【热点题型】2024高考英语二轮专题训练之题型归纳+演变 专题01 高频语法之名词、代词、冠词、介词与语法填空试卷

这是一份【热点题型】2024高考英语二轮专题训练之题型归纳+演变 专题01 高频语法之名词、代词、冠词、介词与语法填空试卷，文件包含专题01高频语法之名词代词冠词介词与语法填空原卷版docx、专题01高频语法之名词代词冠词介词与语法填空解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共98页， 欢迎下载使用。

一、名词、代词、冠词
1. 思维导图
2. 高考真题再现
一、2022年高考真题
1.（2022新高考I卷）
Cvering an area abut three times __________ size f Yellwstne Natinal Park, the GPNP will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.
2.（2022全国甲卷）
____________ friend f his, Wu Fan, vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.
（2022年浙江 1月真题）
Cbb, fr her party, started t ask cnference rganizers wh invited her t speak if she culd d s remtely; abut three-quarters f ___________ time, they agreed.
（2022新高考二卷）
___37___ Brwn family live in an apartment building utside Trnt.
（2022.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
The GPNP’s main gal is t imprve cnnectivity between separate ___62___ (ppulatin)and hmes f giant pandas, and _eventually (eventual)achieve a desired level f ppulatin in the wild.
答案：.ppulatins
（2022全国乙卷）
“As a main prmter f the Internatinal Tea Day, the birthplace f tea and the __largest_ (large) tea-prducing cuntry, China has a ___65___ (respnsible)t wrk with ther cuntries t prmte the healthy develpment f the tea industry.
（2022全国乙卷）
The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was fficially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremny pening _____ _____ (it)first exhibitin: The Avenue f Truth — A Special Exhibitin f Pu’er Tea.
二、2021年高考真题
（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
While yu're in China, Munt Huangshan is 10 must t visit!
（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
The rlling sea f cluds yu see nce yu are at the tp will remind yu hw tiny we 2 (human) are.
（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
Suppsedly yu can d it in tw hurs, but we stpped at the different gates and 9 (watchtwer) t take pictures...
（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）.
9 (activity) there range frm whale watching t hiking （远足） and accmmdatins aim t have a lw impact n the natural envirnment.
（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
As the sng ges, this lng and winding rad "will never disappear", and it will always stick in the visitr's memry. It sure des in 9 (I).
（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
It is calculated by dividing a 3 (persn) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI f between 19 and 25 4 (cnsider) healthy.
（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
It tk us abut 3 hurs t g all 8 way arund the Xi'an City Wall.
（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）
Due t 5 grwing ppularity f envirnmentally-related and adventure travel, varius types f trips are nw being classified as ecturism. Actually, a true ec-friendly trip must meet the fllwing principles:
（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
9 Linclns enlarged the huse t a full tw stries in 1856 t meet the needs f their grwing family.
（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
In 1844 they bught it fr＄ 1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser, wh perfrmed their 3 (marry) ceremny in 1842.
.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）
Ecturism has 3 (it) rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s.
（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）
It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler t becme educated abut the areas—bth in terms f gegraphical cnditins and cultural characteristics, and ften prvides mney fr cnservatin and benefits the 2 (develp) f the lcal areas.
（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
She was extremely pretty, and her huse was a reflectin f 6 (she), everything in gd taste and in perfect rder."
三、2020年高考真题
（2020·新课标 = 1 \* ROMAN I卷语法填空）
The far side f the mn is f particular 64 (interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters (环形山), mre s 65 the familiar near side.
（2020·新课标 = 1 \* ROMAN I卷语法填空）
Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin, such as hw 69 ice and ther treasures it cntains, culd help China decide whether 70 (it) plans fr a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
（2020·新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷语法填空）
Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the beginning f spring.
（2020·山东卷语法填空）
As well as lking at exhibits, visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins (模拟) and imagine 42． (they) living at a different time in histry r 43（walking）(walk)thrugh a rainfrest.
四、2019年高考真题
【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】
Of ___69___ nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins, three are declining, six are (be) stable, ne is increasing, and nine lack enugh data.
【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】
Everybdy wears___57___ same style f clthes.
.（2019·北京卷·语法填空）
Nervusly __facing_ (face) challenges, I knw I will whisper t ___3___(I) the tw simple wrds “Be yurself”.
五．2018年高考真题
【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】
Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that/which shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all 67 (cause).
【2018·新课标卷II·语法填空】
Crn prductin has jumped nearly 125 percent ver ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased nly 7 percent.
【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空】
Unexpectedly, I'm face-t-face with the grilla, wh begins screaming at ____62____ tp f her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pund male appears.
【2018·新课标卷III·语法填空
】My name is Mireya Mayr. I'm a ___66___(science)wh studies animals such as apes and mnkeys.
【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】
Few peple I knw seem t have much desire r time t ck. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially trublesme.
【2018·浙江卷·语法填空】
F Researchers have fund that there is a direct link between the increase in fd eaten utside the hme and the rise in 64 (weigh) prblems.
