific address on it and asked him to take me there as quickly as possible. When we had almost reached the destination, he circled around the block. His meter read $11, but he took only $10. He explained that he wasn’t so familiar with this area. Before
getting out of the taxi, I 15 (tell) that the ride with the taxi driver is always an
important experience 16 creates the first impression about this country for a
person.
C
When were you born? For most people, this is an easy question. Even those who don’t know their exact birthday can usually figure out when they were born to within
a few years. Yet the Internet is full of quizzes 17 (make) to help you determine
in which decade you were born. These are usually based on what 18 (happen) in
American pop culture at the time you first became aware of it. It sounds foolish. But
many people, though 19 (complain) about the stupid quizzes, still take them,
wondering 20 their answers generate their correct birth year.
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38 分）
第一节（共 14 小题；每小题 2 分，共 28 分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，
并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
北京市西城区 2022—2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷 高三英语 第 3 页（共 12 页）
21. The collections of the Southwest Museum focus on _______.
A. lifestyles of American residents
B. native cultures of the Americas
C. diversity of American festivals
D. development of American arts
22. What can a visitor do at the Southwest Museum?
A. Interview noted artists.
B. Try painting earthenware.
C. Appreciate traveling exhibitions.
D. Survey modern American folk art.
23. Which benefit can a museum member enjoy?
A. Free classes and programs.
B. A 10% discount on kachina dolls.
C. The priority to reserve guided tours.
D. The right to invite friends to exhibition openings.
B
A few days ago, my husband, Russ, and I lost our house of 28 years to a California wild fire.
On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford.
The next morning, we had to drive three and a half hours to find a hotel that had an available room. Only later, in the local newspaper, did we see photographs of the destruction. Our house had been consumed by the fire along with most of our neighborhood.
How are we going to rebuild after this? I thought, rounding a corner in the
sidewalk on my walk back to the hotel. Is it even possible?
I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels. They were just nickels, but they somehow felt special. I bent down and picked them up. If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.
nickel
A few days later, I made a trip to the store to buy essentials. The enormous task
of replacing everything we’d lost put a heavy weight on me. I was about to leave when I felt the urge to stop and turn my head to the right. I could hardly believe it—there on
a shelf, was a nickel! Okay, maybe this is more than luck, I thought and put the nickel in my pocket.
I told myself that I had found the nickels just by chance. Then I found one next
to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever. It seemed that a nickel appeared whenever my spirits plummeted.
Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel. In the grass at the
park, or near the tire of my car in a parking lot. Once, my change for a quick lunch was given entirely in nickels. “I’m sorry,” the cashier said. “It’s all we have.”
It’s all I needed!
One day, I was sitting at the desk when my phone rang. It was a real-estate agent I’d been working with.
“I have a new listing,” she said.
“When can we see it?”
A few hours later, Russ and I were following the agent down the driveway toward the house.
I didn’t think long. Because there, in the driveway, …
24. After the wild fire, the couple ________.
A. lived in their car for one night
B. took some photos of the destruction
C. could hardly afford their Thanksgiving dinner
D. saved precious items from the burned down house
25. What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A. Remained. B. Changed. C. Strengthened. D. Sank.
26. What did the found nickels mean to the author?
A. Luck for the foreseeable future.
B. Hope during challenging times.
C. Signs of a huge fortune to come.
D. Reminders of what had happened.
27. Which would be the best ending for the passage?
A. I spotted a flash of silver in the sun, two nickels, both heads up.
B. I found an old nickel, which seemed to tell a story from the past.
C. I saw a mysterious locked box, and thought perhaps it was full of nickels.
D. I looked up and imagined something on a cloud, a giant nickel, just for me.
C
Of the more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, just a small number specialize in sucking human blood. How mosquitoes track us down so effectively isn’t currently known, but it matters, since they carry dangerous diseases which may cause death.
“In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a
million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans.
Mosquitoes mostly choose what to bite based on odor (气味). Knowing how a
potentially disease-carrying mosquito finds a person, while ignoring other warm- blooded animals, is a key question. But it’s not easy to answer, since any animal smell is made up of hundreds of chemicals mixed together in specific percentage. “The actual chemicals that are found in human odor are basically the same as the chemicals found in animal odor—it’s the percentages and the relative large amount of those substances in human mixtures that’s unique,” said Gauff.
