2023年高考英语真题及模拟题英语分项汇编（全国通用）专题11 阅读理解说明文

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专题11阅读理解说明文-2023年高考真题及模拟题汇编

2023年高考真题
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
8. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
11. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
Passage 7
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
2023年名校模拟题
Passage 1
（2023·陕西·统考三模）In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine(海洋的)systems, a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA), which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic(遗传学的) material they leave behind. This “DNA soup” offers clues about biodiversity changes in sensitive areas and the presence of rare or endangered species-all critical to understanding and preserving a healthy ocean.
Researchers combined two novel autonomous platforms developed by MBARI for this study-the Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(LRAUV) and the Environmental Sample Processor(ESP). The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships. The ESP is a robotic “laboratory-in-a-can” that filters(过滤)  seawater and preserves eDNA for future study. By equipping an LRAUV with ESP technology, researchers can monitor the ocean better.
“We know that eDNA is an incredibly powerful tool for studying ocean communities, but we’ve been limited by what we can accomplish using expensive crewed research ships. Now, autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean,” said Kobun Truelove, a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper.
Marine biodiversity is a measure of the abundance of individuals and species in the ocean. This interconnected mixture of organisms supports food webs, produces the air we breathe, and regulates our climate. Autonomous tools like the LRAUV and ESP enable MBARI researchers to monitor changes in sensitive ecosystems in ways that were not possible previously.
“Ship-based research will continue to play an important role in oceanographic studies, but adding new autonomous technology to the toolkit will expand capacity for research, monitoring, and resource management,” said Truelove.
1．What do the underlined words “aquatic species” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Those living in water. B．Those growing near water.
C．Those becoming endangered. D．Those consuming eDNA．
2．What can the LRAUV do?
A．Filter seawater effectively.
B．Preserve eDNA for future study.
C．Travel for months at a time in the ocean.
D．Reach remote areas of the ocean frequently.
3．What can we infer from Truelove’s words?
A．Autonomous technology is more economical and efficient.
B．Ship-based research is more time-saving and energy-saving.
C．Autonomous robots have entirely replaced traditional research ships.
D．Crewed research ships help researchers study new parts of the ocean.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Researchers Discover a “DNA Soup”
B．Autonomous Technology Needs Improving
C．Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health
D．The Biodiversity of the Ocean Needs Protection
Passage 2
（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）“Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaration of defiance (抗争) is among the most famous passages in Herman Melville’s novel.
In reality, such victories of the hunted over the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel world of industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean of them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared from the Southern Ocean by the time a ban on hunting it was introduced in 1967.
Sightings of the largest mammal ever to live on the earth had been rare in the region since then. Not any more. A survey of coastal waters around the island of South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.
In just over three weeks, in the krill-rich waters of what was once their main feeding ground, the movements of 55 Antarctic blues were recorded by the British Antarctic Survey. The finding was described as “truly, truly amazing” by one cetacean specialist. It suggests that when a comprehensive audit (审计), due in 2021, is carried out, there is a good chance that the species will prove to be in full recovery mode, as are humpbacks and other whales in the southern hemisphere.
Three years ago, the Natural History Museum established a 25m skeleton (骨架) of a blue whale and named it Hope, intending to inspire new generations to build a sustainable future.
The return of the world’s most splendid ocean travellers to southern waters should serve as an example for wider possibilities of conservation. Ecological wrongs can be righted, or at least mitigated, with sufficient will and organisations.
The more general comeback of the whale - for which environmental campaigners should take a great deal of credit — can be an inspiration for victories yet to be won. It could also act as an added motivation to action on the climate emergency.
5．What’s the author’s purpose of mentioning the famous passage in Herman Melville’s novel?
A．To describe a hunter’s bravery. B．To introduce the topic of the text.
C．To stress the popularity of the novel. D．To offer information about whale hunting.
6．Why was a 25m skeleton of a blue whale named Hope?
A．To attract tourists to visit the museum.
B．To show the unkindness of whale hunters.
C．To motivate humans to live harmoniously with nature.
D．To call on people to pay attention to the blue whales’ habitat.
7．What does the underlined word “mitigated” in paragraph 6 probably mean?
A．Developed. B．Promoted. C．Reduced. D．Solved.