六、2017年高考真题
【2017·新课标卷I·语法填空】
As 65 result, peple will eat mre fd t try t make up fr that smething missing.
【2017·新课标卷II ·语法填空】
It ran fr just under seven kilmeters and allwed peple t avid terrible 61 (crwd) n the rads abve as they travelled t and frm wrk.
【2017·新课标卷II ·语法填空】
This included digging up the rad, laying (lay) the track and then building a strng rf ver 64 tp.
3. 模拟检测
1.（2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模）
Handwriting is____5____imprtant skill that ges beynd cmmunicatin.
2.（2022·云南·一模）
It has lng been a dream fr the La peple t see their cuntry change frm a land-lcked cuntry ___15___ a “land-linked ne”, and the pening f the new railway is a big step tward turning their dream int reality.
3.（2022·河南·模拟预测）
Water mist was sprayed ___45___ the air ,which was then crystallized (结晶) the snw with the freezing air temperature.
4.（2022·云南·一模）
The pening f the China-Las Railway will thus help speed the develpment f the China-Las Ecnmic Crridr, and will further advance the building f a China-Las cmmunity with ____20____ shared future.
5.（2022·河南·三模）
These Games are nt ____39____ end f the stry. With their perfrmance and their appearance, each f these athletes can win ver a huge new fan cmmunity fr the time after the Games.
6.（2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）
And withut curage, we’ll never step int ____44____ unknwn.
7.（2022·重庆·一模）
They als set up the traffic signals and ___55___ series f traffic mnitring equipment.
8.（2021•漳州一中新高考模拟•语法填空•T10）
The asterid (小行星) 10930 Jinyng (1998 CR2) is named ___10___ him.
9.【江苏省常州高级中学2021届高三调研】
On canvas (画布),its effect is clse ______ the art f Chinese calligraphy.
10.【湖北省武汉外国语学校2021届高三调研】
The first suggested that chlera multiplied in the air. The secnd suggested that peple absrbed this disease ______ their bdies with their meals.
11.【辽宁省朝阳市建平县2021届高三9月联考】
While it’s wnderful fr peple wh want t see what these museums ffer and teach them, it’s nt always the best fr the museums facing increasing hardships in terms ______ funding.
4. 考试技巧
【名词的关键技法点拨】
语法填空解题策略:
1. 根据语境标志词判断名词
(1)看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时, 要想到名词;
(2)遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;
(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。
2. 根据规则确定名词单复数
(1)如果空格处被these, several, many和数词等修饰时, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;
(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are, 要考虑用名词的复数形式;
(3)在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规则, 方能解决好此类问题。
3. 熟记常见名词后缀:-age表示“状态;场所;费用”;-ry表示“工作场所;住处”;-lgy表示“……学;……论”;-ure表示“状态”;-cy表示“性质;状态”;-ery表示“境遇;状况;性质;行为”;-ism表示“主义”;-ty表示“性质;状态;程度”。
【冠词和代词的关键技法点拨】
【关键技法点拨】
语法填空解题策略
在语法填空中冠词和介词(短语)必考, 不给出提示词。代词考查相对较少, 而且有时会给出提示词或者可能填其他词。
1. 根据泛指或特指选择冠词
如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
2. 根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词
英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语, 记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。
3. 熟记常用的不定代词, 如ne, all, bth, either, neither, each, many, much, little, few, ther, anther, smething, nthing等。
4. 人称、物主、反身代词: “成分”是关键
(1)如果句中缺少主语, 则用人称代词的主格;
(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语, 则用人称代词的宾格;
(3)如果句中缺少定语, 则用形容词性物主代词;
(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语, 则用反身代词。
5. 知识点拓展
1. 名词
考点1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
(2)不规则变化
考点2 不可数名词
1. 不可数名词量的表达
不可数名词一般不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰，而应与特定的单位名词连用来表示量的概念，如：a cup f tea, fur pieces f bread等。
2. 抽象名词的具体化
这类名词如果仅仅表示某种概念，是不可数名词；如果表示具体的人或事，就成了可数名词，前面常加不定冠词，如：pleasure, help, hnr, surprise, success, failure等。有些抽象名词在具体化时，还可以用复数形式出现，如：n pains, n gains；表示特指时，可与定冠词连用。
3. 学科名词和集体名词的意义
(1)有些学科名词以s结尾，但表示单数意义，如：physics, maths, plitics等。
(2)有些集体名词通常只用于表示复数概念，如：plice, peple, cattle等。
(3)有些集体名词在表示整体时为单数概念，在表示集体中的各个成员时为复数概念，如：class, family, cuple, audience, gvernment, public等。
考点3 名词所有格
1. 表示有生命物体的名词所有格
(1)一般在词尾加’s，如：the by’s bag, men’s rms等。