To investigate, researchers decided to record neural activity in the brain of
mosquitoes while exposing them to natural human and animal odor samples. They collected odor samples from about 40 different animals. When they compared some of those with the 16 human samples, something jumped out. Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. Common in the natural world, in humans, decanal comes from another, more complex substance. When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us.
Understanding what the mosquitoes are targeting is only part of the story;
knowing how they do it is also important. To see exactly how mosquitoes use this sense, scientists used genetically modified (转基因的) mosquitoes so that they could cut
open mosquitoes’ heads and watch neurons firing when they’re exposed to human and
animal odors. The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they
thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said.
How to keep mosquitoes’ decanal signal from being transmitted will be the
research team’s next focus. Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease.
28. What’s the final purpose of the research conducted by Gauff’s team?
A. To study why only certain mosquitoes suck human blood.
B. To investigate the neural activity in mosquitoes’ brains.
C. To help prevent deadly diseases caused by mosquitoes.
D. To test the effectiveness of mosquito killers.
29. To which substance(s) would mosquitoes mostly be attracted?
A. Natural oil from human skin.
B. Chemicals in the environment.
C. Decanal generated in human blood.
D. Remains of decomposed sapienic acid.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Most mosquito neurons are not involved in responding to human odor.
B. Genetically modified mosquitoes are not sensitive to human odor.
C. Further research will focus on odor signal and neural connection.
D. Chemicals found in human and animal odors are quite different.
D
The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.
Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and
remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80
percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information.
In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by
phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.
Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters
and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的)
security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union
of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication ( 身 份 验 证 ), the vast majority of consumer services will offer
passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely,
biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo.
But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike
passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.
The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the
password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.”
31. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data.
B. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails.
C. How passwords have caused us trouble.
D. Why passwords are difficult to secure.
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Facial recognition login is the key to fighting hackers.
B. Biometric authentication has its own set of problems.
C. TAK Cyber’s login system guarantees the safety of data.
D. Spoofing brings more problems than automated programs.
33. What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future?
A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Pessimistic. D. Objective.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Biometric authentication: password security solution!
B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future
C. The argument to end passwords has begun
D. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?
第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项, 并在
答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect
Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have
strong friendships. 35
Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine
whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative. 36 Moreover,
research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood.
Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood.
In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by
researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across
the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood. 37 For
example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.
38 Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence,
suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.
But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined
whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood. 39 Thus,
the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later.
A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically.
B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect?
C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood?
D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping
teens build positive relationships.
E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult.
F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant
associations with any of the later life outcomes.
G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships.
第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32 分）
第一节（共 4 小题；第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分, 共 12 分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The other day I was having coffee and catching up with Brian, a friend I hadn’t seen in over a year, when he asked me this question: “Do you regret leaving Google?” “Of course, I don’t regret it,” I answered. But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
Truth is, not every decision we make will be the right choice for us. I learned later
that quitting my one and only source of income to start an e-commerce business from nothing was a recipe for financial disaster. No, that decision was not the right one at the time. Perhaps I should’ve followed the advice I give today: Build your business while working a full-time job so that you can work from a place of stability. But then again, I wouldn’t have learned such a valuable lesson had I not acted upon what was truly important to me at the time—the freedom of pursuing my own dream, on my own terms.
We regret what’s in the past and can’t be changed. We compare the choices we
made yesterday to an ideal path that we think we should have taken—we simply imagine it to be a better path. What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
There’s a much better way to look at regret—a more mindful way—and it can be
seen at a place where action, reflection, and gratitude meet.
So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful.
40. What did Brian’s question make the writer realize?
41. List the two words the author uses to describe the viewpoint people should take when facing regret.
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
Ø When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that
past choices can’t be changed.
43. What has been your biggest regret during your high school life? What have you learned from this? (In about 40 words)
第二节（20 分）
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在为高三毕业典礼征集活动方案。你
有意参加，并对活动设计形成了一些想法。请你给英国好友 Jim 写一封邮件询问他
的建议。内容包括：
1. 介绍设计想法；
2. 说明设计理由。
注意：1. 词数 100 左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,
Li Hua
（请务必将作文写在答题卡指定区域内）
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