8．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The blue whales’ comeback B．The cruelty of industrial whaling
C．The importance of protecting whales D．The sustainable development of the Antarctic area
Passage 3
（2023·山东济南·统考三模）For motorcycle enthusiasts, nothing beats the excitement of riding your motorcycle on the open highway with the wind on your back. With gas prices rising, riding motorcycles is economical and a much greener way to travel. Along with the benefits comes the risk of personal injury if an accident occurs. After all, you’re not protected by steel like you are while driving your car. Besides a helmet (头盔), the latest safety innovations, new airbag jeans, are personal airbags that you can wear to better protect your life.
Airbags have been protecting people in car accidents for decades. Now, a Swedish company, Mo’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technology company which previously produced upper body protection for motorcycle riders, to design and produce the airbags jeans. This kind of airbag can offer protection for the motorcycle rider’s lower body, especially the tailbone, in case of an accident. According to the company, “It reformed the airbag technology to protect the first bone of the spinal column (脊柱), because spinal column injury is the leading cause of disability among motorcycle riders.”
The airbag jeans look like conventional trousers. Its component is removable and the jeans can be washed, dried, and worn again. The jeans are made of a fabric called Armalith which is stronger and weighs less than steel. Armalith helps to prevent riders from injuries caused by force of friction after a fall. The airbags fixed into the fabric help protect the rider if he or she falls off the motorcycle. If the rider is separated from the vehicle, the airbags are touched off in seconds. That’s because the mechanism is actually a chain that connects the jeans to the motorcycle.
Mo’cycle’s airbag jeans are available on the company’s crowdfunding campaign along with an airbag shirt and a complete protection package. Obviously, they can provide protection for more motorcycle riders. Making the roads safer for them is certainly a worthy effort.
9．What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?
A．To show the popularity of motorcycles. B．To stress the necessity of airbags jeans.
C．To state the importance of wearing helmets. D．To display the excitement of highway riding.
10．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．The tailbone injuries are hard to identify.
B．Airbags offer overall protection for riders.
C．Mo cycle is famous for airbag design and production.
D．The airbag jeans are based on the existing technology.
11．What is a feature of airbag jeans?
A．They lead a new fashion trend. B．They are comfortable to wear.
C．They are quick in response. D．They need fixing regularly.,
12．How does the author feel about the future of the airbag jeans?
A．Indifferent. B．Uncertain. C．Promising. D．Curious.
Passage 4
（2023·广东东莞·校联考模拟预测）As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nobody is immune to this economy,” says Tola Olorunnisola, who leads innovation in the lab at Avantor, an international science-management company in Pennsylvania. Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becoming more conscious of costs,” she says.
The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means they’re not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, they’ll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient.
Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanford University in California, estimates that lab supplies historically account for roughly 20%of his overall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting.
Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, it’s up to scientists to find creative ways to diminish costs. One option is to rethink experimental design.
“It will probably take more than discounts from lab-supply companies to truly protect scientists from the impact of rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless something is done on a large scale to either stabilize costs or increase funding, science is likely to suffer. If you have less money, you’re going to have fewer people or be less productive, which means you’re going to have fewer grants (拨款) which means you’re going to have fewer people. That’s probably happening to a lot of labs these days, and the question is: When is it going to stop?”
13．For what did Olorunnisola visit some labs in different places?
A．Seeing how researchers struggle against inflation.
B．Proving everyone has to face the rising price.
C．Learning about the pressure of researchers.
D．Helping researchers overcome economic difficulty.
14．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The cause of increasing lab costs. B．The effects of the rising lab costs.
C．The tough choices of researchers. D．The ways of making labs efficient.
15．What does the underlined word “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Reduce. B．Calculate. C．Restore. D．Keep.
16．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Scientists face many problems B．The price of goods is rising quickly
C．Labs have to tighten supplies budgets D．People hold different opinions of price
Passage 5
（2023·河南·校联考模拟预测）The invasive (入侵的) species, also called introduced species or foreign species, is any nonnative species that significantly changes or damages the ecosystem it invades. Such species may arrive in new areas through natural migration, but they are often introduced by the activities of other species. Human activities, such as those involved in global commerce and the pet trade, are considered to be the most common ways in which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats.