(2)以s结尾的词直接加’，如：the wrkers’ struggle， the students’ reading rm等。
(3)并列名词表示各自所属时，在名词后都加’s，如：Jhn’s and Mary’s rms(约翰和玛丽各自的房间)；表示共同所属时，在最后一个名词后加’s，如：Jhn and Mary’s rm(约翰和玛丽共同的房间)。
(4)在表示店铺、餐馆、诊所的名称或某人的家时，其所有格后面的名词可省略，如：at the dctr’s在诊所，at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。
2.f所有格的用法
考点4 名词作定语
1. 名词作定语时一般用单数，表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。例如：stne figures石像， paper mney纸币， bk stres书店， evening dress晚礼服。
2. 有些情况下，也可用复数作定语。例如：a gds train货运列车， tw men dctrs两个男医生， a clthes shp服装店， a sales manager销售经理。
3. “数字＋连字符＋名词”作定语时，名词一般用单数形式。例如：a five-year plan一个五年计划，a ten-mile walk一段十英里的路程。
考点5 名词与固定搭配
名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词＋名词”和“介词＋名词”。常见短语如下：
make preparatins fr, make friends with, give regards t, make bth ends meet, fix ne’s eyes upn/n, in great demand，in high spirits，in agreement with，pay attentin t，keep pace with，attach imprtance t，gain/have an advantage ver，make a/n/sme difference
2.代词：
考点1 人称代词；物主代词；反身代词
考点2
考点3 常见代词用法比较
1. each, bth, all, either, any, neither, nne用法辨析
2. ne, it, that, thse用法辨析
3. ther, anther, thers用法辨析
4. many, much, sme, any, little, few用法辨析
考点4 it的用法
冠词
1：考点梳理
定冠词与不定冠词的区别；
不定冠词a，an的区别；
零冠词的使用；
常见搭配中的冠词；
特指与泛指时冠词的使用。
2：考点详解
考点1 不定冠词a(n)
1. 用于泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。
The village where I was brn has grwn int a twn.
2. 用于第一次提到或出现的名词前，表泛指，不特别指明具体情况。
There is a cup n the desk, but the cup isn’t mine.
3. 用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
I have three bks, and I want t buy a furth ne.
4. 用于形容词的比较级前，表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the frnt f the bus, we’ll have a better view.
5. 用于姓名、星期名称前，表示“某个名叫……的人，一个跟某人相仿的人，某人的作品、发明”或“某个星期几”。
Experts think that the recently discvered painting may be a Picass. 专家们认为这幅新发现的油画或许是毕加索的画作。
6. 用于表示价格、速度、比率等的名词前表示“每一”。
He wrks eight hurs a day.
7. 用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
这类名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面要加不定冠词。具有此用法的名词有：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, cmfrt, hnur等。
surprise惊奇 → a surprise 一件意想不到/令人惊奇的事
failure失败 → a failure 一个失败的人；一件失败的事
success成功 → a success 一个成功的人；一件成功的事
rain雨 → a heavy rain 一场大雨
注意：常考的不可数名词有：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, wrd(消息), prgress, infrmatin, news, equipment, wealth等。这些不可数名词一般不与不定冠词连用。
考点2 定冠词the
表示某一类人或物
The hrse is a useful animal.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe,the mn,the Pacific Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Wuld yu mind pening the dr?
用于乐器前面
play the vilin,play the guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the rich,the living,the wunded
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens,the Wangs
用于序数词或形容词、副词比较级、最高级前
He is the taller f the tw children.
用于国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前
the United States,the Cmmunist Party f China,the West Lake
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The cmpass was invented in China.
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990s
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hur.
用于方位名词、身体部位名词以及表示时间的词组前
He patted me n the shulder.
考点3 零冠词
1. 不含普通名词的专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、复数名词或不可数名词前通常不加冠词。
Rck climbing is f great fun. Yu will get clse t nature and take adventures at the same time.
2. 表示季节、月份、星期、节日、学科、语言、球类、棋类以及三餐等的名词前，常用零冠词。
He had nthing fr breakfast this mrning.
Spring cmes after winter.
3. 表示独一无二的职位、职务、头衔的名词在句中作表语、补足语、同位语时，其前通常不加冠词。
We made him mnitr f ur class.
4. 在“单数可数名词＋as/thugh”引导的让步状语从句中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。
Gd chice as/thugh it may be, he has decided t give it up.
5. turn意为“变为，成为”时，后面作表语的单数可数名词前不用冠词。但是becme意为“变为，成为”时，后面作表语的单数名词前加不定冠词。
His dream is t turn lawyer while his sister’s is t becme a dancer.
6. 名词前已有this, that, my, yur, sme, each, n, any等指示代词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格时，其前不加冠词。
I want that bk abut cars.
