英语（一）-2023年高考考前20天终极冲刺攻略（新高考专用）

这是一份英语（一）-2023年高考考前20天终极冲刺攻略（新高考专用），共118页。


景 [目 录 contents

听力篇…………………………………………………………01

阅读理解篇之细节理解题……………………………………37

阅读理解篇之推理判题………………………………………63

阅读理解篇之词义猜测题……………………………………84

阅读理解篇之观点态度题……………………………………98

阅读理解篇之主旨大意题……………………………………109
2022年高考英语试卷试题设置

全国甲、乙卷
新高考I卷
（山东、江苏、湖南等）
浙江卷
类型
题数
分值
题数
分值
题数
分值
听力
20
30
20
30
20
30
阅读理解
15
30
15
37.5
10
25
七选五
5
10
5
12.5
5
10
完形填空
20
30
15
15
20
30
语法填空
10
15
10
15
10
15
短文改错
10
10
/
/
/
/
应用文写作
1
25
1
15
1
15
读后续写
/
/
1
25
1
25
新高考I卷适用地区：【广东、山东、湖北、江苏、河北、湖南、福建】








5月14日 今日心情：
听力篇

《考试大纲》听力测试部分要求考生能听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应具备：
1. 了解事实与细节(如时间、地点、数据等)的能力；
2. 揭示对话或独白的主要意义的能力；
3. 明确说话人的语气与意图的能力；
4. 辨认人物的角色和关系的能力；
5. 分析人物的态度和感受的能力；
6. 简单地进行逻辑推理与判断的能力。
☞【解题思路】
高考英语听力测试的题型特点、题材特点、考查点及应试技巧
一、 试题的题型特点
近年来，高考英语一直将听力测试放在重要位置，分值为30分，测试内容的广度和难度有所增加。听力测试共分两节：
第一节是听五段简短对话，每段对话后仅有一个选择题，每段对话仅读一遍。主要考查考生对语音、数字（时间、日期、号码、价格等）、字母、句子结构及句意等的快速反应能力和理解能力。
第二节包括5段对话或独白，共15小题，每段材料播放两遍。主要考查考生对较长对话或短文的整体理解和把握能力，及对细节的归纳综合能力和判断推理能力等。

听力测试要点包括：
1） 理解主旨和大意。
2） 获取事实性的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。
3） 简单推断谈话背景、人物关系等。
4）理解说话人的意图、观点或态度。一般来讲，说话人总会有说话的意图，或提出或回答问题，阐述自己的观点，表明自己的态度。有时，说话者的意图或观点被明确说出，有时则隐含在语篇的字里行间，需要我们去揣摩、推测。

二、试题的题材特点
2022年高考英语全国卷甲卷和乙卷共用同一篇听力。听力部分要求考生听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉的话题，如：下车散步、熬夜赶项目、找谈话的地方、邻居的狗、询问桌位、出去吃晚餐、公司何时搬家、爱上艺术的经历、在火车上偶遇、成为运动员的经历。与往常相同，听力部分中有10段听力材料，其中的5段较短，另5段则较长。话题覆盖面广，对话内容逻辑清楚，话语流畅。所考查的听力微技能包括：理解主旨与要义、获取事实性具体信息、对所听内容作出简单推断、理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。问题涉及多个方面和多个角度，采用why，what-，where-，how-，which.-，whose-等疑问词引出的问句进行提问。2022年6月全国高考甲＆乙卷听力部分的20个小题中，获取事实性的具体信息的题13个，对所听内容作出简单推断的题4个，理解主旨与要义的题1个，理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的题2个，较好地体现了《普通高中英语课程标准》对考生的要求。
近三年听力语篇考查主题对比
语篇
2020年
2021年
2022年
1
问路
问路
下车散步
2
修理电视机
买衣服
熬夜赶项目
3
裁剪衣服
值班
找谈话的地方
4
航班延误
询问旅游信息
邻居的狗
5
请教老师
看病
邻居的狗
6
周末生活
谈论网球
出去吃晚餐
7
取消预订
节食建议
公司何时搬家
8
买摄像机
安慰赴赛焦虑的朋友
爱上艺术的经历
9
（访谈）成为著名插画家的经历
（访谈）老年人的社会角色
在火车上偶遇
10
(演讲)寒暄，闲谈
母女关系
成为运动员的经历

听力材料一般来源于实际生活，涉及到现实生活的方方面面，如日常生活、文化教育、传说、时事、人物、科普等。对话一般围绕一个日常生活的话题展开。如：购物、买票、道别、感谢、打电话、约会、偏爱、祝愿和祝贺、提供帮助、请求、问路、看病、求救等。

三、高考听力考查的知识点和具体应试技巧
一）、常见的热点考查内容如下：
（1）语境判断：对话者身份、所处地点、情绪、天气状况等。
（2）数字推算：电话号码、出生日期、金钱数字、路程距离、时间长短等。
（3）行为预测：对话者谈话的主题，以及将要去干什么。
（4）细节推断：事情发生的时间、地点、原因、经过、结果等。
（5）对话涉及话题：计划打算、工作学习、购物、旅游、看病、生日、体育、求助等

二）、听力试题的题目类型：
1. 观点态度题：
⑴若选项中出现disagree / agree with, share…opinion, like, dislike等词，可初步判断该题是问第二个人是否同意第一个人的观点，这时要重点听第二个人说的话，尤其是言外之意。
⑵注意说话者的语气和语调，领会言外之意。
⑶掌握虚拟语气的用法，说话人会用虚拟语气来表达自己的观点和态度。
⑷注意说话人使用转折词but，but后的信息往往是考点。
⑸若选项中有两项观点鲜明却截然相反，非此即彼，那么答案很可能就在其中。
⑹熟悉口语中表示赞同或反对的惯用句式，如：
You can say that again.（你说的没错）
I can’t agree more.（我非常赞同）
I am not sure. I doubt… I would rather…
What does the man mean?
A. He gives the woman permission.
B. He is not sure if the woman can go.
C. He refuses to give the woman permission.
听力原文：
W：Would it be all right if I left the room for a moment? You see I have to reply to a call.
M: I’d rather you didn’t if you don’t mind. You see this is a very important part of the meeting.
答案：C
思路分析：本题为观点态度题。男士用了would rather的虚拟语气来表示反对，认为女士不该出去打电话。答案为C。

2. 行为方式题：
⑴这类对话中会出现一系列的动作，动作有先后顺序。
⑵这些动作往往与一些表示时间的连词、介词、副词紧密联系。
⑶对话中同时出现几个人或几件事，其中的某人做了某事。
⑷常见提问方式：
①What are the speakers going to do?
②What does the man / woman plan to do?
③What will the man / woman most probably do?
④What will the man / woman do first?
⑤What’s the man / woman going to do?
【高分技巧】
⑴留心选项中每个动作及动作对应的人和时间。
⑵抓住对话中出现的表示动作先后顺序的连词、介词、副词，如first, before, after, now, right now, then, since, last等。
⑶注意对话中所使用的时态和重复出现的词，它们往往是答题的关键。

What will the woman do next?
A. Turn down the radio.
B. Close the window.
C. Go to bed.
听力原文：
M: Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit? It’s a little bit loud.
W: Oh, of course.
答案：A
思路分析：本题为行为方式题，提问中do next表明问的是下一步女士要做什么，听对话时应注意听说话者提到的动作，男士说turn the radio down，女士回答说of course当然，这是赞同的表现，所以女士接下来会turn down the radio，故选A。

3. 地点场景题：
⑴地点题一般由where引出，选项一般是“介词+地点名词”构成，这类题中，有些地点会直接提到，有些则要根据讨论的内容判断，还有些兼而有之。
⑵此类题往往会列举一系列与时间或地点相关的细节，然后针对某一细节提问。
⑶此类题会出现几个地点，迷惑考生，所以要一一记录。
⑷常见提问方式：
①Where is the conversation most probably taking place?
②Where are the two speakers?
【高分技巧】
⑴熟悉与某特定地点或场所相关的词或短语，以此判断对话发生的地点或场所，如boarding一出现，立即想到机场、码头，听见book a room就想到旅馆等。
⑵边听边记，善于掌握对话中的关键词。

Where does the conversation take place?
A. At home. B. In a travel agency. C. In a hotel.
听力原文：
M: Good morning, can I help you?
W: Yes, we are thinking of going on a holiday somewhere, but we are not sure where to go.
M: I see. So what kind of holiday do you want?
W: Lots of sunshine.
答案：B
思路分析：本题为地点场景题。对话内容是关于出门旅游的，显然是在旅游代理机构进行的，故选B。

4. 意见建议题：
⑴对话中往往一方提出请求或者问题，另一方给出建议。
⑵对话中常出现一些表示建议或请求的句型。
⑶常见提问方式：
①What does the man / woman suggest the woman / man do?
②What does the man / woman suggest / mean?
③What does the man / woman want the woman / man to do?
④What offer did the man / woman give?
⑤What is the man’s / woman’s advice?
【高分技巧】
⑴大多数情况下，第二个人谈话内容是题目重点。无论第一个人提出的是请求还是建议，第二个人的态度和反应往往都是解题的关键。
⑵女神原则。在英语国家，女性往往有着女神的地位，因此在建议类题目中，通常情况下（不是绝对）女士给出的建议男士都会选择听取并执行。
⑶熟记表请求或建议的句型。
表请求：Would you please…? Could / Would you…?
I wonder if… Would you like to…?
Would you mind…? Can / Shall I…?
表建议：Why don’t you / we…? Why not…?
If I were you, I’d…. You’ll have to… / get to…
You’d better… How / What about…?
You might as well… Why bother…?

What is the woman’s advice?
A. The man should have a health checkup.
B. The man should invite someone to help him.
C. The man should send the machine to the repair shop
听力原文：
M: Oh dear, there is something wrong with my computer. Shall I ask Jack to take it?
W: Well, I’d suggest you take it over to the repair shop to have a check.
答案：C
思路分析：本题是意见建议题。解题关键在第二个人的回答，送去repair shop。像此类问题找答案时，要寻找最相似最准确的答案。send=take over，故选C。

5. 因果关系题：
⑴对话中出现一些表因果关系的标志性词。
⑵大部分因果关系表达不会直接出现信号词，而是比较含蓄，往往先肯定地表明赞同的态度，然后利用转折说出直接原因，如I’d love to…, but…; I wish I would, but…。
⑶此类题选项中的几个所表述的事实能导致同一结果。
⑷常见提问方式：
①Why?
②What’s the reason for…?
③What is the cause of…?
④For what purpose did he / she…?
【高分技巧】
⑴考查重点在原因，一般由对话中的第二个人说出。
⑵熟悉表因果的词：because, since, for, as, so, cause, because of, now that, due to, thanks to, owing to, as a result of, give rise to, result in, result from, so that, be responsible for, such…that…

Why does the woman buy the clothes in Paris?
A. The price is low.
B. The style is good.
C. The material is good.
听力原文：
M: Isn’t it very expensive to buy these clothes in Paris?
W: Yes, it is more expensive than in London, but I like the French styles better.
答案：B
思路分析：本题为因果关系题。重点看第二句，首先用yes表明肯定，然后用but转折，表明真正的原因，故选择B。

6. 身份关系题：
⑴说话人之间的关系不同，其用词造句，语气也不同。
⑵对话中往往不直接说出某人身份，要求从对话中判断。
⑶常见提问方式：
①What’ s the man / woman?
②Who is the man / woman?
③What is he / she likely to be?
④What does the man / woman do?
⑤What’s the man’s / woman’s job / occupation / profession?
⑥What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?
【高分技巧】
⑴抓住对话中与职业身份相关的关键词、术语、环境。
⑵注意两人的语气、口吻、亲密度。
⑶熟悉与职业和人物关系相关的词汇，如：
clerk & customer职员和顾客 librarian & student图书管理员和学生
waiter & customer服务员和顾客 salesman & customer售货员和顾客
doctor & patient医生和病人 police & driver警察与司机
conductor & passenger售票员和乘客 boss & secretary老板与秘书
repairman & customer修理工和顾客 professor & student教授与学生

What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Driver and passenger.
B. Boss and secretary.
C. Luggage checker and traveler.
听力原文：
M: I’d like to check my baggage. Here is my ticket.
W: Sure. Are you going to make any stopover?
M: No, I’m going straight to Chicago.
答案：C
思路分析：本题为身份关系题。对话中提到check my baggage, go straight to Chicago，可见是在机场的行李登记处，是旅客与登记员之间的对话，故选C。

7. 数字信息题：
⑴该类题常常涉及时间、日期、价格、年龄、距离、速度、电话号码等。
⑵出题形式为数字辨析和计算。
⑶对话中常出现易混淆的数字，如thirteen和thirty。
⑷出现与数字运算有关的词，如：double, twice, couple, times, quarter, divide, add up to等。
⑸常见提问方式：
①How much / many…?
②How far…?
③How long…?
④What time…?
⑤When…?
【高分技巧】
⑴边听边记录数字。
⑵注意数字的单位。
⑶注意数字的读法。

How many days has the boy stayed there for the second time?
A. Four days.
B. Fourteen days.
C. Seventeen days.
听力原文：
W: How long have you been there?
W: I stayed there for a fortnight（两周） the first time and three days longer the second time.
答案：C
思路分析：本题为数字信息题。题干中出现序数词，比较级（最高级）时要圈出，这里问的是第二次the second time,对话中提到第一次住了a fortnight，即两周14天，第二次比第一次多住了三天three days，所以答案为14+3，故选C。
How to improve my English listening?

四、高考听力解题指导
1. 扫视材料，预测内容：
充分利用广播试音和听力要求的时间，迅速扫读题干及选项，联系题目上下文有根据地预测文段大致内容，尤其要注意所提出的问题，这样在听的过程中就可以做到有的放矢，心中有数。
2. 学会取舍，理解内容：
听力考试中切记不要词词计较，力求听懂所有词是没有必要也不可能的。注意力应放在对文段或对话内容的整体理解上。
3. 简单记录，便于辨认：
在听长对话或独白时，只靠脑子记忆有困难，况且没有时间去回顾，对于所听到的细节，我们可以根据自己的习惯做一些简单的记录，便于辨认，可利用这些记录去解答问题。


典例一 (2022·全国甲卷)
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7. 5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例: How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19.15. B. ￡ 9.18. C. ￡ 9.15.
答案是C。
1. What does the man want to do?
A. Have breakfast.
B. Take a walk.
C. Call his office.
(Text 1)
M: Jenny,you can just drop me here.
W: But we are two streets away from the office.
M: It's fine.I had a big breakfast and feel like a bit of walk.
(话题：下车散步；词数：30；时间：13＂；语速：138词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的I had a big breakfast and feel like a bit of walk.可知，男士想要散步。题干中want与材料中feel like同义。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
drop vt放…下车（熟词生义）
feel like[非正式]想要某物；想做某事

2. What was George doing last night?
A. Having a meeting.
B. Flying home.
C. Working on a project.
(Text 2)
W: Hello,George.You look tired.Didn't sleep well last night?
M: No,not at all.I had to work flat out to meet the project deadline.Now I'm really feeling a bit run-down.
(话题：熬夜赶项目；词数：32；时间：19＂；语速：101词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的I had to work flat out to meet the project deadline.可知，男士昨晚做项目了。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
deadline n[C]最后期限；截止时间
run-down adj[不用于名词前]精疲力竭的；衰弱的
flat out[非正式]全速；全力以赴

3. Why does the man suggest going to the park?
A. It's big.
B. It's quiet.
C. It's new.
(Text 3)
W: John,can't we go someplace and talk?It's so noisy in here.
M: Well,there's a small park across the street.It's usually not crowded atthis time of day.
(话题：找谈话的地方；词数：29；时间：15＂；语速：116词分)
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的It＇s so noisy in here.可知，她觉得这里太吵了。男士推荐去公园，并说那里人不多。由此可推断，男士提议去公园是因为那里比较安静。
【答案】B
4. How does the woman sound?
A. Annoyed.
B. Pleased.
C. Puzzled.
(Text 4)
W: We've got to do something about the neighbour's dog.
M: Why?Has he been into your flower garden again?
W: The flower garden,the garbage can,and yesterday he started digging holes in the yard.
（话题：邻居的狗；词数：33；时间：17＂；语速：116词/分)
【分析】考查考生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力。
根据两人的对话，女士认为他们需要对邻居的狗采取点措施了。男士问是不是狗又进她的花园了，女士回答狗不仅闯进花园，还乱翻垃圾桶，并且昨天还在院子里刨坑。由此可知，女士很生气。
【答案】A
5. Where is the man's table?
A. Near the door.
B. By the window.
C. In the corner.
(Text 5)
M: Hello,we have a reservation in the name of Mr Jones.Is there any table by the window?
W: Sorry,we've got this corner table for you.It's quiet here,not close to the door.
(话题：询问桌位；词数：34；时间：16＂；语速：127词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的Sorry，we‘’ve got this corner table for you.可知，餐厅为男士预留的桌子在墙角。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
reservation n[C]预订；预约
in the name of sb以某人的名义