Most introduced species do not survive extended periods in new habitats, because they do not possess the necessary adaptations to adjust to the challenges posed by their new surroundings. Some introduced species may become invasive when they possess a built-in competitive advantage over native species in invaded areas. They change native food chains and in some cases even get to the top of the food chains, which means the ecosystem lacks natural enemy capable of keeping them in check. Under these circumstances, new arrivals can get the chance to reproduce in large numbers.
The ecological damage that tends to follow such invasions often reduces the ecosystem’s biodiversity and causes economic harm to people who depend on the ecosystem’s biological resources. Invasive species may be so good at catching preys that victim populations decline over time, and many victim species die out in the affected ecosystem. Other invasive species, in contrast, may prevent native species from obtaining food, living space, or other resources. Over time, invasive species can effectively replace native ones, often forcing the localized extinction of many native species. Invasive plants and animals may also serve as disease carriers that spread parasites (寄生虫) and viruses that may further do harm to the invaded area.
17．How do introduced species mainly travel to a new place?
A．Through natural reproduction. B．Through natural migration.
C．Through human activities. D．Though social interactions.
18．What happens to most introduced species in new habitats?
A．They become extinct worldwide. B．They survive from any challenges.
C．They dominate the new world. D．They die off in a short period.
19．What does the underlined word “preys” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Creatures that are hunted and eaten.
B．Species that die out in a new place.
C．Species at the top of food chains.
D．Creatures at the bottom of food chains.
20．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Invasive Species Around the World
B．Invasive Species and Their Impact
C．The Ways Invasive Species Spread
D．The Classification of Introduced Species
Passage 6
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）A growing body of research suggests that the gut microbiome (消化道菌群) could play a major role in a rising chronic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms. It often follows a viral infection which can lead to a “disruption” in a balanced gut ecosystem. Actually, an increasing number of Americans have been the sufferers since the outbreak of COVID-19.
Two recent studies published in Cell Host &Microbe point to changes in the microbiome as a possible cause of CFS. Research groups at Columbia University and the Jackson Laboratory performed detailed analyses of the microbes in stool (粪便) samples from patients with CFS and compared them to healthy controls.
The two groups found similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients compared to control patients. They focused on bacteria that produce butyrate, a fatty acid involved in regulating metabolism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several roles in directing the body’s response to infections, while also protecting the barrier between the intestine (肠) and the circulatory system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and more,” says Brent Williams, lead author on the Columbia study. Williams and his colleagues extensively analyzed the role of butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a correlation between low levels of bacteria that produce this acid and more severe symptoms.
Parallel findings from the Jackson Laboratory team suggest the bacteria that produce butyrate could be used to diagnose CFS. Previous research has identified microbiome issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which microbes could be related to the illness.
More research on butyrate-producing bacteria and other species identified in the studies is necessary to investigate these potential biomarkers of CFS, the authors say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria could be used to diagnose the illness, which is currently identified based on symptoms alone.
The findings additionally point toward possible treatments, such as probiotics or microbiome-focused diet adjustments—though patients who have been sick for long periods may require drugs that alleviate the damage done to their metabolism or immune system.
21．What do we know about CFS?
A．It is caused by COVID-19 only. B．It is an illness with systemic symptoms.
C．It breaks the balance of the gut ecosystem. D．The number of the infected is on the decrease.
22．How did the researcher carry out the recent studies?
A．By controlling data. B．By identifying genes.
C．By analyzing samples. D．By comparing symptoms.
23．Which of the following is NOT the significance of the recent researches?
A．Butyrate’s multiple functions are promoted.
B．Targeted gut microbes may be used to diagnose CFS.
C．Certain microbes responsible for CFS are narrowed down.
D．Probiotics supplement with drugs can be a treatment for CFS.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．Gut microbiome may be the key to CFS. B．Microbes help digest food and aid absorption.
C．Man’s gut is a rich, diverse tropical rainforest. D．New method for diagnosing CFS are provided.
Passage 7
（2023·山东日照·统考三模）A new wearable device that wraps around your finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while you sleep and use it to generate electricity, according to the developers from University of California, San Die go.
Most power producing wearable device require wearers to perform intense exercise or depend on external sources such as sunlight or large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system to generate electricity from sweat in your fingertips, even if you are sleeping or sitting completely still. This is because the finger tips are the sweatiest part of the body. So, thanks to a smart sponge material, this can be collected and processed by conductors.