考点4 固定搭配
1：all f a sudden突然;as a matter f fact事实上;nce a week每周一次;at a lss不知所措,茫然;be n a visit参观,拜访;be/g n a diet节食;give sb.a lift让某人搭便车;have a gift fr...在……方面有天赋;have a gd time玩得开心;have a wrd with...与……谈话;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way从某种意义上说;make a living谋生;take a walk散步;take an interest in...对……感兴趣;take/have a rest休息一会儿;a cuple f两三个; a bit一点; nce upn a time从前;many a time许多次
2：at the mment此刻,目前;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说一下;n the spt当场;make the best/mst f...充分利用……;in the distance在远处;in the end最终;in the habit f有……的习惯;the ther day前几天;n the ne hand...,n the ther hand...一方面……,另一方面……;t the pint中肯,切题
3：in fact事实上;fr example例如;in danger在危险中;with pleasure高兴地;in time及时;in fear恐惧地;at wrk在上班;at dinner在吃饭;after schl放学后;at first起初;at last最终;by hand手工做的;pay attentin t注意;set fire t放火;take pride in以……为豪;take care f照顾;take ffice就职;take part in参加;in twn在城里; mind牢记;in truble处在麻烦中;n ft步行;leave wrd留言;n time按时;catch sight f看见;d harm t对……有害;lse weight减肥

二、介词
1. 思维导图

2. 高考真题再现
2022-2018年高考真题
1.（2022年新高考1卷）
Giant pandas als serve ___64___ an umbrella species(物种), bringing prtectin t a hst f plants and animals in the suthwestern and nrthwestern parts f China.
2.（2022全国甲卷）
He flew 4, 700 kilmeters ___69___ Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept. 20, planning t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.
3.（2022全国乙卷）
May 21st this year marks the first Internatinal Tea Day, which was named fficially ___61___ the United Natins n Nvember 27th, 2019.
（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
It was built riginally t prtect the city 2 the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred（修复）.
5.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）Due t the grwing ppularity f envirnmentally-related and adventure travel, varius types 6 trips are nw being classified as ecturism.
6.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）The study fund that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 5 2.1 in wmen and men.
7.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空） In 1844 they bught it 2 ＄ 1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser...
8.（2020·新课标 = 2 \* ROMAN II卷语法填空）Oranges: Orange trees are mre 64 decratin; they are a symbl f gd frtune and wealth.
9.（2020·新课标 = 3 \* ROMAN III卷语法填空）The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 70． earth, Mther Nature.
10.（2020·山东卷语法填空）Museums must cmpete 45 peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.
11.（2020·浙江卷语法填空）Sme time after 10，000 BC，peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived 56． ，thrugh agriculture.56．
12.【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Mdem methds ___63___ tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s, and are expensive t perfrm (perfrm) cnsistently ver a large area.
13.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ___63___ dgs，seven t be exact.
14.【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But can unifrms help imprve schl standards? The answer ___61___ this questin is nt clear.
15.【2018·新课标III卷·语法填空】I was searching ___67___ these three western lwland grillas I'd been bserving.

3. 模拟检测
1.（2022·广东广州·一模）
Fr Lucy, nthing beats traveling, which she described ______59______ her favrite part f being alive.
2.（2022·新疆·布尔津县高级中学一模）
Studies have shwn that students wh use handwriting t take ntes in class remember infrmatin better—imprving their scres____7____as much as 15 percent.
3.（2022·陕西省榆林中学二模）
____23____ ther wrds, just “lie flat”.
4.（2022·重庆·一模）
It began n January 19 and finished ___56___ the early mrning f January 20.
5.（2021·诸暨市5月模拟·语法填空·T5）
Scientists say that anther 26.5 trillin punds will be prduced wrldwide ___5___ 2050.
6.（2021·成都三诊·语法填空·T8）
After taking my pulse, lking at my tngue, and asking a few questins ___8___my diet and lifestyle, the acupuncturist crrectly reasned that I was wrn-ut.
7.（2021•珠海市二模•语法填空•T9）
Analysis f elements in the relics indicates surces similar ____9____ thse f ther cultures alng the Yangtze River.
8.（2021•肇庆市三模•语法填空•T2）
Changes t water resurces can have a big impact ____2____ peple's lives.
9.（2021•玉林市一模•语法填空•T10）
“Accusing the British ____10____ having n sense f humr is like telling Rlls-Ryce that its cars are dwn-market.”
10.（2021•永春县第三次联考•语法填空•T7）
“Tu’s winning the prize signifies China’s prsperity and prgress in scientific and technlgical field, marks a great cntributin f traditinal Chinese medicine ____7____ the cause f human health and shws China’s grwing strengths and rising internatinal standing,” Premier Li Keqiang said in a cngratulatry letter n Mnday evening.
11.【辽宁省辽阳市2021届高三模拟】
It's nt actually just fr grandparents, but it's als t give grandparents an pprtunity t shw lve ______ their children's children.
12.【辽宁省辽西地区2021届高三大联考】
We use bicycles tday fr recreatin, fitness and s n. ______ the bicycle, much f the wrld might stp wrking!
13.【辽宁省葫芦岛市2021届高三模拟】
The ride lasts several minutes. It travels frm the security area t the barding gate______ a speed f 3. 5 kilmeters per hur.
14.【江苏省如皋市2021届高三调研】
This results in the accidental entry ______ freign bjects.
15.【江苏省海安高级中学2021届高三五调】
In 1995, Dr. Madan Kataria called n a grup f students in a park t test whether adding regular laughter t peple’s lives wuld imprve their well-being, Kataria als intrduced deep breathing and simple yga mves______ the exercises.