第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
(Text 6)
W: Dave,don't forget,we're invited out to dinner tonight.
M: Oh,yeah.I almost forgot.What time?
W: Seven thirty.We should leave the house by six thirty.You know howbad the traffic is that time of night.M: It's informal,isn't it?
W: Yeah,you can wear your new sports jacket.The one I got you as ananniversary gift.
M: OK.Well,I've got to go.I'll try to get home a little earlier today.
W: Good.
(话题：出去吃晚餐；词数：74；时间：32＂；语速：139词/分)
6. What are the speakers going to do tonight?
A. Eat out.
B. Go shopping.
C. Do sports.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的Dave，don＇t forget，，we＇re invited out to dinner tonight..可知，说话者今晚要出去吃饭。
【答案】A
7. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Boss and secretary.
B. Hostess and guest.
C. Husband and wife.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的We should leave the house by six thirty.及you can wearyour new sports jacket.The one I got you as an anniversary gift..可推断说话者应该是夫妻关系。
【答案】C
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
(Text 7)
M: We need to decide exactly when we're going to move.Any suggestions?
W: 8I think July would be the best time.Our sales are always down thatmonth.We could move all the office equipment at a weekend,doeverything at once.
M: I think a weekend's too short,maybe we should do it department bydepartment.
W: What do you mean?
M: Well,each week a different department would move.That way,therewould always be people here to handle customer inquiries,phone calls and so on.
W: Mm,that's a good ideA.
(话题：公司何时搬家；词数：89；时间：39＂；语速：137词/分)
8. Why does the woman think July is the best time to move?
A. Their business is slow.
B. The weather is favorable.
C. It's easy to hire people.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的I think July would be the best time..Our sales are alwaysdown that month.可知，女士认为7月份公司销量较低，生意不忙碌，因此最适合搬家。
【答案】A
9. How will they handle the moving?
A. Finish it all at once.
B. Have the sales section go first.
C. Do one department at a time.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的Well，each week a different department would move.andsoon.及女士所说的Mm，that＇s a good ideA. .可知，女士同意男士的建议，他们将会一次搬一个部门。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
down adj(程度或数量)处于低水平的（熟词生义）
slow ad山不忙碌的；冷清的（熟词生义）
favorable adj有利的
office equipment办公设备
customer inquiry客户咨询

听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
(Text 8)
W: So Mr Peter Cells,I'd be curious to know what were the earlyconnections in your life that led you into the art field.
M: My grandfather was an art dealer in Munich.They had a great museumin Munich.He took me to the museum,and I responded very strongly towhat I saw on the walls there.I learned about art from him.II learnedabout looking at art from him.I think that's what really got me started. Then many years later,after I got out of the army,went to study art history at the University of Chicago.
W: Tell us more about your experiences of looking at art with yourgrandfather.
M: Well,we looked at the famous paintings by the great artists like Rembrandt,Botticelli and Albrecht Duirer.Rubens'paintings weremy favorites.Yes,I remember these things.This was when I wasbetween 10 and 15.When I was 14,I was so anxious to see more artthat a friend of mine and I bicycled across the Alps to see Venus.That was a big adventure.
(话题：爱上艺术的经历；词数：182；时间：1＇20＂；语速：137词分)
10. What did Peter learn from his grandfather?
A. How to appreciate art works.
B. How to deal with artists.
C. How to run a museum.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的I learned about looking at art from him.可知，他从祖父身上学会了研究艺术作品，也就是欣赏艺术作品。
【点拨】正确选项中的appreciate是材料中look at的同义转述。同学们在平时的词汇学习中要注意积累同义词、近义词，对提高听力理解能力有帮助。
【答案】A
11. What did Peter do in Chicago?
A. He studied at a college.
B. He served in the army.
C. He worked in a gallery.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的I went to study art history at the University of Chicago.可知，他在芝加哥大学学习。
【答案】A
12. Whose works did Peter like best?
A. Rembrandt's.
B. Botticelli's.
C. Rubens'.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的Rubens＇paintings were my favorites.可知，他最喜欢Rubens的作品。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
bicycle vi骑自行车（名词动化）
art dealer艺术品交易商
respond to对…作出反应
get out of the army退伍
serve in the army服兵役
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
(Text 9)
W: Hi John,haven't seen you for ages.
M: Hi Susan,13fancy meeting you here on the train.
W: How is your college life?
M: What can I say?I've survived.
W: What happened?
M: Well,early last March,I started doing a part-time job in a law firm.14Afew weeks before,I had started writing my term paper.I thought I couldfinish it by August.
W: That was a pretty good idea,trying to have some work experience.
M: For the first three weeks,you know,I tried.I got up early and workedfor an hour on my paper before going to work.15But work was so fun,Imet tons of new people,and soon I couldn't find even a minute for mypaper.So I had to quit my part-time job and finally finished my paper in October.
W: Well,it's never too late to mend.16It's kind of hard to find a balance between what you have to do and what you want to do.
M: Yeah,it's really important for me to balance study and work.And I think I should learn to exercise some self-control.
(话题：在火车上偶遇；词数：182；时间：1＇20＂；语速：137词/分)
13. Where does the conversation take place?
A. At a library.
B. In a law firm.
C. On a train.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据John所说的fancy meeting you here on the train可知，说话者在火车上。
【答案】C
14. By what time did John plan to finish his term paper?
A. March.
B. August.
C. October.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
Jon说自己在几周前开始写论文，他本以为自己会在8月份之前完成论文。由此可推断，John原计划在8月份之前完成论文。
【答案】B
15. Why did John quit his part-time job?
A. He had to catch up with his study.
B. He was offered a better one.
C. He got tired of it.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
Jom说自己的工作很有趣，因为他在工作中遇见了很多人，但这份工作导致他没有时间写论文，最后他不得不辞掉这份工作来让自己专心写论文。由此可知，他辞掉工作的原因是为了抓紧时间写论文，补上他的学习。
【答案】A
16. What is Susan's attitude to John's problem?
A. Carefree.
B. Understanding
C. Forgiving.
【分析】考查考生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力。
根据Susan所说的It＇s kind of hard to find a balance between what youhave to do and what you want to do.由此可推断，Susan对John遇到的问题是持理解态度的。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
survive vi渡过难关
law firm律师事务所
term paper学期论文
tons of[非正式]许多
exercise self-control锻炼自制力
catch up with弥补/补上
Fancy meeting you here真没想到在这里遇到你。
It’s never too late to mend.改过迁善从不嫌晚。
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
(Text 10)
M: Being an athlete is very fun,painful and exciting.Every time I cometo the track,I feel like I'm out of this place.This is Botswana National Stadium.This is where I train.When I saw Usain Bolt running in 2012 London Olympics,I was amazed.Just watching him run got memotivated.17I quit being a chess player and started to run.I went to the2016 Olympics and went to the finals at the age of eighteen.And wow18I finished fifth.It was a dream come true to me,but I still wantedmore.The training is super hard,but the hardest part for me is that Igot an injury,an injury which may take me out for years.For a periodof time,as a young athlete,I didn't know what to do.L lost focus,butnow I'm back on the track.I really want to be there at the Olympicsand do what I did before.Do much,much greater.I don't care aboutthe gold.I don't care about the silver.I want to do my best,you know,take everything and show it to the world.
(话题：成为运动员的经历；词数：196；时间：1＇30＂；语速：131词/分)
17. What did the speaker do before the year 2012?
A. A fitness coach.
B. A chess player.
C. A marathon runner.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中I quit being a chess player and started to run.可知，说话人之前是一位象棋选手。
【答案】B
18. Why was the 2016 Olympics important for the speaker?
A. He was motivated by Bolt.
B. He broke a world record.
C. He won fifth place.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中I finished fifth.It was a dream come true to me.，可知，说话人在2016年的奥运会上取得了第五名的成绩，梦想成真，因此这届奥运会对他意义重大。
【答案】C
19. Which is the hardest for the speaker?
A. Getting over an injury.
B. Doing strength training.
C. Representing BotswanA.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中..but the hardest part for me is that I got an injury，，an injurywhich may take me out for years.可知，对于说话人，最难的是伤病的恢复。
【答案】A
20. What is the speaker mainly talking about?
A. His plan to go for the gold.
B. His experience on the track.
C. His love for his home country.
【分析】考查考生理解主旨与要义的能力。
说话人谈论了自己如何从一名棋手变成一位田径运动员以及他参加奥运会的经历，并且说他并不在意奖牌，只想把最好的自己展示出来。由此可知，说话人是在谈论自己从事田径运动的经历。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
track n[C](赛跑、赛车等的)跑道final n[C]决赛
silver n[C]＆[U银牌
【背景知识】
Botswana博茨瓦纳，全称博茨瓦纳共和国，是位于非洲南部的内陆国
Usain Bolt尤塞恩•博尔特，牙买加短跑运动员，2008、2012、2016年奥运会男子100米、200米冠军，男子100米、200米世界纪录保持者。

典例二 (2021·全国乙卷)
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7. 5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例: How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19.15. B. ￡ 9.18. C. ￡ 9.15.
答案是C。
1. What does the man want to do?
A. Have breakfast.
B. Take a walk.
C. Call his office.
(Text 1)
M: Jenny,you can just drop me here.
W: But we are two streets away from the office.
M: It's fine.I had a big breakfast and feel like a bit of walk.
(话题：下车散步；词数：30；时间：13＂；语速：138词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的I had a big breakfast and feel like a bit of walk.可知，男士想要散步。题干中want与材料中feel like同义。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
drop vt放…下车（熟词生义）
feel like[非正式]想要某物；想做某事

2. What was George doing last night?
A. Having a meeting.
B. Flying home.
C. Working on a project.
(Text 2)
W: Hello,George.You look tired.Didn't sleep well last night?
M: No,not at all.I had to work flat out to meet the project deadline.Now I'm really feeling a bit run-down.
(话题：熬夜赶项目；词数：32；时间：19＂；语速：101词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的I had to work flat out to meet the project deadline.可知，男士昨晚做项目了。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
deadline n[C]最后期限；截止时间
run-down adj[不用于名词前]精疲力竭的；衰弱的
flat out[非正式]全速；全力以赴

3. Why does the man suggest going to the park?
A. It's big.
B. It's quiet.
C. It's new.
(Text 3)
W: John,can't we go someplace and talk?It's so noisy in here.
M: Well,there's a small park across the street.It's usually not crowded atthis time of day.
(话题：找谈话的地方；词数：29；时间：15＂；语速：116词分)
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的It＇s so noisy in here.可知，她觉得这里太吵了。男士推荐去公园，并说那里人不多。由此可推断，男士提议去公园是因为那里比较安静。
【答案】B
4. How does the woman sound?
A. Annoyed.
B. Pleased.
C. Puzzled.
(Text 4)
W: We've got to do something about the neighbour's dog.
M: Why?Has he been into your flower garden again?
W: The flower garden,the garbage can,and yesterday he started digging holes in the yard.
（话题：邻居的狗；词数：33；时间：17＂；语速：116词/分)
【分析】考查考生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力。
根据两人的对话，女士认为他们需要对邻居的狗采取点措施了。男士问是不是狗又进她的花园了，女士回答狗不仅闯进花园，还乱翻垃圾桶，并且昨天还在院子里刨坑。由此可知，女士很生气。
【答案】A
5. Where is the man's table?
A. Near the door.
B. By the window.
C. In the corner.
(Text 5)
M: Hello,we have a reservation in the name of Mr Jones.Is there any table by the window?
W: Sorry,we've got this corner table for you.It's quiet here,not close to the door.
(话题：询问桌位；词数：34；时间：16＂；语速：127词/分)
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的Sorry，we‘’ve got this corner table for you.可知，餐厅为男士预留的桌子在墙角。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
reservation n[C]预订；预约
in the name of sb以某人的名义


第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)
听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
(Text 6)
W: Dave,don't forget,we're invited out to dinner tonight.
M: Oh,yeah.I almost forgot.What time?
W: Seven thirty.We should leave the house by six thirty.You know howbad the traffic is that time of night.M: It's informal,isn't it?
W: Yeah,you can wear your new sports jacket.The one I got you as ananniversary gift.
M: OK.Well,I've got to go.I'll try to get home a little earlier today.
W: Good.
(话题：出去吃晚餐；词数：74；时间：32＂；语速：139词/分)
6. What are the speakers going to do tonight?
A. Eat out.
B. Go shopping.
C. Do sports.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的Dave，don＇t forget，，we＇re invited out to dinner tonight..可知，说话者今晚要出去吃饭。
【答案】A
7. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
A. Boss and secretary.
B. Hostess and guest.
C. Husband and wife.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的We should leave the house by six thirty.及you can wearyour new sports jacket.The one I got you as an anniversary gift..可推断说话者应该是夫妻关系。
【答案】C
听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
(Text 7)
M: We need to decide exactly when we're going to move.Any suggestions?
W: 8I think July would be the best time.Our sales are always down thatmonth.We could move all the office equipment at a weekend,doeverything at once.
M: I think a weekend's too short,maybe we should do it department bydepartment.
W: What do you mean?
M: Well,each week a different department would move.That way,therewould always be people here to handle customer inquiries,phone calls and so on.
W: Mm,that's a good ideA.
(话题：公司何时搬家；词数：89；时间：39＂；语速：137词/分)
8. Why does the woman think July is the best time to move?
A. Their business is slow.
B. The weather is favorable.
C. It's easy to hire people.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的I think July would be the best time..Our sales are alwaysdown that month.可知，女士认为7月份公司销量较低，生意不忙碌，因此最适合搬家。
【答案】A
9. How will they handle the moving?
A. Finish it all at once.
B. Have the sales section go first.
C. Do one department at a time.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据男士所说的Well，each week a different department would move.andsoon.及女士所说的Mm，that＇s a good ideA. .可知，女士同意男士的建议，他们将会一次搬一个部门。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
down adj(程度或数量)处于低水平的（熟词生义）
slow ad山不忙碌的；冷清的（熟词生义）
favorable adj有利的
office equipment办公设备
customer inquiry客户咨询