The energy harvester produced small amounts of electricity when the wearer presses down or starts to sweat, or from light finger tapping. It does this by converting activities like typing, texting, or playing the piano into extra charge.
Finger tips have one of the highest concentrations of sweat grands in the body, with coach finger producing between 100 and 1,000 times more sweat than most other areas, according to the researchers.
Co-first author doctoral student Mr. Bin said: “The reason why we feel sweatier on other parts of the body is that those spots are not well ventilated (通风的). By contrast, the finger tips are always exposed to air, so the sweat evaporated as it comes out. So rather than letting it evaporate, we use our device to collect this sweat, and it can generate a significant amount of energy.”
The device is equipped with electrical conductors or electrode (电极) made from a carbon foam, which absorbs any finger sweat. Enzyme (酶) on the electrode then cause a chemical sweat molecule to generate electricity.
The device only stores up a little bit power at the moment, and would take about three weeks of constant wear to power a smart phone, but the researchers hope to increase capacity in future.
25．How is the new device different from other wearables?
A．It is cost-effective. B．It is harmless to skin.
C．It required no exercise. D．It produced electricity.
26．What does the underlined word “evaporate” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Changes into a gas. B．Freezes in the air.
C．Drops to the ground. D．B c comes bigger in amount.
27．What is the disadvantage of the device?
A．It is extremely small in size. B．It is very difficult to operate.
C．It has a very limited power capacity. D．It relies much on temperature changes.
28．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Sweats Fingertips B．Power from Fingertips
C．An Electrical Conductor D．A Rechargeable Device
Passage 8
（2023·广东广州·广州六中校考三模）We often find ourselves struggling to control our thoughts, but why is it so hard to stop our minds wandering? Research found our thoughts are less focused and under less control than we realize. In a 1996 study, participants reported more than 4,000 thoughts daily, each lasting no more than five seconds. In a 1987 study, people perceived 22% of their thoughts as strange, unacceptable or wrong. Then, is it possible to avoid unwanted thoughts, whether it’s an upcoming exam or an unpleasant conversation? The answer is: maybe.
In a 2022 study, the researchers showed paid volunteers a series of slides displaying different nouns. Each noun was repeated on five different slides. As they viewed the slides, the participants wrote down a word they associated with each given noun — for example, “road” in response to “car.” Only the experimental group were told they wouldn’t get paid for repeated words. With this method, the researchers sought to create a situation when someone experiences unwanted thoughts.
When the experimental group saw each noun for a second time, they took longer than the control group to come up with a new association, suggesting their first response popped into their mind before they replaced it. However, they got quicker each time they viewed the same slide, indicating that their association between the given word and their first response — the thought they were trying to avoid — was weakening.
“We didn’t find evidence that people can entirely avoid unwanted thoughts,” said research leader Isaac Fradkin. “But the results suggest that practice can help people get better.”
Not everyone agrees that a slideshow of random words can tell how people stop emotional thoughts. Other research suggests that avoiding thoughts can backfire. When we do it, we’re sending our brains a message. This effort labels them as something to be feared, making them more powerful.
In the end, it might make more sense to take a mindful approach. “We can allow these thoughts to just be in our minds, not holding onto them too tightly and not trying to fight them,” said Fradkin.
29．What can we learn about our thoughts from paragraph 1?
A．Most of our thoughts are valueless.
B．We tend to focus more on negative thoughts.
C．Our thoughts can occur and disappear easily.
D．We can’t keep our thoughts for over five seconds.
30．Why were the experimental group told not to repeat the related words?
A．To collect more associations.
B．To make the task more challenging.
C．To create a competitive atmosphere.
D．To set up a desired experimental context.
31．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 5?
A．Have an opposite effect. B．Take back the wrong message.
C．Reveal hidden problems. D．Cause a mental breakdown.
32．What does Fradkin advise us to do with unwanted thoughts?
A．Drive them away. B．Try to understand them.
C．Leave them alone. D．Learn to control them.
Passage 9
（2023·江苏泰州·统考模拟预测）When you enjoy your morning cup of tea, you are probably not aware that those tea leaves can mean injury, or even death, for Asian elephants wandering Indian tea gardens.