16.【湖南省长沙一中2021届高三四调】
I was remarkable hw a cmmunity lst s much and was still able t recver, and this left the deepest impressin______ the students.
17.【湖北省宜昌市2021届高三联考】
A tp fficial tld Xinhua. “______ (give) the difficulties experienced this year, the prgress being made by Beijing 2022 has been unusual.
18.【湖北省孝感高中2021届高三模拟】
It began ______a sprt enjyed mainly by very rich peple.
19.【湖北省孝感高级中学2021届高三调研】
S trying t build clse cnnectins______a few peple shuld be a pririty(优先考虑的事情).
20.【湖北省武汉市武昌区2021届高三质检】
Xing, a visually disabled yung wman wh started learning the pian at the age f 6, said her idl was Beethven, wh went cmpletely deaf later and their physical challenges led bth f them t establish a cnnectin with the utside wrld ______music.
21.【广东省深圳外国语学校2021届高三四调】
Fllwing his recent rise t fame, Rizea has been asked by many cities, including the capital f Rmania t transfrm their ld tree trunks ______ wrks f art.
22.【广东省华南师大附中2021届高三调研】
If a wman is ______ 40, r even if she is 80, her birthday is always the 39th. If she is in her thirties, her birthday will be the 29th.
23.【广东省华南师大附中2021届高三调研】
And in her twenties, it’s the 19th. They usually have their “real” birthday when they are ______20.
24.【广东省2021届高三四校联考】
When we lk up ______ the night sky, we see stars, the twinkle f a mving satellite and ccasinally a distant planet.
25.【福建省福州一中2021届高三调研】
Elephants are nt fans f strangers. Hwever ,Chen and his clleagues can take nly three days ______ every mnth.
4. 考试技巧
【介词的关键技法点拨】
“四种方法”确定介词
(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;
(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法;
(3)根据特殊的结构关系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut;
(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。

5. 知识点拓展
一、 表示“时间”的介词
1. at, n, in
(1) at表示“在某一时刻，某一时点”。如：
I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6点起床。
注：at daybreak在黎明at nn在中午
at night在夜间at Christmas在圣诞节期间
at the age f five在五岁时
(2) n表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如：
I heard a sht n (the mrning f ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。
We dn’t have classes n Sunday. 星期天我们不上课。
(3) in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。如：
in the 20th century在20世纪in 1999在1999年
in winter在冬季in September在九月
in the mrning/afternn/evening 在上午/下午/晚上
【巧学妙记】
at用在时刻前，亦与正午、午夜连，黎明、终止和开端，at与之紧接着相伴。
周月季年长时间，in须放在其前面， 泛指一晌和傍晚，也要放在in后边。
n指特定某一天，日期、星期和节日前 某天上下和夜晚，依然要在n后站。
今明昨天前后天，上下这那每之前，at、in、n都不用，此乃习惯记心间。
注：“上下这那每之前”是指“last/next/this/that/every”之前。
2. fr, during, thrugh
(1) fr后接“一段时间”，表示某事持续多久，多与完成时连用。如：
She has been ill fr several days. 她已经病了几天了。
(2) during表示“在……期间”。如：
I went t France fr tw weeks during the summer. 夏天我去了法国两个星期。
(3) thrugh表示“一直……，自始至终”。如：
They wrked hard thrugh the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
3. frm, since
(1) frm表示“时间的起点”，可译作“从……”，多用于“frm…t/till…”中。如：
Yu can cme anytime frm Mnday t Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。
(2) since表示“自从……以来（直到现在）”。如：
We have knwn each ther since ten years ag. 我们十年前就认识了。
注意：
fr和since都常与完成时连用，但fr接时间段，since接时间点。如:
fr tw hurs（持续）两小时since last week从上周直到现在
4. befre, by, till, until
(1) befre指“在……之前”，与after相对。如：
Please cme befre ten ’clck. 请10点以前来。
(2) by指“不迟于，到……时为止，在……以前”。如：
We had learned ver 1000 wrds by the end f last term.
到上学期末为止，我们已经学了1000多个单词了。
We will have learned 2000 English wrds by the end f this term.
到本学期结束前，我们将学了两千英语单词了。
注：by后接过去时间，常与过去完成时连用；by后接将来时间，常与将来完成时连用。
(3) till (until) “直到……为止”。 在肯定句中，till/until必须与延续动词连用；在否定句中，till/until常与非
延续性动词连用。如
I didn’t g t bed until 12 ’clck. 直到12点我才睡。
Yu must wait fr him till tmrrw. 你必须一直等到他明天。
5. after, in, within
(1) in和after都可表示“在……之后”，但用法不同：
a. 用in时要具备两个条件：用于将来时；后接时间段
I’ll arrive in an hur. 我一小时后到达。
b. after既可用于将来时，也可用于过去时
He gt a cancer and died after a year. 他患了癌症，一年后去世了。
The meeting will end after 3:00pm. 会议将在下午三点后结束。
(2) within“在……时间之内”。强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一时间，没有时态的限制。如：
I can finish it within an hur. 我不需一小时就可把它做完。
二、 表示“地点、方位”的介词
1. at, n, t, in
at表示在小地方; 在……附近，旁边
in 表示 在大地方; 在……围之内
n 表示毗邻，接壤
t 表示在„„范围外，不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the statin at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east f China.