听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。
(Text 8)
W: So Mr Peter Cells,I'd be curious to know what were the earlyconnections in your life that led you into the art field.
M: My grandfather was an art dealer in Munich.They had a great museumin Munich.He took me to the museum,and I responded very strongly towhat I saw on the walls there.I learned about art from him.II learnedabout looking at art from him.I think that's what really got me started. Then many years later,after I got out of the army,went to study art history at the University of Chicago.
W: Tell us more about your experiences of looking at art with yourgrandfather.
M: Well,we looked at the famous paintings by the great artists like Rembrandt,Botticelli and Albrecht Duirer.Rubens'paintings weremy favorites.Yes,I remember these things.This was when I wasbetween 10 and 15.When I was 14,I was so anxious to see more artthat a friend of mine and I bicycled across the Alps to see Venus.That was a big adventure.
(话题：爱上艺术的经历；词数：182；时间：1＇20＂；语速：137词分)
10. What did Peter learn from his grandfather?
A. How to appreciate art works.
B. How to deal with artists.
C. How to run a museum.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的I learned about looking at art from him.可知，他从祖父身上学会了研究艺术作品，也就是欣赏艺术作品。
【点拨】正确选项中的appreciate是材料中look at的同义转述。同学们在平时的词汇学习中要注意积累同义词、近义词，对提高听力理解能力有帮助。
【答案】A
11. What did Peter do in Chicago?
A. He studied at a college.
B. He served in the army.
C. He worked in a gallery.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的I went to study art history at the University of Chicago.可知，他在芝加哥大学学习。
【答案】A
12. Whose works did Peter like best?
A. Rembrandt's.
B. Botticelli's.
C. Rubens'.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据Peter所说的Rubens＇paintings were my favorites.可知，他最喜欢Rubens的作品。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
bicycle vi骑自行车（名词动化）
art dealer艺术品交易商
respond to对…作出反应
get out of the army退伍
serve in the army服兵役
听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。
(Text 9)
W: Hi John,haven't seen you for ages.
M: Hi Susan,13fancy meeting you here on the train.
W: How is your college life?
M: What can I say?I've survived.
W: What happened?
M: Well,early last March,I started doing a part-time job in a law firm.14Afew weeks before,I had started writing my term paper.I thought I couldfinish it by August.
W: That was a pretty good idea,trying to have some work experience.
M: For the first three weeks,you know,I tried.I got up early and workedfor an hour on my paper before going to work.15But work was so fun,Imet tons of new people,and soon I couldn't find even a minute for mypaper.So I had to quit my part-time job and finally finished my paper in October.
W: Well,it's never too late to mend.16It's kind of hard to find a balance between what you have to do and what you want to do.
M: Yeah,it's really important for me to balance study and work.And I think I should learn to exercise some self-control.
(话题：在火车上偶遇；词数：182；时间：1＇20＂；语速：137词/分)
13. Where does the conversation take place?
A. At a library.
B. In a law firm.
C. On a train.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据John所说的fancy meeting you here on the train可知，说话者在火车上。
【答案】C
14. By what time did John plan to finish his term paper?
A. March.
B. August.
C. October.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
Jon说自己在几周前开始写论文，他本以为自己会在8月份之前完成论文。由此可推断，John原计划在8月份之前完成论文。
【答案】B
15. Why did John quit his part-time job?
A. He had to catch up with his study.
B. He was offered a better one.
C. He got tired of it.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
Jom说自己的工作很有趣，因为他在工作中遇见了很多人，但这份工作导致他没有时间写论文，最后他不得不辞掉这份工作来让自己专心写论文。由此可知，他辞掉工作的原因是为了抓紧时间写论文，补上他的学习。
【答案】A
16. What is Susan's attitude to John's problem?
A. Carefree.
B. Understanding
C. Forgiving.
【分析】考查考生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力。
根据Susan所说的It＇s kind of hard to find a balance between what youhave to do and what you want to do.由此可推断，Susan对John遇到的问题是持理解态度的。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
survive vi渡过难关
law firm律师事务所
term paper学期论文
tons of[非正式]许多
exercise self-control锻炼自制力
catch up with弥补/补上
Fancy meeting you here真没想到在这里遇到你。
It’s never too late to mend.改过迁善从不嫌晚。
听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。
(Text 10)
M: Being an athlete is very fun,painful and exciting.Every time I cometo the track,I feel like I'm out of this place.This is Botswana National Stadium.This is where I train.When I saw Usain Bolt running in 2012 London Olympics,I was amazed.Just watching him run got memotivated.17I quit being a chess player and started to run.I went to the2016 Olympics and went to the finals at the age of eighteen.And wow18I finished fifth.It was a dream come true to me,but I still wantedmore.The training is super hard,but the hardest part for me is that Igot an injury,an injury which may take me out for years.For a periodof time,as a young athlete,I didn't know what to do.L lost focus,butnow I'm back on the track.I really want to be there at the Olympicsand do what I did before.Do much,much greater.I don't care aboutthe gold.I don't care about the silver.I want to do my best,you know,take everything and show it to the world.
(话题：成为运动员的经历；词数：196；时间：1＇30＂；语速：131词/分)
17. What did the speaker do before the year 2012?
A. A fitness coach.
B. A chess player.
C. A marathon runner.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中I quit being a chess player and started to run.可知，说话人之前是一位象棋选手。
【答案】B
18. Why was the 2016 Olympics important for the speaker?
A. He was motivated by Bolt.
B. He broke a world record.
C. He won fifth place.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中I finished fifth.It was a dream come true to me.，可知，说话人在2016年的奥运会上取得了第五名的成绩，梦想成真，因此这届奥运会对他意义重大。
【答案】C
19. Which is the hardest for the speaker?
A. Getting over an injury.
B. Doing strength training.
C. Representing BotswanA.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中..but the hardest part for me is that I got an injury，，an injurywhich may take me out for years.可知，对于说话人，最难的是伤病的恢复。
【答案】A
20. What is the speaker mainly talking about?
A. His plan to go for the gold.
B. His experience on the track.
C. His love for his home country.
【分析】考查考生理解主旨与要义的能力。
说话人谈论了自己如何从一名棋手变成一位田径运动员以及他参加奥运会的经历，并且说他并不在意奖牌，只想把最好的自己展示出来。由此可知，说话人是在谈论自己从事田径运动的经历。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
track n[C](赛跑、赛车等的)跑道final n[C]决赛
silver n[C]＆[U银牌
【背景知识】
Botswana博茨瓦纳，全称博茨瓦纳共和国，是位于非洲南部的内陆国
Usain Bolt尤塞恩•博尔特，牙买加短跑运动员，2008、2012、2016年奥运会男子100米、200米冠军，男子100米、200米世界纪录保持者。

典例 三 (2022·新高考全国I卷)
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）
做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19.15. B. ￡9.18. C. ￡9.15.
答案是C。
1. What will the speakers do next?
A. Check the map. B. Leave the restaurant. C. Park the car.
(Text 1)
M: We have to find a parking space. Let’s drive around the block one more time. Did you say the restaurant has no off-street parking at all?
W: None, I checked it. Look, there’s a space.
（话题：找车位；词数：34；时间：17″；语速：120词/分）
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据男士所说的 We have to find a parking space. 和女士所说的 Look, there’s a space. 可知，说话者正在找停车位，并且最后找到了一个车位。因此，他们接下来将去停车。
【答案】C
【语言知识】
off-street parking 街边停车处
2. Where are the speakers?
A. At a bus stop.  B. At home.   C. At the airport.
(Text 2)
M: You have to go now, Judy, or you’ll miss your flight. It’s an hour’s drive to the airport.
W: I’m leaving. Don’t forget to water my flowers. Just a minute, where’s my ticket, Dad?
（话题：赶飞机；词数：33；时间：14″；语速：141词/分）

【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据两人的对话，父亲提醒女儿赶快出发去机场，女儿说她马上就走，并叮嘱父亲不要忘记帮她浇花。由此可推断，说话者正在家里。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
water vt 给……浇水（名词动化）
an hour’s drive 一小时车程
3. What did the speakers do last week?
A. They had a celebration dinner.
B. They went to see a newborn baby.
C. They sent a mail to their neighbors.
(Text 3)
M: Laura, what’s in the mailbox?
W: It’s a thank-you note from our neighbor. They thank us for visiting them last week when the baby was born. They also invite us to have dinner next Friday.
M: Are they back home now?
W: Should be!
（话题：感谢信；词数：41；时间：19″；语速：129词/分）

【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据女士所说的 They thank us for visiting them last week when the baby was born. 可知，说话者上周去看望了一个新生儿。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
thank-you note 感谢信
4. Why does the man make the phone call?
A. To cancel a weekend trip.
B. To make an appointment.
C. To get some information.
(Text 4)
W: Good afternoon, Paper Museum.
M: Hello, could you tell me your opening hours for Saturday?
W: Yeah, we’re open from 10:00 in the morning to 5:00 in the afternoon.
M: Thanks.
（话题：询问开馆时间；词数：28；时间：15″；语速：112词/分）

【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据男士所说的 Hello, could you tell me your opening hours for Saturday? 可知，男士在询问博物馆周六的开放时间。因此，他打电话是为了获取信息。
【答案】C
5. What does the man probably want to do?
A. Do some exercise. B. Get an extra key.  C. Order room service.
(Text 5)
M: Excuse me, where is the hotel gym, please?
W: It’s on the top floor. You can take the lift over there.
M: Do I have to pay extra?
W: No, sir. You just need to take your room key with you.
（话题：寻找酒店健身房；词数：38；时间：16″；语速：143词/分）

【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据男士所说的 … where is the hotel gym … 可知，男士在询问酒店健身房的位置。由此可推断，男士很可能想要锻炼。
【答案】A
【语言知识】
pay extra 额外付费
第二节
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. Why does the woman come to the man?
A. To ask for permission.
B. To extend an invitation.
C. To express thanks.
(Text 6)
W: 6Mr Wilson, students from Class Two want to visit the history museum.
Will it be all right if I take them there this weekend?
M: How about their revision test? Are they through with it?
W: Yes, they are.
M: In that case, you can go ahead. 7Try to finish it within one day so that
the students still have a whole day to rest on Sunday.
W: All right, I’ll manage.
（话题：周末带学生外出；词数：68；时间：31″；语速：132词/分）

【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的 Mr Wilson, students from Class Two want to visit the history museum. Will it be all right if I take them there this weekend? 可推断，二班的学生周末想去历史博物馆，女士来请求男士的允许。
【答案】A
7. When are the students going to the museum?
A. On Friday.   B. On Saturday.  C. On Sunday.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的 Will it be all right if I take them there this weekend? 可知，女士要周末带学生们去博物馆。而根据男士所说的Try to finish it within one day so that the students still have a whole day to rest on Sunday. 可知，男士要求女士一天之内把逛博物馆的事完成，让学生周日休息。由此可推断，学生们将在周六逛博物馆。
【答案】B
【语言知识】
be through with sth 完成某事
extend an invitation 发出邀请
听第7段材料，回答第 8 至 10 题。
8. What are the speakers talking about?
A. Buying groceries. B. Choosing gifts. C. Seeing friends.
【分析】考查考生理解主旨与要义的能力。
说话者在商场遇到，女士说她女儿生日快到了，但是她什么都有，女士不知道该选什么。男士说他女儿也是这样，所以今年他不再买物质上的礼物，而是为女儿选了一份体验式的礼物。由此可知，说话者主要在谈论挑选礼物。
【答案】B
9. Who is Clara?
A. The man’s wife. B. The man’s sister. C. The man’s daughter.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据女士所说的My daughter Melissa’s …… everything she loves. 及男士所说的 Yeah, the same as Clara …… playing with. 可知，女士在发愁为女儿选礼物，男士说 Clara 的情况也一样，她有好多不玩的玩具。因此，可以推断Clara是男士的女儿。
【答案】C
10. How much did the man spend on the city passes?
A. $36.    B. $50.    C. $150.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据男士所说的Fifty dollars per person for a year-long pass. I bought three for the whole family. 可知，每张城市通行证 50美元，男士买了三张，一共花了 150美元。
【答案】C
(Text 7)
M: Hi, Linda. Fancy seeing you here. How long have you been shopping?
W: Almost an hour. I have a lot to buy. 9My daughter Melissa’s birthday is
coming. I’m trying to get her a good gift, but I don’t know what to
choose. She seems to have everything she loves.
M: 9Yeah, the same as Clara. We’ve already had bags of toys she’s no longer
playing with. So this year, we didn’t buy her material things. We gave
her an experience gift.
W: What’s that?
M: A city pass, with which she can visit twelve different attractions,
including the National History Museum, the Science Museum, the zoo
and more.
W: How much is it?
M: 10Fifty dollars per person for a year-long pass. I bought three for the
whole family.
W: So you can have a different outing every month for the entire year?
What a great idea!
（话题：给女儿选礼物；词数：141；时间：1′10″；语速：121词/分）

【语言知识】
pass n [C] 出入证；通行证（熟词生义）
bags of [口] 很多
Fancy seeing you here. 真没想到在这里见到你。
听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。
11. Why did Tracy bring dogs to the children?
A. To teach them to love animals.
B. To help them gain confidence.
C. To protect them from dangers.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据 Helen 所说的 She brought specially trained dogs to special education schools and helped children to build confidence. 可知，Tracy 把狗带到孩子们身边是为了帮助他们建立自信心。
【答案】B
12. What is Kevin’s concern about the dog?
A. They may misbehave.
B. They may get hurt.
C. They may carry diseases.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据 Kevin 所说的 Aren’t they going to mess up the school? 可知，他担心狗把学校弄乱，也就是担心狗有一些不好的行为，misbehave 意为“行为不当”。
【答案】A
13. What will Helen do tomorrow morning?
A. Give a talk. 
B. Meet the children.
C. Take some photos.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据 Helen 所说的 I’ll show them at my presentation tomorrow morning. 可知，她明天早上要做演讲。
【点拨】正确选项中的 talk 是材料中 presentation 的同义转述。同学们在平时的词汇学习中要注意积累同义词、近义词，对提高听力理解能力有帮助。
【答案】A
(Text 8)
M: Helen, busy doing anything?
W: Oh, Kevin. I’m preparing a presentation for the city library. It’s about a girl named Tracy Woods.
M: What’s special about her?
W: It was an amazing story. 11She brought specially trained dogs to special education schools and helped children to build confidence. She believes that dogs can help children in ways we can’t. Dogs don’t judge and they don’t care who you are or what you look like.
M: But putting dogs into a school? 12Aren’t they going to mess up the school?
W: Don’t worry. All the dogs are assessed and trained properly. There are now forty dogs working with children aged from six to eighteen.
M: I hope the children love them.
W: Of course they do. I’ve got some pictures. 13I’ll show them at my presentation tomorrow morning.
（话题：陪护狗帮孩子们建立自信心；词数：130；时间：1′09″；语速：113词/分）

【语言知识】
assess vt 评价；评定
mess up 弄脏；弄乱
carry diseases 传播疾病
听第9段材料，回答第14至17题。
14. What is the man doing?
A. Attending a lecture.
B. Hosting a workshop.
C. Conducting an interview.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据男士所说的 thank you for taking time … answer a few questions 以及男士对女士提出的各种问题可知，男士正在采访女士。
【答案】C
15. Why is Emily doing unpaid work in the new season of the show?
A. To follow the latest trend.
B. To help raise the crew’s pay.
C. To support the post-production.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
Emily 说自己无偿参演了这一季的 My Fair Lady ，但是相关工作人员是有报酬的。她这么做是为节目的后期制作筹集资金。选项中的 support 是 raise money的同义转述。
【答案】C
16. What enables Emily to try different things in her field?
A. Her college education.
B. Her teaching experience.
C. Her family tradition.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据 Emily 所说的 Yeah, that’s how I was trained at university. 可知，她在大学学习的知识让她能够在专业领域里尝试不同的东西。
【答案】A
17. What does Emily think of her work at the Film Centre?
A. Boring. B. Rewarding. C. Demanding.
【分析】考查考生理解说话者的意图、观点和态度的能力。
根据 Emily 所说的 It was an unbelievable experience. 和 It was also great to work … active member of the film and television industry. 可知， Emily 认为她在 Film Centre 的工作是有意义的。
【答案】B
(Text 9)
M: Emily, 14thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to answer a
few questions.
W: It’s my pleasure.
M: People say you’re doing unpaid work in the new season of My Fair Lady.
Is this what the show business has become?
W: No, not really. 15All of my acting in the new season is unpaid, but the
crew is paid. This is to raise money for the post-production of the show.
M: I notice you’ve tried many different kinds of things: film, TV, and even
theatre.
W: 16Yeah, that’s how I was trained at university. I work on anything that
excites me.
M: Tell us about the six months you recently spent at the workshop of the
Film Centre.
W: 17It was an unbelievable experience — teaching young actors and
actresses and working with some great acting artists. 17It was also great
to work in various labs, such as directors’, writers’ and so on. It’s very
helpful for making you a really well-rounded and active member of the
film and television industry.
M: Thank you very much, Emily. We look forward to your new season.
（话题：采访演员；词数：178；时间：1′25″；语速：126词/分）

【语言知识】
unpaid adj 不收报酬的；无偿的
season n [C] （一系列电影、电视节目等的）上演期（熟词生义）
crew n [C] 技术人员团队
post-production n [U] 后期制作
workshop n [C] （文艺）创作室；研讨会
well-rounded （兴趣或技能）多面的；全面的
industry n [C]（某一）行业（熟词生义）
show business 演艺界
raise money 筹集资金（support）
conduct an interview 进行采访
听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。
18. Who is the speaker talking to?
A. Sports club members.
B. International tourists.
C. University students.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据文中This is the monthly meeting of our club. 可知，这是一个俱乐部的每月例会，听者是该俱乐部的成员；又根据后面的We’ve been fortunate to have got good advice from some famous athletes on how to improve our skills and build up our body. 可知，这是一个运动健身的俱乐部。
【答案】A
19. Where did Emma work for a rugby team?
A. In Manchester. B. In Dublin. C. In Vancouver.
【分析】考查考生获取事实性具体信息的能力。
根据文中 … then for a very successful rugby team in Dublin … 可知，Emma在Dublin（都柏林）为一支橄榄球队工作。
【答案】B
20. What can be a challenge to Emma’s work?
A. Competition in the health care industry.
B. Discrimination against female scientists.
C. Influence of misinformation on the public.
【分析】考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力。
根据文中Emma says it’s challenging to be a health expert, because people can be easily influenced by advertisements that lack scientific support. 可知，Emma认为作为一名健康专家富有挑战性，因为人们很容易被缺乏科学依据的广告所影响，换言之，错误信息对大众的影响对于Emma的工作而言是一个挑战。
【答案】C
(Text 10)
W: Hi, everyone. 18This is the monthly meeting of our club. We’ve been fortunate to have got good advice from some famous athletes on how to improve our skills and build up our body. Today, we’ll hear something different. We’re honored to have Emma Wilson here. Emma is a health expert and lecturer from UBC, the University of British Columbia. Emma worked for a football team in Manchester, 19then for a very successful rugby team in Dublin, and finally ended up working here in Vancouver. 20Emma says it’s challenging to be a health expert, because people can be easily influenced by advertisements that lack scientific support. Also, people aren’t willing to change their views about food and nutrition as there is so much confusing information online. It’s really important to hear what experts say and that’s why we’ve invited Emma here. She isn’t going to tell us about everything we should eat, but she will teach us to make better choices. Let’s welcome Emma Wilson.
（话题：邀请健康专家演讲；词数：164；时间：1′32″；语速：107词/分）