In the Indian state of Assam, growing numbers of tea farms are destroying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their population. Much of the forest land where tea is grown in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches or small channels to prevent water from accumulating and hurting the plants. The trenches, however, can be death traps for the elephants.
Since the elephants need to use tea plantations as landmarks when traveling in forests, they almost unavoidably have to move through the farms. Moreover, because there are fewer humans around, pregnant females often use tea-growing areas as safe shelters to give birth. But baby elephants, still not used to rough ground may easily fall into the trenches and get hurt. Once injured, they might not be able to climb out. When mothers try to dig their babies out, both may be trapped in thick mud, even be killed. Furthermore, elephants are known to resist leaving their sick or dying behind, and a group may stay at a trench with a trapped baby for hours, unwilling to move on until all hope is lost.
Is there possibility for elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an organization that takes the initiative to make it possible. The organization encourages consumers to choose brands that take an active part in elephants protection, and has established a certification program to reward tea growers who are doing it right. Until now, only smaller tea brands have been certified, but awareness is growing. The organization believes that people may be encouraged to buy elephant-friendly brands when they know more about the risk tea can cause to these endangered animals.
33．Why do farmers in Assam dig trenches?
A．To trap elephants. B．To mark boundaries.
C．To protect tea trees. D．To expand tea farms.
34．What can we say about baby elephants?
A．They get stuck by the sharp branches of the tea trees.
B．They have difficulty moving around the uneven fields.
C．They might miss the landmarks while travelling in forests.
D．They fail to find a safe shelter when climbing out of trenches.
35．What does “it” underlined in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Encouraging consumers to choose high-quality brands.
B．Rewarding tea growers for protecting the environment.
C．Promoting elephant-friendly trenches and organizations.
D．Creating a win-win situation for elephants and tea farms.
36．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．The Trenches Pose Threats to Elephants
B．Habitat Loss Affects Endangered Animals
C．Growth of Tea Gardens Benefits Plantation
D．Farms Sponsor Environmental Organizations
Passage 10
（2023·山东聊城·统考三模）Researchers at North Carolina State University are proposing an additional white traffic light that will act as a sign to human drivers and passengers that they should follow the lead of self-driving vehicles moving through intersections (十字路口).
Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the road with autonomous vehicles. The transition to autonomous vehicles is progressing with each passing year and humans are no longer the only ones sitting behind an automobile’s steering wheel. This makes it urgent for traffic lights with a fourth color to become a reality.
The white traffic light would be equipped with wireless Bluetooth technology and would engage when the number of autonomous vehicles driving on the road at any given time exceeds a certain threshold (阈值). Autonomous vehicles would be in communication with each other and with the traffic lights at intersections, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix would be informed to follow the lead of the vehicle in front of them via the white light: stop if it stops, continue if it continues.
In simulation models, autonomous vehicles were shown to improve traffic flow on their own. The higher the percentage of autonomous vehicles at an intersection, the faster the traffic moved, with improvements of about 40 to 99 percent in terms of total delay reductions possible. “The white light can be used to coordinate (协调) traffic in any situation involving autonomous vehicles and tells human drivers what’s going on, so that they know what they are supposed to do as they approach the intersection,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.
As an example, most recently, Tesla’s problematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the forefront of public criticism after a car crashed into a fire truck. Consequently, the potential risks linked to autonomous driving are what made North Carolina State University researchers suggest adding a fourth color to traffic lights in the coming years.
37．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Strict traffic rules.
B．The upgrade of road system.
C．Increasing autonomous vehicles.
D．The high cost of self-driving technology.
38．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the white traffic light?
A．Its signal meaning. B．Its working principle.
C．Its complex database. D．Its potential applications.
39．What does Ali Hajbabaie convey in his words?
A．The white traffic light can help improve the flow of traffic.
B．Autonomous vehicles are potential threats to road safety.
C．It is difficult for elderly drivers to adapt to white traffic lights.
D．People had to be trained before driving on the roads with white traffic lights.
40．Why does the author mention the example of Tesla in the last paragraph?
A．To stress the popularity of driverless vehicles.
B．To prove the necessity of adding white traffic lights.
C．To call on the public to pay close attention to road safety.
D．To present the hidden dangers of using white traffic lights.