Russia live n the nrth f China.
Fujian is t the suth f Jiangsu Prvince.
2. abve, ver, n
abve 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 belw相对；
ver指垂直的上方,与under相对,但ver与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触；
n表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying abve my head.
There is a bridge ver the river.
He put his watch n the desk.
3. alng, thrugh, acrss
(1) acrss 和 thrugh 都可表示“横过”或“穿过”，前者主要表示从某物的表面“横过”，涉及“面”的概念；而后者则表示从某个空间“穿过”，涉及“体”的概念。如：
He walked acrss the rad carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
He walked thrugh the frest alne. 他独自一人走过森林。
有时 acrss 表示“横过”也可在“体”内进行，但此时它仍与thrugh 有差别：前者表示从某个“体”的一端到另一端，而后者表示穿过两端。如：
He walked acrss the hall. 他从大厅的一端走到另一端。
He walked thrugh the hall. 他穿过大厅。
(2)alng 表示“沿着”，通常用于狭长的东西。如：
I saw him running alng the rad. 我看见他沿着这条路跑。
4. between, amng
between一般指“两者之间”
amng用于三个或三个以上的人或物之中，或笼统的一群人或一些物之中，表示“在……中间”。如：
Between the dr and the windws there is a map. 门和窗户的中间有一张地图。
They hid themselves amng the trees. 他们躲在树林中。
三、其他介词
1. 表示“工具或手段”的介词 by, with, n
（1）by用某种方式,多用于交通。
by bus乘公共汽车,
by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。
注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。请比较:
I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。
（2）with表示“用某种工具”。如:
He brke the windw with a stne. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。
注意:with表示用某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词。
（3）n表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。
They talked n the telephne. 他们通过电话进行交谈。
She learns English n the radi/n tv. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。
2. 表示关于的介词 f, abut, n
(1) f仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。如:
He spke f the film the ther day. 他前几天提到了这部影片。
(2) abut指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。如:
Can yu tell me smething abut yurself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?
(3)n指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。如:
It’s a textbk n the histry f china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。
3. 表原因或理由的介词fr, at, frm, f, with, by, because f
(1)fr表示原因,常与srry, famus, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。如:
I am srry fr what i said t yu. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。
(2)at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。如:
He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。
(3)frm指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。如:
He died frm the wund. 他因受伤而致死。
(4) f指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。如:
The ld man died f hunger. 老人死于饥饿。
(5) with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如:
Hearing the news, he jumped with jy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。
(6)by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。
Her bdy was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。
She tk yur umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。
(7)because f 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:
He retired last mnth because f illness/because he ill.
考向2 介词短语
常见的介词搭配：
1. “介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in 构成的短语
in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管，看管 in cmmn共有，共同，公有
in demand有需要的 in dubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的
in effect实际上，生效 in fact事实上
in rder按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 in prgress进行中
in return作为回报 in vain徒劳
in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而
(2) n构成的短语
n guard 在值勤 n leave在休假
n hliday在度假 n strike罢工
n sale出售 n lan借贷
n the mve在移动，搬迁；离开 n the march在行军
n the g正在活动，正在奔走 n the air正在广播
(3) beynd构成的短语
beynd ne's pwer是某人力所不及的 beynd praise夸不胜夸
beynd ne's reach够不着 beynd descriptin难以形容
beynd wrds无法用语言形容 beynd dubt无疑
beynd ne's understanding 无法理解
(4) under构成的短语
under develpment 在发展中 under bservatin在观察中
under test在测试中 under cnstructin在建设中
under examinatin在检查(调查)中 under cnsideratin在考虑中
under repair在修理中
(5) at 构成的短语
at length 详细地，长时间 at sea茫然
at will任意地 at wrk在上班
at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息
at table在吃饭 at schl上学
at church做礼拜 at peace处于和平状态
(6) ut f 构成的短语
ut f breath 上气不接下气 ut f balance失去平衡
ut f date过时 ut f patience不耐烦
ut f cntrl失去控制 ut f business破产
ut f style过时，不时髦 ut f the rdinary不寻常的
ut f tuch失去联系
2． 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because f：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；
n accunt f：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exceptin f＝ except, except fr“除……之外”；
apart frm (＝美式英语中的aside frm)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (fr), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；
in additin t“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关，关于”。
cncerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；
with respect t“关于，就……而言”；
as fr和as t用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead f=in advance f，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；
in frnt f 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。
in supprt f 维护，支持，支援；
in favr f 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”
(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。
in the light f 按照，考虑到 in terms f 就……而言，谈到
accrding t 根据；按照 in view f 鉴于，因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite f 尽管，不管
三、模拟演练
1.（2022·湖南·雅礼中学一模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
With the rapid develpment f third-party mbile payment tls, ___1___increasing number f cnsumers acrss China are using cashless payment methds.