【语言知识】
rugby n [U] （英式）橄榄球
build sb / sth up 增强……的体质
lack scientific support 缺乏科学依据
【背景知识】
UBC (the University of British Columbia) 不列颠哥伦比亚大学，又称英属哥伦比亚大学，位于加拿大温哥华市
Manchester曼彻斯特，英国重要的交通枢纽与商业、金融、工业、文化中心
Dublin都柏林，爱尔兰共和国的首都及最大城市
Vancouver 温哥华，加拿大的主要港口城市和重要经济中心



5月15日 今日心情：
阅读理解之细节理解题

考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。

考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。

细节理解题
考点1 细节理解题
考点2 是非判断题
考点3 数字计算题
考点4 细节排序题

近三年高考全国卷细节理解题题量统计
年份
试卷
细节理解题数

2020
新课标卷I
7
新课标卷II
8
新课标卷III
8

2021
全国甲卷
5
全国乙卷
6
新高考全国I卷
8

2022
全国甲卷
8
全国乙卷
10
新高考全国I卷
6


纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2023全国高考阅读理解命题方向如下：
预测一 高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。
预测二 文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。
预测三 题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。

Part 1整体感知
一、细节理解题分类：直接信息题和间接信息题（语意转换题）
常出的设问方式：殊疑问句形式。常常以when, where, why, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。
1. Which tour do you need to book in advance?
2. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?
3. How long does Potty about Potter last?
4. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall&Gardens?
5. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacifiv Science Center?
二、正确选项特征
1. 同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同意替换。如把reserve替换成了book。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，例如把reserve替换成reservation；改变原文中句子的语态；如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
2. 信息归纳。用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
3.正话反说。把原文的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
三、干扰选项特征
1. 张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
2. 无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
3. 曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
4. 颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭人甚至完全相反。
5. 正误参半。部分正确，部分错误
Part 2 解题方法
方法1 直接信息题
从题干中找关键词 回归原文，快速浏览原文定位与关键词相关的信息句
仔细核对比较内容，找到答案
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读A节选）
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration:3 hours(7miles)
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?
A. City maps. B. Cameras.
C. Meals D. Safety lights
第一步：依据题干信息，选择定位关键词
仔细阅读题干可知“at night”为问题的定位关键词。
第二步：由定位关键词，回归原文进行信息定位
带着“at night”这个定位关键词，通过寻读、略读等技巧可快速找到有此关键词的句子“Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”，根据此句，可以迅速确定答案为D选项。
方法2 间接信息题
第一步：审读题干抓关键词，定位信息区间
1. 确定关键词时，要注意该词在原文中的唯一性，这样有助于快速定位原文的信息区间。
2. 根据关键词，结合命题顺序原则（题目的顺序与文章的顺序大体一致）回到原文找命题区间。
第二步：选项与原文逐一对比，仔细甄别，排除干扰选项，确定正确答案
典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读D节选）
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends out certain chemicals.
第一步：审读题干找出关键词，定位信息区间
根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则，可以确定本题的关键词为plant和under attack。从而定位本题的信息区间为所节选段。
第二步：选项与原文逐一对比，确定正确选项
A. It makes noises.信息定位When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly… send out a particular smell… 对比分析，选项定性：无中生有
B. It gets help from other plants.信息定位young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. 对比分析,选项定性：曲解文意
C. It stands quietly. 信息定位When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. 对比分析,选项定性：颠倒是非
D. It sends out certain chemicals.信息定位send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get… known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. 对比分析,选项定性：信息归纳
高考英语阅读理解细节题做题步骤：
一）、在题干中划出关键词
① 找题干中的比较醒目的单词(如：人名/地名/时间/数字/斜体/首字母大写等单词)
② 根据题干意思划出关键词
二）、用关键词回原文定位
①定位到原词
②定位到同义改写，题干往往避开原文中所用的词汇，而用其近义词、同义词、反义词设题。
三）、准确理解关键词所在句子
四）、对比选项与关键词所在句子，意思一致即为正确答案
细节题的类型：
①Wh-细节题 ②是非题 ③计算题
④图表题 ⑤排序题 ⑥其他题

细节题错误选项的特征：
1. 在选项中加些夸大其词的说法，把“大约”说成“绝对、肯定”，如出现all/absolutely/only/never//must/the most/ merely/have to/none/completely/definitely等一般不是正确答案；
2. 把人名、地名、时间等张冠李戴

细节题正确选项的特征：
1. 若针对举例子、名人名言出题，只需要例子，名言前后的内容，然后与选项核对。
2. 在出现一些关键词，如：however/but/moreover/therefore/thus等时，要特别注意这些逻辑关系。
3. 细节题的答案一般是同义词或者同义句替换的选项。


典例一 (2022·全国甲卷)
A
Theatres and Entertainment
St David’s Hall
St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall, St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH
www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

The Glee Club
Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike. It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here. If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here.
Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF10 5BZ
www.glee.co.uk/cardiff

Sherman Cymru
Sherman Cymru’s theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February 2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity (机会) to do creative things. Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre, dance, family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.
Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF24 4YE
www.shermancymru.co.uk
New Theatre
The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children’s shows for more than 100 years. Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK’s touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre. Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.
Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3LN
www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk
21. Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?
A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David’s Hall.
22. What can people do at the Glee Club?
A. Watch musicals. B. Enjoy comedies.
C. See family shows. D. Do creative things.
23. Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff’s oldest surviving theatre?
A. www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B. www.shermancymru.co.uk
C. www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D. www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

答案与解析
21. D 细节理解题 根据 St David’s Hall 部分中的 ... St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. 可知，St David’s Hall 是加的夫一年一度的威尔士舞会的举办地。
22. B 细节理解题 根据 The Glee Club 部分中的 Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club ... 和 If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here. 可知，人们可以在 the Glee Club 欣赏戏剧。
23. A 细节理解题 根据 New Theatre 中的 ... the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre. 可知，加的夫现存最古老的传统剧院是 New Theatre，故 New Theatre 的网址 www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk 为正确答案。
B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.

24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
答案与解析
24. B 细节理解题 根据第一段中的第二句 Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. 以及该段最后两句 ... the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 可知，凤头鹦 鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，给它们形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒子里的坚果取出来。
26. D 细节理解题 根据第三段内容 The next step, … is to try and work out whether the cockatoos …, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. 可知，研究人员下一步将尝试找出凤头鹦鹉是否完全依赖视觉线索，或是在选择形状时使用触觉

C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
【答案】29. C 细节理解题 根据第三段第二句 ... get last-minute cheap deals on
ships going to Antarctica ... 及第三、四句 “I just decided I wanted to go,”she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there …” 可知，Ginni 并不知道在南极会有什么发现，是打折的廉价船票促使她决定去南极洲旅行。
D
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
33. D 细节理解题 根据第三段 I’ll miss these old boats ... 和第五段 ... they’re replacing them with catamarans ... but they are not elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. 可知，Andrew Reynolds 对那些旧的渡船非常留恋不舍。

典例二 (2022·全国乙卷)
A
Henry Raeburn (1756—1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn
Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00
DUNCAN THOMSON
Raeburn’s English Contemporaries
Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10
JUDY EGERTON
Characters and Characterisation in
Raeburn’s Portraits
Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10
NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON
Raeburn and Artist’s Training in the
18th Century
Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10
MARTIN POSTLE









Exhibition Times
Monday—Saturday 10.00—17.45 Sunday 12.00—17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24—26 December and 1 January
Admission
£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.

21. What is the right time for attending Raeburn’s English Contemporaries?
A. Sun. 26 Oct. B. Thurs. 30 Oct. C. Thurs. 6 Nov. D. Thurs. 13 Nov.
23. How can full-time students get group discounts?
A. They should go on Sunday mornings. B. They should come from art schools.
C. They must be led by teachers. D. They must have ID cards with them.
答案与解析
21. B 细节理解题 根据 Lecture Series 部分的表格可知，Raeburn’s English Contemporaries 举行的时间是 Thursday 30 Oct.。
23. C 细节理解题 根据最后一段 A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education ... in organised groups with teachers. 可知，只有加入老师组织的团队，即在老师的带领下，全日制学 生才能享受团体折扣。
B
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”

24. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
26. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
答案与解析
24.A 细节理解题 根据第一段中的 … traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. 可知，两人去落基山脉是为了到一个只有一间教室的学校教书，所以选项 A 正确。
26. C 细节理解题 根据关键词 hair-raising 定位到第四段 A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. 书中讲述在刺眼的暴风雪中打孔钻穿落基山脉是令人毛骨悚然的部分，所以选项 C 正确。

C
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.

28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
答案与解析
28. A 细节理解题 根据第二段前两句可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电 线。他们在铁路方面完全可以做同样的事情，比如检查铁路线以及铁轨和铁 路道岔的位置是否有问题等，使无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。
30. A 细节理解题 根据最后一段第一句 … detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. 以及最后一句 … they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前 预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。

D
D
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Minister first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.

32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
答案与解析
32. C 细节理解题 根据第二段中的 First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity. 可知，征收糖税的目的是 减缓儿童肥胖症问题，也就是保护儿童健康，所以选项 C 正确。
33. D 细节理解题 根据第四段中的 It comes after more than half of soft
drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. 可知，为应对糖税政策，一些饮品公司降低产品的含糖量来避税，所以选项 D 正确。
34. D 事 实 细 节题 根 据 第 五段 However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax … 可知，可口可乐公司接受了糖税，而果汁、牛奶饮料和大多数的酒精饮料都是免税的，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌，所以选项 D 正确。
典例三 (2022•新高考全国I卷)
A
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
答案与解析
22. B 细节理解题 根据三个小标题 Essays (60%) 、Group Assignments (30%)和 Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)中括号内的分数所占百分比可知，这三项加起来正好是 100%，因此学生的期末成绩是由这三项考核内容组成的。
23. A 细节理解题 根据最后一段中的 If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. 可知，如果在到期日第 4 天还没提交论文，将会得到零分，因此晚交一周只能拿零分。
B
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.” Curtin says.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
答案与解析
25. B 细节理解题 根据第三段前两句 Producing food that no one eats wastes the water ... an environmental problem. 可知，食物浪费会引发环境问题。
26. D 细节理解题 根据第四段第三句 Curtin is CEO of ... recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. 可知，Curtin 所在的公司旨在将人们不想要的食品转化为健康的食物，D 项符合文意。
27. A 细节理解题 根据最后一段第二句 Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by … or by … you won’t eat. 可知，Curtin 建议人 们通过仅购买所需食品，以及要求餐馆不提供顾客不吃的配菜来减少食物浪费，A 项符合文意。
C
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”

28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
答案与解析
28. D 细节理解题 根据第二段第一句 The project was dreamed up … to
reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. 可知，这个项目的目的是为了缓解老年人的孤独，提升他们的幸福感。D 项中的 promote 和welfare 分别对应文中的 improve 和 wellbeing，故选 D。
D
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
答案与解析
32. D 细节理解题 根据第一段最后一句中的 … diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds … 和第二段最后一句中的 … how and why this trend arose. 可知 Damián Blasi 的研究与人类语音的发展变化有关。故 D 项正确。
33. C 细节理解题 根据第三段第一句 They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth … by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. 可知，要发出唇齿音（produce labiodentals），上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音，所以选 C。



(2023届广东省汕头市普通高考第一次模拟考试英语试题--A篇)
In recent times, the sales of self-help books have soared in popularity. Here are our picks of the best, and most highly rated self-help books to help tackle that new year anxiety.
Atomic Habits by James Clear
Nowadays people spend so much time planning, journaling, and writing in our diaries, rather than taking action towards actually achieving our goals. This book is a step-by-step guide to fixing up your routine. It digs into the psychology behind habits — how to form good ones and break the bad ones. If you’re a victim of procrastination (拖延症), this may be the push you need.
How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie
This book is all about improving the relationships you have with others in your life, making you a better listener, and overall a better friend. With simple tips such as including the person’s name in conversation and making sure you’re genuinely interested in what they’re saying, you can ensure they will remember you. The core idea is that you can change other people’s behaviour by changing your own, therefore building stronger relationships.
Untamed-Stop Pleasing, Start Living by Glennon Doyle
Part autobiographical and part self-help, it’s the perfect book to kickstart your year and start living for yourself. Although this book could be enjoyed by anyone, the prime audience is women, as Doyle talks a lot about doubts during motherhood, and the overwhelming need women feel to put everyone before themselves. Doyle shows us our lives in a new light that without even realising it, we may be working hard to please everyone around us, forgetting the most important person — ourselves.
The 4-Hour Work Week by Timothy Ferriss
“Escape the 9-5, live anywhere and join the new rich”. This best seller proposes the idea that you don’t need to wait for retirement and delay your life plan. Instead, you can trade a long career for short work bursts and frequent “mini-retirements”. Ferris says that people don’t want to be millionaires. They want to experience what they think only millionaires can buy.
1．What can we learn from Atomic Habits?
A．How to keep a diary.
B．How to learn psychology.
C．How to arrange your routine.
D．How to satisfy your needs.
2．Which book may attract housewives most?
A．Atomic Habits.
B．Untamed-Stop Pleasing, Start Living.
C．The 4-Hour Work Week.
D．How to Win Friends and Influence People.
3．Which of the following may Timothy Ferriss agree with?
A．No pains, no gains.
B．Idle young, needy old.
C．Live in the moment.
D．Fortune favors the bold.

【【答案】1．C    2．B    3．C

【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了帮助缓解焦虑的书籍。
1．细节理解题。根据Atomic Habits by James Clear部分中“This book is a step-by-step guide to fixing up your routine. I(这本书一步一步地指导你调整日常生活)”可知，Atomic Habits主要是指导读者们如何安排自己的日常生活。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据Untamed-Stop Pleasing, Start Living by Glennon Doyle部分中“Although this book could be enjoyed by anyone, the prime audience is women, as Doyle talks a lot about doubts during motherhood, and the overwhelming need women feel to put everyone before themselves. (尽管任何人都可以喜欢这本书，但主要的读者是女性，因为道尔谈到了很多当母亲时的疑虑，以及女性觉得把所有人都放在自己之前的强烈需求)”可知，Untamed-Stop Pleasing, Start Living适合女性读者。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据The 4-Hour Work Week by Timothy Ferriss部分中“This best seller proposes the idea that you don’t need to wait for retirement and delay your life plan. Instead, you can trade a long career for short work bursts and frequent “mini-retirements”. (这本畅销书提出的观点是，你不需要等待退休，推迟你的人生计划。相反，你可以用漫长的职业生涯换取短暂的工作爆发和频繁的“迷你退休”)”可知，该书作者认为人们不必要等待退休而推迟自己的人生计划，而是应该用短暂的工集中工作和“迷你退休”模式，实现自己的人生。由此推知，也许Timothy Ferriss同意“活在当下”的观点。故选C。

（(2023届广东省汕头市普通高考第一次模拟考试英语试题--B篇）
“Medicine, law, business, engineering, these are noble pursuits, and necessary to sustain life. But poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for. ” This is dedicated to my first-year self four years ago, who was addicted to getting good grades, and failed to seek the happiness found in everything else that college has to offer.
Like some people, I grew up with a family that valued academics over all else, who gave you a little extra love when you were doing great in your classes, and took it away when you didn’t. As a result, my self-worth became tied to my academic success. As an international student, I sometimes felt our parents didn’t quite understand the heavy academic weight.
There is a difference between trying to always better yourself for yourself, and simply putting too much on your plate until you burn out from attempting to live up to certain expectations. We should all strive to do the former, but unfortunately our mindsets have been always wired to follow the latter.
I used to believe school killed the creative spirit inside all of us, but as I get older and further into my academic career, I find that it is we who make the choice to kill that creative spirit. I am definitely not saying that you should throw your GPA out of the window and go painting all day. However, we should all try to develop a long-sighted perspective on how we want to shape our lives. Take some classes on topics that you’re genuinely interested in learning about, not just passing. Join clubs or work on projects that resonate with you and push you beyond your boundaries. And most of all, accept the fact that failure and loss are sometimes inevitable in life.
I promise you, when you look back at these four years, you will not remember the good grades or the bad grades, but you will hold in your memory the connections you made with people, the things that inspired you to create and the times you learned something special. And so I ask you now, what do you want to get out of college?
4．Who is the author of the passage?
A．A professor. B．A freshman. C．A parent. D．A graduate.
5．What did the author’s parents stress most on his college life?
A．Seeking happiness. B．Getting good grades.
C．Building self-worth. D．Developing various interests.
6．What is bettering ourselves for according to the author?
A．To be a better self. B．To realize our dreams.
C．To push our boundaries. D．To live up to others’ expectations.
7．Which of the following may the author probably agree with?
A．Academic growth helps to promote creativity.
B．Students themselves have a say in their hobbies.
C．Failures can be avoided with more efforts put in.
D．School is to blame for killing students’ creativity.

【答案】4．D    5．B    6．A    7．B

【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为自己四年前一味沉迷于好成绩，没有从大学所能提供的一切中寻找快乐。告诉读者应该参加一些你真正感兴趣的课程，而不是敷衍了事，从大学中学到特别的东西。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中“This is dedicated to my first-year self four years ago, who was addicted to getting good grades, and failed to seek the happiness found in everything else that college has to offer.(这句话献给四年前一年级的自己，当时的我沉迷于取得好成绩，没有从大学所能提供的一切中寻找快乐)”可推知，这篇文章的作者是毕业生。故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Like some people, I grew up with a family that valued academics over all else, who gave you a little extra love when you were doing great in your classes, and took it away when you didn’t. As a result, my self-worth became tied to my academic success.(和一些人一样，我在一个重视学业胜过一切的家庭中长大，当你在课堂上表现出色时，他们会给你一点额外的爱，当你表现不好时，他们就会把你的爱拿走。结果，我的自我价值与我的学业成功紧密相连)”可知，作者的父母对他大学生活的最大压力是取得好成绩。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“There is a difference between trying to always better yourself for yourself, and simply putting too much on your plate until you burn out from attempting to live up to certain expectations. We should all strive to do the former, but unfortunately our mindsets have been always wired to follow the latter.(努力让自己变得更好，和简单地把太多事情放在自己的盘子里，直到你因为试图达到某些期望而筋疲力尽，这两者是有区别的。我们都应该努力做到前者，但不幸的是，我们的心态总是倾向于后者)”可知，在作者看来，改善自己是为了成为更好的自己。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Take some classes on topics that you’re genuinely interested in learning about, not just passing. Join clubs or work on projects that resonate with you and push you beyond your boundaries. And most of all, accept the fact that failure and loss are sometimes inevitable in life.(参加一些你真正感兴趣的课程，而不是敷衍了事。加入俱乐部或参与能引起你共鸣的项目，让你超越自己的界限。最重要的是，接受这个事实，失败和失去在生活中有时是不可避免的)”可知，作者认为学生对自己的爱好有发言权。故选B。

第一篇：
The fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cities. While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that won't help the millions who are dying in the meantime, and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards.
In March 2016, 10 London pigeons became famous. These pigeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in north London, wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution. Once in the air. the backpacks sent live air-quality updates to the smartphones of the? Londoners below.
The pigeons and their backpacks were just the latest in a series of increasingly desperate attempts to monitor and control air pollution. London’s air pollution problem has been getting worse for years, and it often rises to more than three times the European Union’s legal limit.
Another promising approach can be found in Beijing, after China declared a “war against pollution” in 2014. A seven-metre-high “Smog Free Tower”, designed by a Dutch scientist, Daan Roosegaarde, opened in Beijing’s 751 D Park in September 2016.
It is a huge, outdoor air purifier. Airborne particles (颗粒) are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive chaise. The particles are then caught by a negatively charged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown out of the other end. “Changing smog particles does not take much current.” Roosegaarde said.
As for what to do with the collected PM waste, he has currently set up a business making jewellery out of the waste. Prince Charles owns a set of “smog free” cufflinks (袖扣). If collected on at a big scale, Roosegaarde believes it could even be used as a building material.
Mexico City has an alternative solution. Looking to Nature to maximize the surface area of a building, Allision Dring, a Berlin-based architect, managed to catch light and wind from all sides. She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by-products in the absence of oxygen. “it means that you are actually taking carbon (碳) out of the sky, transforming it into a material, and them using it to build,” says Dring.
The fight against outdoor air pollution is really just starting. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least Prince Charles’ cufflinks, the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the public’s attention.
1. The 10 pigeons in London were used to ______.
A. monitor air pollution
B. warn Londoners
C. update weather forecast
D. promote backpacks
【答案】A
【解析】细节题。从文章第二段“..., wearing the backpacks monitoring air pollution.”可知，鸽子背包的目的是监视空气质量。故选A。
2. What can we learn about the Smog Free Tower?
A. Its power consumption high.
B. PM waste from it can be reused.
C. It is built of agricultural by-products.
D. It can attract light and wind from all sides.
【答案】B
【解析】细节推断题。从文章第五段第一句“… making jewellery out of waste”可知，Daan使用PM来制作珠宝，让其重新利用；故选B。
3. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. When can humans get rid of smog?
B. Why is technology used to fight smog?
C. How are the world’s cities fighting smog?
D. What makes smog a worldwide problem?
【答案】C
【解析】主旨题。全文出现了世界范围内三个地方：伦敦，北京，墨西哥，并且给出了治理烟雾的手段；故选C。

第二篇：
When we think about how our senses work, we usually imagine them operating separately: you sniff a flower, and the smell is delivered uninterrupted from nose to brain. However, it’s more complex than that. Most evidence for cross-modal perception (视觉) comes from studies into sound and vision (视觉). But research that shows other senses crossing over is coming out all the time, and it seems that even sound and smell sometimes form an unlikely pairing.
When New York researchers, Danial Wesson and Donald Wilson, tried to find out the truth about a “mysterious” area of the brain called the olfactory tubercle, they had to deal with this fact. Originally, they only intended to measure how olfactory tubercle cells in mice responded to smell. But during testing, Wesson noticed that every time he put his coffee cup down, the mouse cells jumped in activity. In fact, the olfactory tubercle is well-placed to receive both smell and sound information from the outside world. Later they found that among separate cells, most responded to a smell but a significant number were also active when a sound was made. Some cells even behaved differently when smell and sound were presented together, by increasing or decreasing their activity.
Of course, mice aren’t people, so research team has been carrying out further experiments. They pulled together a group of people and gave them various drinks to smell. Participants were asked to sniff the drinks, and then match them to appropriate musical instruments and produce the notes at different levels. The results were interesting: piano was regularly paired with fruity fragrances; strong smells sounded like the instruments that are made of metal.
Further research found that listening to different sounds can change your perceptions. Studying taste this time, the team ordered some special toffee (太妃糖) and put together “soundscapes” corresponding to bitterness and sweetness. Participants tasted similar pieces of toffee while listening to each soundscape, and found the toffee more bitter or sweeter, depending on which soundtrack they were listening to.
Studies like this are helping scientists correctly describe our understanding of the senses, and how the brain combines them with its advantage. The consequences are worth considering. Could we see musicians work together with chefs to produce sound-improved food and drink? Will you be ordering a coffee with a soundtrack to bring out your favourite smell? Come to think of it, that could be one thing you hope coffee shop chains don’t get round to.
1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. A lot of research focuses on the senses.
B. Sound and Vision are relatively very easy to study.
C. There can be a link between sound and smell.
D. Evidence about the way senses work is hard to obtain.
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。位置已经明确给出，位于第二段的划线部分, this fact指前面的名词olfactory tubercle“嗅结节”，但是选项并没有提到这个专业名词，所以接着在本段找到第五句话 “the olfactory tubercle is well-placed to receive both smell and sound information from the outside world”, 意为olfactory tubercle这种嗅结节正好位于能够接收外界所传来的气味以及声音信息的位置，只有C选项同时提及了“气味”以及“声音”，切合题意。故选C。
2. In Wesson and Wilson’s research, ________.
A. the mice were affected more significantly by sound
B. the result confirmed with the researchers had suspected
C. the mice seemed to be afraid of certain sounds or smells
D. the connection between sound and smell was found by chance
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。通过关键词Wesson and Wilson’s team可定位至第二段，“Originally ,they only intended to measure … But during testing, Wesson noticed that …”，一开始他们只想测试老鼠的olfactory tubercle对气味如何做出反应，但却发现每次他放下咖啡杯时，老鼠的细胞都会突然变得活跃。故气味和声音之间的练习是被偶然发现的，D切合题意。故选D。
3. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. Participants took an active part in the experiments.
B. The purpose of the further experiments was totally different.
C. The result failed to support what was found in previous experiments.
D. Experiments showed that links between sound and smell were consistent.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨题。从文章第三段最后一句“The results were interesting … regularly paired with … metal.”可知，实验的结果是，钢琴通常能够和水果的香味儿匹配，而强烈的气味“听起来”就像金属制成的乐器。该结果强调了气味和声音之间总有一种固有的联系，D切合题意。故选D。
4. How does the author feel about the effect of the research?
A. She is excited about the creative chances.
B. She is surprised at the recent developments.
C. She is convinced that the findings will be used soon.
D. She is worried about how the knowledge can be applied.
【答案】A
【解析】态度主旨题。从文章最后一段，“The consequences are worth considering.”与后文对未来由感官结合所带来的新奇事物的畅想可知，作者是非常期待其所带来的便利与惊奇的体验，A切合题意。故选A。

5月16日 今日心情：
阅读理解篇之推理判断题

推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。
近三年高考全国卷推理判断题分析
年份
试卷
推理判断题数
2020
新课标卷I
5
新课标卷II
4
新课标卷III
3

2021
全国甲卷
8
全国乙卷
6
新高考全国I卷
5

2022
全国甲卷
3
全国乙卷
3
新高考全国I卷
7
☞【试题分析】
Part 1整体感知
一、推理判断题主要考查学生：（1）推断隐含意义的能力。
（2）推断作者的观点或态度的能力。
（3）推断写作目的的能力。
（4）推断文章的出处的能力。
（5）推断上下文内容的能力。
1.细节推理判断题该类型题干主要命题特征：1.题干主要包括六个动词：infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。
此类题目常见出题方式：
1. It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the text that _______.
2. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?
3. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?
4. The attitude of the author towards somebody/sonething is _______.
5. What’s the author’s attitude toward…?
6. The main purpose of this text is_____.
7. From the passage we can conclude that_______.
2.掌握表述作者观点态度的形容词、动词
（1）表示积极的词：support（支持），supportive（支持的），approve（赞成），approving（赞同的），for（支持），in favor of（支持），optimistic（乐观的），positive（积极的），objective（客观的），helpful（有帮助的），admiring（赞赏的），serious（严肃的），enthusiastic（热情的），pleasant（愉快的），polite（礼貌的），concerned（关切的），humorous（幽默的），unbiased（无偏见的），confident（自信的），impressive（给人印象深刻的）等。
（2）表示消极的词汇：disgusted（厌恶的），disgusting（令人厌恶的），critical（批评的），negative（否定的），suspicious（怀疑的），intolerable（无法忍受），disappointed（失望的），biased（有偏见的），compromising（有失体面的），uninterested（不感兴趣的），worried（担心的），hostile（敌对的），ironic（讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），bitter（令人不快的），cynical（愤世嫉俗的），sentimental（伤感的），emotional（情绪激动的），sceptical（怀疑的），opposed（强烈反对的），angry（气愤的），doubt（怀疑）等。
（3）表示中立的词：indifferent（冷淡的；漠不关心的），inpersonal（客观的），impartial（不偏袒的），factual（事实的），objective（客观的），neutral（中立的）等。
二、正确选项特征
1. “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2. 选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only，never，all， absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some， may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。
三、干扰选项特征
1.只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理；
2.主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断；
3.过度推断：作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。
4.错误推断：某些细节看似从原问推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置和手段变目的等；
Part 2 解题方法
方法1. 根据特定信息进行推断
在阅读中作判断，一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出的推断要合乎情理。有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断。
典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读D节选）
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
根据节选段的最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知，做同样的事，过时的电子设备比新设备耗能更多。由此可推断，作者认为新设备更节能、更环保，故答案为A。
方法 2. 从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。
1. …The young man quickly answered,“Yes, sir.”
从quickly和“Yes, sir.”可以推论出，说话者似乎态度谦卑，甚至有点诚惶诚恐。
2. “…Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’ll show them.”
Green原意为“绿色的”，由此引申为“不成熟的”，这里可译作“毛孩子”。从“I’ll show them.”可推论出两层意思：1.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们做个样子看看。”（表示很自信）；2.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。”（威胁的口气）
3. The old man staggered(摇摇晃晃地走)along the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling. His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.
4. 粗心地学生可能会从“staggered（摇摇晃晃）”，“grabbed…from falling”推论出这个老头喝醉了。显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据，因为学生忽略了“His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.”这一事实。事实上，作者描绘了一幅凄惨的画面。合理的推论应该是：这位老人上了年纪，身体很虚弱。
方法 3. 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，来反映主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。掌握好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。
典题例证（2019.全国卷I D节选）
During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
解析：根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的；酷的。故选C。
方法4.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式。

推理判断题的设题形式有很多，不同的题型对应不同的技巧。如下表所示：

推断内容
考查点
解题方法
推断隐含含义
考查考生透过词语的字面意思去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力
1. 跳读，找到相关信息点(推理的依据)；2. 细读，理解相关信息点的字面意义；3. 结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，理解作者的言外之意。

推断写作意图
考查考生根据短文内容推断作者写该文章的目的的能力
根据文体的特点和用途来推断作者的写作目的：1.记叙文，特别是个人的有趣经历或幽默故事类的文章——娱乐读者；2. 夹叙夹议文——让读者得到某种启示或教育；3. 广告和议论文——说服读者接受某种产品、服务或接受某种观点；4. 科普说明文或新闻报道——告知读者某些信息。
推断下段内容、文章出处
考查考生通过阅读材料，预测内容及推断材料的来源的能力
1. 根据文章的内容或结构来推断；2. 根据各种文体的特征来判断其出处：如广告的用词和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨认；报纸的前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；产品说明的特点也比较明显，一般会介绍其名称、作用、操作方式等。
推断目标读者
考查考生根据短文内容推断此篇文章主要是写给谁看的能力
根据文章内容，特别是从作者使用的词语和语气来判断。

典例一 (2022·全国甲卷)
B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
25. C 推理判断题 根据第二段中的第一句 In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ... 可推知，对于人类来说，一岁左右的幼儿最有可能完成的任务是把球放进圆洞里。
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
29. C 事实细节题 根据第三段第二句 ... get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica ... 及第三、四句 “I just decided I wanted to go, ” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there …” 可知，Ginni 并不知道在南极会有什么发现，是打折的廉价船票促使她决定去南极洲旅行。
D
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
35. A 推理判断题 根据倒数第二段的第一句 ... being young and old at the same time has its attractions. 可知，作者认为一个城市新旧并存是非常有魅力的。根据下文中 Anthony 的观点 ... a foundation built on ancient cultures with a drive and dynamism of a young country. 和最后一段 He is right ... 可知，Anthony 认为澳大利亚是一个建立在古老文化基础上并同时充满活力的年轻国家，作者认同其观点。

典例二 (2022·全国乙卷)
A
Henry Raeburn (1756—1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn
Sunday 26 Oct., 15.00
DUNCAN THOMSON
Raeburn’s English Contemporaries
Thursday 30 Oct., 13.10
JUDY EGERTON

Characters and Characterisation in
Raeburn’s Portraits
Thursday 6 Nov., 13.10
NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON
Raeburn and Artist’s Training in the
18th Century
Thursday 13 Nov., 13.10
MARTIN POSTLE
Exhibition Times
Monday—Saturday 10.00—17.45 Sunday 12.00—17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24—26 December and 1 January
Admission
£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
22. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?
A. £4. B. £8. C. £12. D. £16.
22. B 推理判断题 根据 Admission 部分的£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free. 可知，一对夫妇带两个 12 岁以下的孩子看展，两个孩子免费，只需支付两个大人的门票即可，即£8。

B
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
25. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.
27. What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
25. D 推理判断题 根据第三段 … had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. 以及 In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice. 可知，两个女孩支教的地方生活条件异常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。所以选项 D 正确。
27. B 推理判断题 第一段结尾表明两人支教的故事是 Dorothy Wickenden 所著的 Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West 这本书的主题，第四段讲述了书里描述的内容以及结局，最后一段 更是直接指出 Dorothy Wickenden 是一位出色的讲故事的人，解释了她的写作动机并引用了书中一段精彩的文字。由此可知，本文是一篇书评，所以选 项 B 正确。
D
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Minister first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
35. B 推理判断题 根据最后一段第一句 Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools. 可知，糖税政策的实施，产生了积极的影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑，由此推断出该政策是成功的，所以选项 B 正确。

典例三 (2022·新高考全国I卷)
A
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.

21. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper.
C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
答案与解析
21. C 推理判断题 根据文章标题 Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature“文学入门课程评分规则”以及 Essays (60%) 下的 the grade for this course “ 本 课 程 的 成 绩 ” 和 Group Assignments (30%) 下 的 … Blackboard, our online learning and course management system “ … Blackboard（在线学习和课程管理系统）”可推知，本文是对一个文学入门 课程评分规则的详细介绍，故应该是选自课程方案（A course plan）。
B
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
答案与解析
25. B 推理判断题 根据第一段 I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. 以及 But I ended up working late ... unthinkingly bought way too much. 可知，作者有心避免浪费食物，但却因加班、与朋友聚餐以及买得太多而使得 芝麻菜腐坏，由此推断我们有时会在无意中浪费食物。B 选项中的 unintentionally 与文中的 unthinkingly 为同义异构。
C
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
答案与解析
29. B 推理判断题 根据第五段 It’s good to have a different focus … I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful. 可知，Ruth Xavier 喜欢养鸡，做些有用的事让她感觉很好，由此可推断出她从养鸡这件事中获得了成就感（a sense of achievement）。
31. A 推理判断题 根据最后两段中 Residents really welcome the idea of the project … We are happy to be taking part in the project. 可知，人们欣然接 受这个项目并且乐于参与，也就是这个项目很受大家欢迎（well received）。
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
35. C 推理判断题 根据最后一段 The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable … is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution 可知，人类的语音并不是 一成不变的，而是一个复杂的动态变化、相互作用的系统。


（2023·浙江一月高考--B篇）Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
25．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars?
A．He disapproved of it. B．He was favorable to it.
C．He was tolerant of it. D．He didn’t care about it.
26．What can we infer about the author?
A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others’ privacy.
C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person.

【答案】  25．A    26．D    

【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。
25．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.(几天后，我带着第一罐零废物杂货回来了，我父亲评论说，我到处带着罐子是多么愚蠢。结果有点令人沮丧)”可推知，作者的父亲不赞成用罐子买食品杂货。故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. (然而，随着减少浪费的几个月的持续，我尽了自己力所能及的努力)”及“Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.(也许你的家庭不会完全改变，但你可以控制自己的个人空间，做出你想要的改变)”可推知，作者是一个意志坚定的人。故选D。
（2023·浙江一月高考--C篇）
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
28．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?
A．To explain the use of a software program.
B．To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C．To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D．To emphasize the fairness of the competition.

【答案】28．B   
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Project Debater的软件程序。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.(上周，在旧金山的一场公开辩论中，一个名为Project Debater的软件程序击败了它的人类对手，其中包括以色列前全国辩论冠军Noa Ovadia。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Noa Ovadia的目的是展示Project Debater的聪明。故选B。
、
第一篇：
The Domestication (驯化) of Cats
For centuries, the common view of how domestication had occurred was that prehistoric people, realizing how useful it would be to have animals kept for food, began catching wild animals and breeding (繁殖) them. Over time, by allowing only animals with “tame” (驯养) characteristics to produce their babies, human beings created animals that were less wild and more dependent upon people. Eventually this process led to the domestic farm animals and pets that we know today, having lost their ancient survival skills and natural abilities.
Recent research suggests that this view of domestication is incomplete. Prehistoric human beings did catch and breed useful wild animals, but specialists in animal behavior now think that domestication was not simply something people did to animals-the animals played an active part in the process. Wolves and wild horses, for example, may have taken the first steps in their own domestication by hanging around human settlements, feeding on people’s crops and getting used to human activity. The animals which were not too nervous or fearful to live near people produced their babies that also tolerated humans, making it easier for people to catch and breed them.
In this version, people succeeded in domesticating only animals that had already adapted easily to life around humans. Domestication required an animal that was willing to become domestic. The process was more like a dance with partners than a victory of humans over animals.
At first glance, the taming of cats seems to fit nicely into this new story of domestication. A traditional theory says that after prehistoric people in Egypt invented agriculture and started farming, rats and mice gathered to feast on their stored grain. Wildcats, in turn, gathered at the same places to hunt and eat the rats and mice. Over time, cats got used to people and people got used to cats. Some studies of wildcats, however, seem to call this theory into question. Wildcats don’t share hunting and feeding areas, and they don’t live close to people. Experts do not know whether wildcats were partners in their own domestication. They do know that long after people had acquired domestic dogs, sheep and horses, they somehow acquired domestic cats. Gradually they produced animals with increasingly tame qualities.
1. What is suggested in recent research?
A. Animals were less afraid than thought.
B. Animals had an active role in their domestication.
C. Wolves and horses were the first to be domesticated.
D. Domestication meant something people did to animals.
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。根据题干定位到文章第2段,“……domestication was not simply……in the process.”驯化不仅是人们对动物做的，动物自己在过程中也起到了积极的作用，只有B选项动物在他们自己的驯化中起到了积极作用符合题意。故选B。
2. The word “dance ” is used in Paragraph 3 to show that ______.
A. animals and humans were close
B. control over animals was easy
C. animals were independent of humans
D. domestication was like a game
【答案】A
【解析】细节推断题。从文章第3段，“The process was more like a dance…...”这个过程更像与伙伴在一起的舞会，可知舞会上舞伴之间是需要亲近配合的，故只有A选项动物和人类的关系很亲密符合题意。故选A。
3. What probably attracted cats to human settlements?
A. Other cats.
B. Warmth.
C. Humans.
D. Food.
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。从文章最后一段“Wildcats, gathered at the same places to hunt and eat rats and mice.”野猫聚集在同一个地方去捕食老鼠，可知吸引猫去人类住处的东西为老鼠，即D选项食物。故选D。
4. What causes a problem for the theory that cats were domesticated like wolves were?
A. Cats were not friendly to people.
B. Cats were not as fierce as wolves.
C. Cats had the characteristic of independence.
D. Cats showed cleverness when they were hunting.
【答案】C
【解析】推断题。从文章最后一段，“Wildcats don’t share hunting and feeding areas, and they don’t live close to people.”野猫不分享捕食的区域，与人类住的也不近，可知只有C选项猫具有独立的特点，符合题意。故选C。

第二篇：
“We haven’t found anything that we can’t recycle!”
Cigarette ends are everywhere—littering our streets and beaches—and for decades they’ve been thought of as “unrecyclable”. But a New Jersey based company, called TerraCycle, has taken on the challenge, and has come up with a way to recycle millions of cigarette ends and turn them into industrial plastic products. Its aim is to recycle things that people normally consider impossible to reuse.
Obviously it would be even better for the environment if everyone just stopped smoking, but the statistics show that although there has been an increase in anti-smoking ads and messaging, between 2000 and 2014, global sales of cigarettes increased by 8 percent, and a whole lot of those cigarette ends are ending up as trash. Since most of our litter eventually ends up in waterways, cigarette ends can surely pollute the surrounding environment. “It only takes a single cigarette end to pollute a liter of water,” TerraCycle founder, Tom Szaky, said. “Animals can also mistake littered cigarette ends for food.”
So how do you go about turning all those poisonous ends into something useful? TerraCycle does this by first breaking them down into separate parts. They mix the remaining materials, such as the tobacco and the paper, with other kinds of rubbish, and use it on non-agricultural land, such as golf courses. The filters (过滤嘴) are a little harder. To recycle these, TerraCycle first makes them clean and cuts them into small pieces, and then combines them with other recycled materials, making them into liquid for industrial plastic products.
They’re now also expanding their recycling offerings to the rest of the 80 percent of household waste that currently can’t be recycled, such as chocolate packaging, pens, and mobile phones. The goal is to use the latest research to find a way to stop so much waste ending up in landfill(垃圾填埋), and then get companies to provide money for the process. And so far, it’s working.
“We haven’t found anything that we can’t recycle,” communications director of TerraCycle, Albe Zakes, said. “But with the amount and variety of packaging and litter in the world, we are always looking for new waste streams to address.”
1. What does TerraCycle intend to do?
A. Search for recyclable materials for use.
B. Deal with as many cigarette ends as possible.
C. Produce new kinds of industrial plastic products.
D. Recycle what used to be considered unrecyclable.
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。根据TerraCycle intend to do 的同义改写定位到第一段最后一句“Its aim is to recycle things that people normally consider impossible to reuse.”可知，TerraCycle 打算将人们认为不可能再重新使用的东西，回收再利用。故选D。
2. The underlined word “trash” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.
A. rubbish
B. position
C. disaster
D. Ruin
【答案】A
【解析】猜词题。从文章第二段词后Since most of our litter eventually ends up in waterways, cigarette ends can surely pollute the surrounding environment. 可知，trash 应该和后面的litter同义，是垃圾，废弃物的意思，而答案中只有rubbish符合题意。故选A。
3. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. The effective use of cigarette ends.
B. The process of recycling cigarette ends.
C. The difficulty in recycling cigarette ends.
D. The reason for breaking down cigarette ends.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨题；根据第三段第一句话和最后一句话“So how do you go about turning all those poisonous ends into something useful? ”；“To recycle these, TerraCycle first makes them clean and cuts them into small pieces, and then combines them with other recycled materials, making them into liquid for industrial plastic products.”为了回收这些东西，TerraCycle先做什么，又做什么，说出了回收的过程。故选B。
4. What Albe said in the last paragraph implies that _______.
A. there is more and more waste to be recycled
B. it is difficult for TerraCycle to recycle everything
C. TerraCycle is trying to meet the challenge of new waste
D. TerraCycle has successfully recycled a large amount waste
【答案】C
【解析】推断题。根据Albe说的话““We haven’t found anything that we can’t recycle,” “But with the amount and variety of packaging and litter in the world, we are always looking for new waste streams to address.” 我们总是在期待着解决新的废物，暗含遇见新的垃圾挑战的意思。故选C。



5月17日 今日心情：
阅读理解篇之词义猜测题

1. 文章中划线单词或短语并非这个单词或短语本身常见的含义，需要放到具体文章中，结合上下文去猜测它的含义。在不同的语境中该单词或词组会有不同的含义。
2. 有时候也要去猜测替代词所替代的含义，比如：it/one/they/this/that/these/those等
3. 偶尔也会考察划线部分整句话的含义。
近三年高考全国卷词义猜测分析
年份
试卷
词义猜测题数
2020

新课标卷I
1
新课标卷II
2
新课标卷III
1

2021
全国甲卷
1
全国乙卷
1
新高考全国I卷
1

2022
全国甲卷
1
全国乙卷
1
新高考全国I卷
1


词义猜测题有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句意题。因为猜测词组、句意题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点/态度等。联系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力，预计2022年高考仍会有一道词义、短语或句意猜测题，考查难度会有所增加。

Part 1 整体感知
猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句意的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加，需要在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
一、 猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式如下：
1. The word “…”refers to/probably means _______.
2. The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by ______.
3. What do you think the expression “…”stands for?
4. By saying “…” we mean ______.
5. “…” as used in the passage can best be defined as _____.
6. Which of the following words can take the place of the word “…”?
Part 2 方法指导
1. 利用指代关系来猜测代词词义
代词词义的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断画线代词的类型。接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词及相当于名词的表达。
典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读B节选）
We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back - he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
26.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Their belief. B.Their care for children.
C.Their success. D.Their support for each other.
解析 根据“We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back”可知，下文的内容是对 the belief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故答案为A.
2. 利用定义来猜测词义
在许多情况下，作者预计到某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，学生便可理解该词的基本含义、线索词有that，which is 等。
典题例证（2015.北京高考阅读C节选）
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
解析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
3. 利用定语或同位语来猜测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词语有or， that is， in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后学生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。
典题例证（2018全国卷II阅读B节选）
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
解析 本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert…”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器（榨汁机），因此选D.
4. 利用文章同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典题例证 （2018.全国卷III阅读D节选）
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
解析 根据第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”和画线短语后的“when it comes to kids and their belongings”可知这里的more is more与前面的flooded with 同义，成年人喜欢物品像洪水一样覆盖生活中，即大量的，越多越好。故选择A。
5. 利用文章中的举例猜测词义
在阅读理解中学生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，猜出该生词的意思。举例常用到的信号词有：such as，such…as，for example，for instance，like，including，especially等。
典题例证（2016.全国卷III阅读D节选）
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
解析 根据画线词的举例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应该是“消极的”。
6. 利用对比或比较的词语来猜测的词义
当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法，即会用到对比的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系的词汇主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，on the other hand，on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号中的分号也可以表示对比。
典题例证
If you ‘re tired of wandering around the gum wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.
73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “_____”.
A.cheerful B.average C.serious D.temporary
解析 根据语境可知，upbeat 应与上文中的tired of 意义相反，故答案为A.

典例一 (2022·全国甲卷)
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
答案与解析
28. A 词义猜测题 根据第二段第二句 ... but always longed to explore further. 及下文去南极洲旅行可知，Ginni 一直渴望深入探索世界，当她退休且她的儿子们独立生活后，她就有时间去做这些事情了。

典例二 (2022·全国乙卷)
C
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
答案与解析
29. C 词义猜测题 根据第三段第二句 … sending maintenance staff … to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. 可知 maintenance 是“维护，保养”的意思，C 项 Inspection and repair 与句中的 inspect and repair 对应。
典例三 (2022·新高考全国I卷)
C
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
30. C 词义猜测题 根据 embark on 前面的 one of the first 及其后面的 Residents really welcome the idea of 可知，此处指 Wendy Wilson 是最早发起（begin）这个项目的人之一，embark on 与 C 项 begin 意思相近。



（2023浙江卷一月高考--C篇）
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that’s why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
29. What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Arguments. B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences.
6．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.(尽管Project Debater很聪明，但它也有一些弱点。它从文档库和预先构建的参数中提取句子，并将它们串在一起。这可能会导致人类不会犯的错误。)”和“will no doubt be ironed out(毫无疑问会被解决)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“这样的错误会被纠正，被解决”，划线词wrinkles的意思是“错误”，和errors意思相近，故选C。
（盐城市2021届高三年级第三次模拟考试--C篇）
Time to load up some popular games: new research indicates pigs possess the mental capability to play video games. The study, published in Frontiers In Psychology,tested the ability of four pigs(Hamlet, Omelette Ebony and Ivory) 10 play a simple joystick (操纵杆) game with their noses,moving a cursor(光标)to four targets on the screen.Although the animals didn't demonstrate the skills to win a round any time soon, they did show an understanding of some elementary games.
Performing well above chance, the pigs appeared to recognize the movement of the cursor was controlled by the joystick. The fact that they did so well despite a lack of flexible fingers is"extraordinary", according to the researchers.
"It is no small achievement for an animal to grasp the concept hat the behaviour they are performing is having an affect elsewhere.That pigs can do this to any degree should give us pause as to what else they are capable of learning and how such learning may impact them,"said Purdue University's Dr Candace Croney, the study's lead author.
Researchers also noted that while the pigs could be taught to play the game using food as positive motivation, they also responded well to social interaction.In fact, when the game was made more challenging and the pigs became unwilling to participate in, "only oral encouragement by the experimenter"would see training continue.
These findings are the latest to highlight the intelligence of pigs. Not only have they been shown to use mirrors to find hidden food, but studies have also demonstrated how pigs can be taught to "come"and "sit"after oral commands.
"As with any sentient （有感觉力的） beings，how we interact with pigs and what we do to them impacts and mattes to them,"Croney said."We therefore have a moral duty to understand how pigs acquire information,and what hey are capable of learning and remembering, because it ultimately offer the potential for how they understand their interactions with us and their environments."
29. What does the underlined word "this"in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Playing joystick games so well. B. Realizing the effects of their acts.
C. Carrying out tasks with their noses. D. Following human oral commands.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题  定位文章第3段，这是Purdue的一段话，this出现在最后一句中，因此将其指代的对象定位在第一句话，即他们能够意识到自己的行为是会对别的事物产生影响的。故选B。

（2021届高三年级苏州八校联盟第三次适应性检测--C篇）
Free school meals are back in the news. Footballer Marcus Rashford’s petition(请愿书) to extend free school meals provision(供给) into the school holidays has collected 1.1 million signatures, causing the government to reverse policy. It has restarted the debate over free school meals, fuelled, most recently, by figures forecasting that if the government ends as planned the current £20 top-up(附加款), another 200,000 children will slip into poverty. This is in addition to the 550,000 children already living in poverty previous to Covid-19.
The roots of the current school meals system lie in the mid-19th century. In Manchester, independent charities as well as official bodies started to provide free meals for undernourished children in the 1870s. When education became compulsory in the following decades, the extent of the issue became apparent. Proponents of feeding starving children pointed out that it was due to government order that children were in school, not working and contributing to the family food budget, so the government should pay.
Reception was mixed. Then, as now, children rejected foods they weren’t used to. Diaries of the time talk of “little bags of mystery” (sausages). Some children were put off brassicas(芥菜类) for life. Finding the balance between cheap and good proved hard. The chief medical officer talked about the lack in calorie value and elements of a well-balanced diet which a needy child does not get at home, such as milk, cheese, eggs, green vegetables, fruit and meat”. In 1980, the Tory government, desperate to cut costs, made provision largely optional and abolished nutritional standards. Over the next 15 years convenience and cost became the most important.
Today, school meals provision is linked to benefits: in England around 17 per cent of children are entitled to free school meals. Provision is outsourced(外包), leading to huge variation. In the last year, we’ve seen all of the age-old debates repeated once more. How do we decide who is entitled? How do we guarantee quality? Who decides what children eat? Who pays? Undernutrition does not just have physical effects, but also affects behavior and ability to learn. It has a lifelong impact. The arguments around free school meals seem never to end. But they are hugely important and, until poverty is ended, they will not and should not go away.
28. Why did Marcus Rashford start the petition?
A. To feed an increasing number of children in poverty.
B. To restart the debate over free school meals.
C. To raise fund for hunger relief for children.
D. To lift children out of poverty.
29. What does the underlined word “proponents” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Officials. B. Charities. C. Advocates. D. Critics.
【答案】C
【解析】猜测词意题。第二段最后说“政府应该付款”可知，这些人是支持伙食免费的，故选C，拥护支持。