Transactins(交易)___2___(invlve) third-party mbile payments rse by 39. 1 percent in the first quarter f 2021 cmpared ___3___ the previus quarter t 74 trillin yuan. Althugh China has the mst third-party payment accunts in the wrld, it is nt the first cuntry ___4___(seek) a cashless sciety. Develped states like Sweden, Denmark and Singapre are als witnessing that increase.
Hwever, the rapid develpment f cashless payments des nt mean there are n challenges and criticisms. Alibaba’s Hema Fresh Stre, ___5___ custmers can shp, dine and rder gds fr delivery frm their mbile phnes via Alipay, ___6___(cme) int the sptlight recently. Media reprts say that cnsumers can’t purchase gds with cash there, which wuld be cnsidered ___7___(legal).
Alipay and WeChat Pay, the natin’s tw majr third-party mbile payment tls, have als launched ___8___(campaign) t encurage mre merchants and custmers t use cashless payment methds, which has caused cncerns ver ___9___ cash will sn disappear.
Hwever, experts believe that a cashless sciety des nt mean that cash will ____10____(cmplete) disappear. As the ecnmy grws, the circulatin f cash is still very huge. In the lng term, varius payment methds will be used by cnsumers, and merchants shuld respect cnsumers’ payment habits.
（2022·海南·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Last mnth, I went t China t travel. While ____11____ (d) sme research abut the trip, I discvered that Chengdu had the pandas, s I decided t g there.
On my sixth day, I finally had a chance ____12____ (visit) the pandas! I didn’t g t the famus panda reservatin in Wlng, but t Chengdu Research Base f Giant Panda Breeding directly, which is much ____13____ (clse), because I had heard that peple might nt see the pandas in Wlng but I wanted t be sure t see these cute fellws. At 7:30 a.m. I ____14____ (jin)a grup f five fellw panda ____15____ (fan) and we set ff. My friends, ____16____ had visited the pandas befre, tld me abut ____17____ active the pandas were, always playing arund. Hwever, all we saw them ding was sleeping and eating. I thught they must be tired, because mst f them ____18____ (bare) mved. A few minutes later, a ____19____ (sleep) panda came dwn ____20____ his tree huse t the grund. He was abslutely lvable.
（2022·山西省长治市第二中学校模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Our cat is dead. My daughter, ____21____ is just tw years ld, knws this. But she keeps asking where it’s gne and what has happened t it.
My parents ____22____(be) straightfrward m admitting they didn’t knw what happened after ur death when I asked them in my childhd. But I want t give my daughter a slightly ____23____(gd) answer t her questin abut the tpic than ____24____(they).
One day when she asked the same questin, I tld my daughter that the cat was ut in the field, I tld her that when animals, including peple, died, they were usually put int the grund and that their bdies became ____25____(variety) pretty flwers, grasses and trees. I passed my hand ver her blnde hair, gently tuched her rsy cheeks and checked her ____26____(react). She didn’t appear ____27____(truble). Instead, she seemed excited by the thught f ne day becming a flwer.
Then, I reached ____28____ my daughter’s hand and asked her ____29____(take) a walk in the field. Tgether, we saw new leaves grwing in the sun and pretty flwers waving in the gentle wind. Suddenly, I realized that althugh we were bund t becme plant fertilizer, we were nt the lnely humans aimlessly wandering in the wrld. We were a part f the earth. We were cnnected by the beautiful plants in _____30_____ field.
（2022·江西景德镇·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A unique exhibitin f paintings pened at the Shanghai Mental Health Center n Thursday — all the 49 paintings are created by three hspitalized artists with schizphrenia.
With the theme f “lud hailer”, the exhibitin ffers peple with the mental disrder a chance t express themselves artistically and allws their vice ____31____(hear) by the public, fficials frm the center said. This can aruse ____32____(aware) and prmte better understanding and supprt fr peple with mental diseases, they added.
“Lud hailer means tw-way cmmunicatin. These paintings are created by patients ____33____ have been hspitalized fr a lng time. They live in a ____34____(relative) clsed envirnment. S we want t use this exhibitin t achieve cmmunicatin ____35____ these hspitalized artists and the audience,” said Chen Mengyuan, the curatr.
Dr Xie Bin frm the Shanghai Mental Health Center said the exhibitin als aims t remve the stigma(污名) ____36____(attach) t peple with schizphrenia.
“We hpe mre peple with mental disease will becme ____37____(schlar), artists and even great scientists like Jhn Nash thrugh medical treatment and a gd ____38____(sciety) envirnment.”
Nash was an American mathematician wh ____39____(award) the 1994 Nbel Prize fr Ecnmics and whse life as _____40_____ schizphrenia patient was described in the mvie A Beautiful Mind, based n his bk f the same name.