第一篇：
You can’t walk into the office without Rihanna’s voice singing “work work work work work work” in your head. And that one line from Lady Gaga’s “Bad Romance” still makes you want to scream. These are commonly known as earworm songs — those sticky tunes that continue to play in your head. A recent study finds that more than 90% of adults report hearing earworm songs on a weekly basis.
Fortunately, most people report earworm songs as pleasant. But others find them annoying or even maddening. “Some people are troubled by them to the point that it disturbs life,” says Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis, a professor at the University of Arkansas who has studied earworm songs.
Margulis says earworm songs tend to have some predictable characteristics. For one thing, they tend to be small parts of a song — not the whole track. And “ the songs you’ve heard recently also have the most possibility to get stuck in your memory.” she says.
But sometimes something strange and unpredictable can also start a track playing in your head. “Once I was at the doctor’s office and saw a poster of a man who I thought looked like Gaston — a character from Beauty and the Beast, ”Margulis recalls. A couple minutes passed, and she realized she couldn’t get “Be Our Guest” , the songs in the movie, out of her head, even though she hadn’t thought of the tune in years. In that instance, she was able to identify her earworm’s trigger: the Gaston-looking man in the poster. “But the connections can be really unclear,” she says.
Margulis points out that, in all of human history, recorded music is a very new phenomenon. She says some have inferred that earworm songs are also new — the unintended consequence of being able to hear the same song played everywhere in the same way over and over again. So far, the convincing explanation for why human beings experience earworm songs remains a mystery. But there are some well-established ways to cast off the earworm songs.
Finding a mentally demanding task and putting your mind on it usually shifts attention away from internal music. People tend to get earworms when performing tasks that don’t require their full attention — stuff like doing the dishes,” Margulis says.
Chewing gum can also help. When a song is stuck in your heads, it’s almost like we’re singing along with it. If you make your mouth do something else — chewing gum, eating a meal or talking with a friend — that can kick out the earworm.
You could also face your enemy. By listening to the full track that includes the passage stuck in your head, you may find“ closure” and relief.
1. Which of the following is most likely to be an earworm song?
A. A song made up of simple words.
B. A song heard frequently these days.
C. A song sung by a most famous singer..
D. A song learned during one’s childhood.
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。根据文章第一段“A recent study finds that more than 90% of adults report hearing earworm songs on a weekly basis,”中的 weekly basis 可知，有90%的成年人每周都会听 earworm songs。因此，an earworm song 大概是指最近频繁被聆听的歌曲，只有B选项切合题意。故选B。
2. What does the underlined word “trigger” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Type.
B. Tune.
C. Cause.
D. Characteristic.
【答案】C
【解析】猜词题。根据文章第四段的例子，讲述了She realized she couldn’t get “Be Our Guest”的原因，即 She saw a poster of a man who she thought looked like Gaston— a character from Beauty and the Beast. 因此，trigger 表示“成因，导致”的意思，C选项切合题意。故选C。
3. We can infer that earworm songs may ______.
A. result from modern technology.
B. be experienced over meals.
C. help regain lost memories.
D. hurt one’s hearing.
【答案】A
【解析】细节推断题。从文章第五段第二句“She says some have inferred that earworm songs are also new — the unintended consequence of being able to hear the same song played everywhere in the same way over and over again.” 可知，只有科技才能满足同一首歌曲一次又一次的反复被聆听。A选项切合题意。故选A。
4. What is mainly talked about in the last three paragraphs?
A. Why we hear earworm songs.
B. Where to find earworm songs.
C. When we hear earworm songs.
D. How to get over earworm songs.
【答案】D
【解析】段落主旨题。从文章倒数第四段，“But there are some well-establish ways to cast off the earworm songs.” 中的 cast off 是“摆脱”的意思，摆脱“ earworm songs“ ,就说“克服earworm songs” ，D选项切合题意。故选D。

第二篇：
It appears to fit with most people's experience: how Christmas seems to come around quicker every year? Questionnaires by psychologists have shown almost everyone feels time is passing faster now compared to when they were half or a quarter as old. Most strikingly, lots of experiment have shown that, when older people are asked to guess how long the time is, or to ‘reproduce’ the length of periods of time, they guess a shorter amount than younger people.
In 1877, Paul Janet suggested the proportional theory, where a child of 10 feels a year as I 10 of his whole life while a man of 50 as 1/50, so the subjective sense of the 50-year-old man is that: these are insignificant periods of time which gallop.
There are also biological theories. The speeding up of time is linked to how our metabolism (新陈代谢)gradually slows down as we grow olden Children's hearts beat faster than They breathe more quickly. With their blood flowing more quickly, their body clocks “cover” more time within the space of 24 hours than ours do as adults. On the other hand, older people are like clocks that run slower than normal, so that they lag behind, and cover less than 24 hours.
In the 1930s, the psychologist Hudson Hoagland found body temperature causes different perceptions of time. Once, when he looked after his ill wife, he noticed she complained he'd been away for a long time even if only away for a few moments. Therefore, Hoagland tested her perception of time at different temperatures, finding the higher her temperature, the more time seemed to slow down for her, and that raising a person's body temperature can slow down his sense of time passing by up to 20%.
Time doesn't necessarily have to speed up as we get older though. It depends on how live our lives, and how we relate to our experiences.
12. What do the questionnaires and experiments find?
A. Time now is shorter than before.
B. Aging makes people think slowly.
C. The old feel time flies faster than the young.
D. The old value time more than before.
13. What does the underlined word "gallop" in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Fly swiftly. B. Pause briefly.
C. Move slowly. D. Pass stably.
14. According to Hudson Hoagland, who may feel time go more slowly?
A. A kid with slower metabolism. B. A child with low body temperature.
C. A grown-up feeling freezing. D. An adult with a high fevel.
15. What is the best title for the passage?
A. How time flies! B. To live a full life!
C. Why time passes at different speeds? D. How to save more time?
【答案】12. C 13. A 14. D 15. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在不同年龄阶段、不同身体状况等条件下，各人对时间的快慢感知各不相同。
12. 细节理解题。由第一段中的“Questionnaires by psychologists have shown almost everyone feels time is passing faster now compared to when they were half or a quarter as old. Most strikingly, lots of experiment have shown that, when older people are asked to guess how long the time is, or to ‘reproduce’ the length of periods of time, they guess a shorter amount than younger people.”可知，调查问卷和实验研究发现，老年人比年轻人觉得时间过得快。故选C项。
13. 词句猜测题。由第二段中的“In 1877, Paul Janet suggested the proportional theory, where a child of 10 feels a year as I 10 of his whole life while a man of 50 as 1/50, so the subjective sense of the 50-year-old man is that: these are insignificant periods of time which gallop.”可知，10岁的孩子觉得一年是他人生的1/10，而50岁的人觉得一年是他人生的1/50，所以50岁的人生主观感受是时间都是飞驰而过，转眼即逝的，A项（飞快的）符合题意。故选A项。
14. 推理判断题。由第四段最后一句“Therefore, Hoagland tested her perception of time at different temperatures, finding the higher her temperature, the more time seemed to slow down for her, and that raising a person's body temperature can slow down his sense of time passing by up to 20%.”可推出，当一个人发烧温度升高（比如发烧）的时候，感觉时间过得慢。故选D项。
15. 主旨大意题。通观全文，文章介绍了在不同情况下，人与人所感知的时间快慢不同，比如不同年龄，不同身体状况等。C项“为什么时间以不同速度流逝？”符合题意，适合做标题。故选C项。


5月18日 今日心情：
阅读理解篇之观点态度题

观点态度题也是阅读理解题中一种难度中等偏上的题型，它主要考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度；此类试题要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。
知识点
考查概率
考法规律
观点态度题
基本每年都考(☆☆☆)
文章类型：通常为议论文、说明文、夹叙夹议文、记叙文。
方法：根据文章的内容、主旨和用词来选择答案。

近三年高考全国卷观点态度题分析
年份
试卷
观点态度题数
类型

2019
新课标卷I
0
/
新课标卷II
0
/
新课标卷III
0
/
2020
新课标卷I
1
观点态度题
新课标卷II
0
/
新课标卷III
0
/

2021
全国甲卷
0
/
全国乙卷
0
/
新高考全国I卷
1
观点态度题
☞【提问方式】
1. What does the author imply about...?
2. What’s the writer’s/author’s attitude towards/opinion on ...?
3. The writer/ author seems to agree that ________.
4. Which of the following is true about the writer?
5. What does the author think about...?
6. How does the author feel about ...?
7. The writer’s attitude toward…is ________.
8. In the author’s opinion, the policy/proposal is ________.
9. Which of the following statements indicates the author’s attitude toward ...?

通过对近几年高考阅读理解试题的分析，我们不难发现近几年的阅读理解所选的文章都有浓厚的生活气息，时代感非常强，指引着考生去品味生活，感受生活，扩充生活知识，了解社会背景，能让考生在阅读中受益匪浅。由此我们也可以推断出2022年高考的阅读理解文章将延续来源于生活的特点，观点态度题仍沿袭往年的设题比例，为1道左右。

高考阅读理解中观点态度题是常见题型。考查学生把握作者及文中人物的态度、思想倾向。对某一观点是支持还是反对或对某一观点持积极态度还是消极态度；对文中提及的人或事等是褒扬、同情、漠不关心还是厌恶憎恨等。考生需要抓住原文中能体现情感态度的修饰词去推理作者及文中人物的态度和思想倾向。

常见体现观点态度的词汇：
褒义/积极类: optimistic, favorable, approving, supportive.......
贬义/消极: ironic, disgusted, negative, opposed, pessimistic........
中性的: neutral, objective, indifferent, impartial.........

观点态度题具体步骤：
1. 首先，通读全文或全段，理解文章或段落的内容和大意。
2. 其次，找到体现人物观点态度的关键句或列举的事例，同时注意流露作者思想倾向或感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词等关键词。
3. 同时，要注意干扰项常常具有三个特点：
(1) 可能是考生自己的某种观点；
(2) 社会普遍的一种倾向，文中没有信息支持；
(3) 与本文无关或与作者相反的观点等；
(4) 区分作者态度与文章引用的别人的态度。


典例一 (2021·新高考全国I卷)
D
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
【答案】34. A
【解析】
【34题详解】
观点态度题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。

典例二 (2021·北京高考卷)
C
Hundreds of scientists，writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December：Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse．Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as“a credible scenario（情景） this century”．
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events，food insecurity，and freshwater shortages might create global collapse．Of course，if you are a non-human species，collapse is well underway．
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations．Not very long ago，it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility．
The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen．Collapseology，the study of collapse，is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization．Among the signatories（签署者）of the warning was Bob Johnson，the originator of the“ecological footprint”concept，which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle．With the current footprint of humanity，“it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form，possibly within a decade，certainly within this century，”Johnson said in an email．
Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter says，can we have the hope to reduce their“speed，severity and harm”．And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored．We all want to hope things will turn out fine．As a poet wrote，
Man is a victim of dope （麻醉品）
In the incurable form of hope．
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent（执着） on quieting hope that ignores preparedness．“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse，”hey say，“and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future．”
29. As for the public awareness of global collapse，the author is__________．
A.worried B.puzzled C.surprised D.Scared
【答案】 29 A
【解析】从文章的第二段“A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events，food insecurity，and freshwater shortages might create global collapse．Of course，if you are a non-human species，collapse is well underway．”可知作者对于the public awareness of global collapse是表示担忧的。

（2022届高三年级南京市、盐城市第二次模拟考试--C篇）
I remember when Kamala Harris became Joe Biden's running mate. It seemed funny how many people pronounced her name incorrectly. On one occasion, a news host became upset when being corrected, and purposely called her Kumbaya.
I am no stranger to this issue as many of my students are from Asian and Middle Eastern countries, and sometimes their names are difficult for me to pronounce, even after asking them how to say it. Many students seem unwilling to correct me when I attempt to learn their names correctly. The other thing I've seen in growing numbers is students “adopting” an English name.
It's much more common than many think, for people to change their names in order to fit in.
This is especially the case when it comes to seeking jobs. Racial and cultural minorities often attempt to avoid discrimination hiring by hiding racial cues on the resume including changing their name. This is referred to as “resume whitening". Research shows almost 50 percent of black and Asian job applicants did so.
Xian Zhao from the University of Toronto researches ethnic (种族的) name pronunciation, saying that many people don 't understand that habitually pronouncing an unfamiliar name inaccurately is a form of indirect discrimination. It sends a message that “you are the minorities" says Zhao. “You are not important in this environment, so why should I take time and my effort to learn it?”On the other end, those with ethnic names frequently don't correct people, even when their name is pronounced wrong repeatedly, feeling it is better just to keep the peace and not stand out for being difficult.
It is important to try to pronounce everyone's name as they pronounce it. This communicates respect of them as a person and their culture. There is nothing wrong with asking someone to repeat their name so that you can learn to pronounce it properly. This is usually appreciated.
31. What's the author's attitude toward pronouncing ethnic names correctly?
A. Critical. B. Uncaring. C. Reserved. D. Supportive.

【答案】D
【解析】
第31题 D 态度观点题，定位第五段“It is important to try to pronounce everyone's name as they pronounce it”和“This is really appreciated”可见作者的态度是支持的，选D。

（2021届高三年级苏州八校联盟第三次适应性检）
A few plants in the cabbage and mustard(芥菜) family pay a dramatic price to fight off hungry caterpillars(毛毛虫): they kill off patches of their own leaves where butterflies have laid eggs. Without a living anchor, the eggs wrinkle and die. These plants’ egg-killing abilities have been documented since at least the 1980s, but a new study shows they appear in just a few closely related plants in this family—and they are triggered only by certain butterfly species.
Nina Fatouros of Wageningen University in the Netherlands and her colleagues investigated 31 plant species in the target family. First, they dabbed the plants’ leaves with liquid that had been exposed to egg material from a butterfly species known to lay eggs on them. Four closely related plant species reliably killed off the treated leaf patches. Further tests confirmed that the species with the most distinct response only reacted strongly when the egg material came from one group of butterflies, Pieris, which lays eggs on these plants in the wild. This is “clear evidence” that specific butterfly species could have stimulated the evolution of the necrosis(坏死) defense, Fatouros says. The researchers also tracked eggs laid by wild butterflies to confirm the defense mechanism. The work was detailed in New Phytologist.
“It’s very unlikely that you find this by coincidence,” says University of Sheffield molecular plant biologist Jurriaan Ton, who was not involved in the study. He adds that the plants’ relatedness, coupled with their exaggerated reaction to these butterflies, suggests a heated evolutionary “arms race” took place between the plants and insects.
“This is the first study to my knowledge where they really looked at the appearance of this trait within a particular plant family,” says ecologist Julia Koricheva, who was also not involved in the work.
Future research could explore how recently the trait evolved, Fatouros says. She notes that arms races rarely end—and evidence suggests the butterflies may be fighting back. Some prefer to lay their eggs in tightly grouped clusters(丛), making them less likely to be influenced by the plants’ strategy.
34. What was Jurriaan Ton’s attitude towards the new study?
A. Indifferent. B. Approving. C. Disapproving. D. Skeptical.

【答案】B
【解析】观点态度题。文章倒数第三段，JT用幽默诙谐的话表达了自己认为不太可能发现这个巧合，认为他们正在举行一场军备竞赛。故选B，赞同的。


第一篇：
Sharenting
It’s the holiday season, the time when we connect with family and friends. Social media sites like Twitter and Facebook are full of festive pictures, featuring parents’ catching and sharing those special family moments, their child’s wish list, and maybe even a cute video of their child dancing to “Jingle Bell Rock” while wearing a diaper(尿片) and Santa hat. Swelling with pride, parents can’t wait to get approval with a “thumbs up” or better yet a personalized message on their treasured post.
Adults should be able to post what they want online. However, when exposing family moments online, are they sharing too much information? Do parents have the right to share those cute now, but embarrassing later moments about kids? Have children willingly given their agreement to sharing their cute but funny video online?
A recent study found that 75% of parents turn to social media for parenting-related information and social support. There is even a term used to describe the overuse of sharing too much information about kids on social media: “sharenting”. Research also finds that “sharenting” isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. What’s troublesome is that a typical parent has about 150 Facebook friends and only a third of them are actual friends. So, that brings up good questions—Who are we really sharing our information with and why? Who knows when and where that photo could resurface in the future?
While there’s no reliable information on how young children feel about things being posted online, we do have information about how teens feel. According to a report by the Family Online Safety Institute, 76% of teens are concerned about their privacy. Many teens constantly search for new apps that allow anonymity. When names are required, they use screen names that don’t reveal real information. If our teens are doing a better job of protecting themselves online, shouldn’t parents take the lead and do the same? Plus, with more and more college admission representatives and potential employers surfing the internet for potential candidates, we’d hate for one of our posts to change an important decision. Think about it… online reputations are now becoming inseparable with real life ones.
Of course, we can secure our privacy settings, only allowing our friends to view pictures, posts and videos, but that doesn’t stop others from uploading our pictures. Adults need to be cautious of sharing information online, especially information about children.
So, this holiday season enjoy family time and share those special memories with family and friends. Before clicking the app to upload photos or videos, stop and think twice.
1. Which of the following behaviors is “sharenting”?
A. A girl attends a live performance online.
B. A father tells his son’s story to his colleagues.
C. A mother posts her baby’s pictures on Facebook.
D. A boy invites his friends to his birthday party at home.
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据文章第三段对sharenting的定义，“There is even a term used to describe the overuse of sharing too much information about kids on social media: ‘sharenting’.”可知过度分享自己孩子的信息才是sharenting。故选C。
2. What does the underlined word “anonymity” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. One’s real name.
B. Using strange names.
C. Unchangeable names.
D. Being unknown by name.
【答案】D
【解析】猜词题。故选B。根据划线词所在句的后一句，“When names are required, they use screen names that don’t reveal real information.”，与D选项表述相同。故选D。
3. What’s the author’s attitude toward “sharenting”?
A. Sympathetic.
B. Negative.
C. Neutral.
D. Unconcerned.
【答案】B
【解析】态度主旨题。文章尾段祈使句，“Before clicking the app to upload photos or videos, stop and think twice.”可以看出作者希望家长上传照片前要三思，不支持sharenting的行为。故选B。
4. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To state an argument.
B. To support an opinion.
C. To compare different ideas.
D. To question a point of view.
【答案】A
【解析】篇章主旨题。通过文章尾段祈使句，“Before clicking the app to upload photos or videos, stop and think twice.”可知该文章写作目的在于呼吁和号召，为议论文，文章目的应为表达作者观点。故选A。

第二篇：
Is It Worth Buying Organic Food?
Organic food, grown without artificial chemicals, is increasingly popular nowadays. Consumers have been willing to pay up to twice as much for goods with organic labels(商标). However, if you think paying a little more for organic food gets you a more nutritious and safer product, you might want to save your money. A study led by researchers at Stanford University says that organic products aren’t necessarily more nutritious, and they’re no less likely to suffer from disease-causing bacteria, either.
The latest results, published in the Annuals of Internal Medicine, suggest that buyers may be wasting their money. “We did not find strong evidence that organic food is more nutritious or healthier, ”says Dr. Crystal Smith-Spangler from Stanford “So consumers shouldn’t assume that one type of food has a lower risk or is safer.”
For their new study, Smith-Spangler and her colleagues conducted a review of two categories of research, including 17 studies that compared health outcomes between consumers of organic against traditional food products, and 223 studies that analyzed the nutritional content of the foods, including key vitamins, minerals and fats.
While the researchers found little difference in nutritional content, they did find that organic fruit and vegetables were 20% less likely to have chemicals remaining on the surfaces. Neither organic nor traditional foods showed levels of chemicals high enough to go beyond food safety standards. And both organic and traditional meats, such a chicken and pork, were equally likely to be harmed by bacteria at very low rates. The researchers did find that organic milk and chicken contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, a healthy fat also found in fish that can reduce the risk of heart disease. However, these nutritional differences were too small, and the researchers were unwilling to make much of them until further studies confirm the trends.
Organic food is produced with fewer chemicals and more natural-growing practices, but that doesn’t always translate into a more nutritious or healthier product. The U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) states that “whether you buy organic or not, finding the freshest foods available may have the biggest effect on taste.” Fresh food is at least as good as anything marketed as organic.
1. The new research questions whether organic food _______.
A. should replace traditional food
B. has been overpriced by farmers
C. is grown with less harmful chemicals
D. is really more nutritious and healthier
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。根据关键词“new research”定位到文章第二段前两句。可知，研究质疑了有机食物更营养或更健康的特点。故选D。
2. Smith-Spangler and her colleagues found that ______.
A. organic food could reduce the risk of heart disease
B. traditional food was grown with more natural methods
C. both organic and traditional food they examined were safe
D. there was not a presence of any forms of bacteria in organic food
【答案】C
【解析】细节题。根据关键词Smith-Spangler定位到第三段，可知此人和他的同事共同做研究。在第四段找到研究结果，与选项进行比对。两者残留的农药含量均未超过国家食物安全标准。故选C。
3. Which of the following is relatively healthier according to the passage？
A. Organic chicken and pork.
B. Organic milk and chicken.
C. Traditional chicken and pork.
D. Traditional fruit and vegetables.
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。从上段继续往下读，由“The researchers did find that organic milk and chicken contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, a healthy fat also found in fish that can reduce the risk of heart disease.”可知，有机奶和鸡肉相对更健康。故选B。
4. What is the author’s attitude toward organic foods?
A. Skeptical.
B. Neutral.
C. Unconcerned.
D. Approving.
【答案】A
【解析】态度主旨题。根据结尾句“Fresh food is at least as good as anything marketed as organic.”可知作者认为有机食物并未有特别明显的优越性，和新鲜食物处于同等位置。因此对有机食物的效果持怀疑态度。故选A。

5月19日 今日心情：
阅读理解之主旨大意题

高考英语阅读理解主旨题三种类型：
①主要内容型（main idea）
②文章标题型(title）
③写作目的型（purpose）

近三年高考全国卷主旨大意题分析
年份
试卷
主旨大意题数
2020
新课标卷I
2
新课标卷II
1
新课标卷III
2

2021
全国甲卷
1
全国乙卷
2
新高考全国I卷
1
2022
全国甲卷
3

全国乙卷
1

新高考全国I卷
1
纵观近三年全国高考试题，预测2023年全国高考试卷阅读理解中主旨大意题会设置1~2道题。

Part 1 整体感知
主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。
二、 选项特征
1. 正确选项特征
1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2. 干扰选项特征
1. 过于笼统，不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2. 以偏概全，主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3. 移花接木，偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4. 无中生有，生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
三、 主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：
7. The main idea/key point of this passage is that _____.
8. The passage is mainly about_____.
9. The best title/headline for this passage is ______.
10. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.
11. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_____.
12. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______.
13. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
14. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
Part 2 方法指导
7. 明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1. 概括性——准确而有简短；
2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
8. 文章大意题解题方法
1. 掌握寻找主题句，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。主题句有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题；二是阐述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。
主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，二是把主题隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。
用浏览法，快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题句。一下是找主题句的四个窍门。
1. 主题句位于段首
1. 寻找主题句
有些段落明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides that等。
在阅读中应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题句的位置。从段落中的for example可以断定前一句是主题句。如果没有明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一菊花，便在其他地方找出主题句。
2. 选择答案
先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C、D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案，如主题句的再现，主题句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。
2. 主题句位于段末
主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。
3. 主题句位于段落的中间
段落中出现表示转折的词语，如however，but，in fact，actually等时，该句很可能就是主题句。
4. 表示总结的或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。


典例一 (2022·全国甲卷)
B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
27. D 主旨大意题 文章第一句即为主旨句。再根据文章中的关键信息shape-recognition abilities、the birds have proved skillful at tool use、the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from 、Goffin’s
cockatoos were able to select the right tool、making their shape selections 等， 可知，本文主要介绍了戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉拥有熟练的形状识别能力。因此，D 选项 Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters（凤头鹦鹉：熟练的形状归类员）最 符合文意，作为本文标题最佳。
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

31. B 主旨大意题 本文开篇即介绍了 Ginni 抵达南极洲时，可爱的企鹅开启了她终身难忘的旅行，下文又介绍了她去南极洲的原因、时间及其感受 等。因此“一次难忘的经历”是最佳标题。
答案与解析

D
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
32. C 主旨大意题 第一段主要讲述了在 20 世纪 60 年代，悉尼意识到了港口 的重要作用，紧接着是公园、海滩等资源，使其发生了翻天覆地的改变。最后一句 But it is the harbor that makes the city. 点明了港口在其发展过程中的关键作用。

典例二 (2022·全国乙卷)
C
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
31. D 主旨大意题 通读文章可知，本文介绍了无人机在铁路交通中的应用， 讲述无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，包括使铁路变得更安全、更可靠、更省钱等。

典例三 (2022·新高考全国I卷)
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
34. A 主旨大意题 上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代（the Neolithic age）农业的发展有关，而第五段主要说明了“一项语言数据库的 分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化” ， 因此第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的 confirm（证 实）是关键词。


（2023浙江卷一月高考--D篇）
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development

主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
（2021届高三二轮复习联考（二）--B篇）
Every superhero, no matter how small, needs a cape (披风). That was Robyn Rosenberger’s motivation when she started sewing superhero capes for kids with cancer, heart defects, and other serious diseases.
It all began when she was making a cape as a birthday present for her nephew. Rosenberger heard of a girl named Brenna who was battling a potentially deadly skin condition called harlequin ichthyosis (丑角样鱼鳞病). Anyone going through what she was going through had to be tough. “I had an aha moment,” Rosenberger says. “Brenna was a superhero! She needed a cape.”
So Rosenberger sent her one, and Brenna’s mother was delighted. Rosenberger found ten more kids online and sent out ten more capes. Before long, she quit her job at a software company to dedicate herself full-time to tinysuperheroes.com, a website where people can buy handmade capes for brave kids facing illness and disability.
Since 2013, Rosenberger and her small paid staff have sent more than 12, 000 handmade capes to kids in all 50 states and 15 other countries. The capes come in pink, blue, purple, or red and can be decorated with the child’s initials or specialized patches, including a heart, a rocket, or a lightning bolt. One recipient was eight-month-old Gabe, who was born with imperfection, which causes distinct facial features. Rosenberger sent him a red cape with a bright yellow G in the center. It was a hit. Gabe is now a fixture on the company’s social media posts. “The Tiny Superhero community has been a wonderful connection to have,” says Gabe’s mom, Kate Glocke. In fact, two years later, “we still bring Gabe’s cape with us to every hospital appointment.”
7. What is the purpose of this text?
A. To advertise a website selling handmade capes
B. To call on more people to help the sick kids.
C. To describe different superhero capes.
D. To introduce a kind woman helping sick kids.

【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章讲述了名为Robyn Rosenberger的女性为了帮助患病孩子们所做出的努力,故D项正确。

第一篇：
Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失) in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modern language: happiness.
When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives, it is the word “happiness” that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives is the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfillment”.
What distinguishes happiness from fulfillment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable (易怒的) mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture, for it’s tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.
The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going, creating a new business venture or engaging in politics… none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis. They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒) and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.
With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we’re striving to do justice to our full human potential.
1. What do we know about “Eudaimonia” from the passage?
A. It was first created by two Greek philosophers.
B. It has received a lot of attention from the public.
C. It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.
D. It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.
【答案】D
【解析】细节推断题。D选项，根据第二段最后一句“The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as ‘fulfilment’ ”,说明古希腊人认为Eudaimonia才是人生的目的。故选D。
2. According to Paragraph 3, happiness ______.
A. is the opposite of fulfillment
B. is free from physical or mental pain
C. stresses the psychological difference
D. serves as a respected and noble life goal
【答案】B
【解析】细节题。定位在文中第三段。第三段第一句话根据第三段第一句，“What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and-at the same time-under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable mood.” 由此可知， “happiness”与“fulfilment”不同，“fulfilment”有痛苦，“happiness” 没有痛苦。故选B。
3. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming
B. goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness
C. challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking
D. feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations
【答案】A
【解析】细节推断题。根据最后一段第一句“With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood.”可知，假定人生会有无痛苦式的存在，会让人在处于不良情绪状态时进行错误的自我责备即 “wrong self-blaming”。故选A。
4. The passage encourages the readers to ______.
A. find fulfillment with all efforts
B. seek for a pain-free existence
C. keep optimistic whatever happens
D. balance happiness and suffering
【答案】A
【解析】篇章主旨题。根据文章第二段最后一句 “The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as ‘fulfilment’ ”可知，“fulfilment”即为全篇主旨词“Eudaimonia”的诠释。并且根据文章最后一段最后一句“We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we’re striving to do justice to our full human potential. ”可知，作者认为我们有比一直快乐更重要的事，并且要竭尽所能去努力追求。故选A。

第二篇：
Norman Garmezy, a developmental psychologist at the University of Minnesota, met thousands of children in his four decades of research. A nine-year-old boy in particular stuck with him. He has an alcoholic mother and an absent father. But each day he would walk in to school with a smile on his face. He wanted to make sure that “no one would feel pity for him and no one would know his mother’s incompetence.” The boy exhibited a quality Garmezy identified as “resilience”.
Resilience presents a challenge for psychologists. People who are lucky enough to never experience any sort of adversity(逆境) won’t know how resilient they are. It’s only when they’re faced with obstacles, stress, and other environmental threats that resilience, or the lack of it, comes out. Some give in and some conquer.
Garmezy’s work opened the door to the study of the elements that could enable an individual’s success despite the challenges they faced. His research indicated that some elements had to do with luck, but quite large set of elements was psychological, and had to do with how the children responded to the environment. The resilient children had what psychologists call an “internal locus of control(内控点).” They believed that they, and not their circumstances, affected their achievements. The resilient children saw themselves as the arrangers of their own fates.
George Bonanno has been studying resilience for years at Columbia University’s Teachers College. He found that some people are far better than others at dealing with adversity. This difference might come from perception(认知) whether they think of an event as traumatic(创伤), or as an opportunity to learn and grow. “Stressful” or “traumatic” events themselves don’t have much predictive power when it comes to life outcomes. “Exposure to potentially traumatic events does not predict later functioning,” Bonanno said. “It’s only predictive if there’s a negative response.” In other words, living through adversity doesn’t guarantee that you’ll suffer going forward.
The good news is that positive perception can be taught. “We can make ourselves more or less easily hurt by how we think about things,” Bonanno said. In research at Columbia, the neuroscientist Kevin Ochsner has shown that teaching people to think of adversity in different ways—to reframe it in positive terms when the initial response is negative, or in a less emotional way when the initial response is emotionally “hot”—changes how they experience and react to the adversity.
1. According to the passage, resilience is an individual’s ability ______.
A. to think critically
B. to decide one’s own fate
C. to live a better life
D. to recover from adversity
【答案】D
【解析】细节题。通过题干中resilience is an individual’s ability 定位到文章第二段, 在人遭遇到不幸时，往往会表现出韧性，D符合。另外通过排除法，A选项“批判性思维”未提及，B选项“决定命运”太夸张，C选项未提及。故选D。
2. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The psychologists.
B. The resilient children.
C. Positive elements.
D. Internal locus of control.
【答案】B
【解析】猜词题。通过划线词“they”定位到第三段，代词they一般指代上文，上文谈及：有韧性的小孩有心理学家称作的“内控点”，小孩相信是他们自己影响了他们的成功，而不是孩子的周围环境。可知B：“孩子自己”切合题意，D为单数不选。故选B。
3. According to Paragraph 4, we can learn that ______.
A. your positive perception may turn adversity around.
B. stressful events are more predictive than delightful events.
C. experiencing adversity predicts that you will go on suffering.
D. a negative response doesn’t guarantee you will suffer all the time.
【答案】A
【解析】细节推断题。本题信息处理量大，每个选项需要一个一个排除，相对耗时。选项A积极感知可以扭转逆境，定位到第二第三句，有些人更擅长处理逆境，不同在于如何看待，积极还是消极。B定位到第四句不正确；C定位到倒数第三句，不正确；D定位倒数第一句，偷换主语。故选A。
4. What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?
A. To teach people how to be resilient.
B. To encourage people to live through adversity.
C. To indicate people’s perception varies from each other.
D. To compare different research findings about resilience.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨题，考查文章写作目的。文章的首段主要引出resilience，以及最后总结如何积极看待逆境。对应A选项鼓励人积极应对逆境，A切合题意。B选项缺少主题词resilience，CD明显不对，C选项原文未提到，D选项是方式，不是文章目的。故选A。