（2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个恰当的单词或者括号内单词的正确形式。
The 9, 000-plus vlunteers at the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games have played ___41___vital rle in ensuring that all aspects f life fr the sprtsmen, bth n and ff the field f play, have gne ___42___(smth).
T meet the diverse needs f the para ___43___(athlete) and all participants, the vlunteers ___44___(g) thrugh a strict training prgram, which included training fr basic medical and first-aid, hw t use wheelchairs, and the ___45___(guide) n when t prvide assistance and ___46___t cmmunicate best.
Liu An’ an is ne f the vlunteers t have als served at the Beijing 2008 Summer Games. Back then, Liu was a sphmre student at university. Nw, 14 years later, she is still at university but this time she acts ___47___a lecturer, leading a team f her wn students as vlunteers at Beijing 2022.
Liu has spent ver 150 days training and ___48___(participate) in these Games. She is ___49___(respnsibility) fr the traffic permits f all srts f transprtatin vehicles, and needs t crdinate with ver 100 different departments, including venues media, transprtatin and security.
“Becming a vlunteer ____50____has served bth at the Beijing 2008 Summer Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Games is a great hnr fr me, and I feel a strng sense f pride and respnsibility,” said Liu.
（2022·福建省龙岩第一中学一模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Researchers have discvered that peple eat mre vegetables if the veggies have fancy labels. A research team frm Stanfrd University fund that sales f vegetables increased after they were given ther names -- even thugh ____51____was n difference in the way the vegetables ____52____(prepare). The researchers cnducted their research n 600 diners fr several ____53____(mnth) at the university canteen. They labelled all vegetable dishes in fur ____54____(differ) ways each day: basic, healthy restrictive, healthy psitive and indulgent放纵/任性的. The basic label just listed the vegetable name like crn. The healthy restrictive categry used wrds such ____55____reduced-sdium (钠) crn. Vitamin-rich crn was used fr the healthy psitive. And a ____56____(describe) like rich buttery rasted sweet crn was reserved fr the indulgent.
Researchers gave diners a wide chice f vegetables t see hw effective the ____57____(delicius) descriptive labels were. They fund that making the labels indulgent increased the number f peple wh chse ____58____(put) the vegetables n their plate, as well as the amunt f vegetables ____59____(cnsume). Diners chse the indulgent labeling 25 percent mre than the basic labeling, 35 percent mre than the healthy psitive labeling and 41 percent mre than the healthy restrictive ptin. A researcher said: “Labels really can influence ur sensry experience, affecting _____60_____tasty we think fd will be.”
7 .阅读下面短文，
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
What des a beautiful persn lk like? Well, it depends n whm yu ask and 41. they are frm.
Much like the way peple with straight hair want 42. (curl) hair r thse with pale skin lie in the sun trying t get a suntan (晒黑), peple ften find themselves mre attractive when 43. (visit) anther cuntry.
Recently a pst went ppular n the US questin website Qura. It asked, “Have yu ever been cnsidered mre attractive in a cuntry 44. than yur wn?”
Many replies made 45. clear just hw much mre attractive they were cnsidered in ther cuntry, and why.
Llyta frm Indnesia wrte, “In my hme cuntry, I am nt cnsidered beautiful, 46. when I went t Eurpe I gt a lt f attentin.” Pja Gautam frm Nepal shared a similar experience. Wmen with lighter skin always gt mre attentin than she 47. in her cuntry. But in Pland, she has gtten 48. (usual) high levels f attentin frm lcals. “Tanning salns (晒黑沙龙) are a big thing in Plish cities,” she wrte. “Sme Plish peple find it hard t believe 49. I tell them that many Nepalese peple carry 50. (umbrella) n ht, sunny days t stp their skin frm turning darker.”
8.阅读下面短文，
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
My friend had a chance t make a trip t Hng Kng 51. August 15,2015. He had dreamed abut 52. (visit) it since his byhd and it was the first time that he 53. (be) there. The fllwing was 54. he had seen.
55. (arrive) there, he was 56. (shck) by its beautiful scenery and tall buildings. 57. we all knw, Hng Kng has the mst skyscrapers in the wrld. Wherever he went, he saw many smiling faces. Peple in Hng Kng were kind, generus, easyging and ready t help thers. Much t his surprise, he saw that peple there always kept rder in public places. 58. a great number f peple were waiting fr the next train at the subway statin, they were talking in such a lw vice as nt t disturb thers.
Chinese and English are the fficial languages f Hng Kng. English is 59. (wide) used in gvernments, markets, service centers and ther fields.
Staying there fr a week was a gd experience fr him, 60. he wuld never frget.
9.阅读下面短文，
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
We’ve all turned t sad music t make us feel 61. (gd)at sme pint in ur lives, but why des dubling dwn n the sadness help drag us ut f the mire(泥沼 )？
A new study sheds light n what’s ging n inside ur brains 62. we match ur music t ur feelings. It lks like sad music can be enjyable -rather than 63. (simple) depressing- because it triggers psitive memries that can help t lift ur md. Psychlgist Adrian Nrth frm Curtin University in Australia says there 64. (be)tw grups f pssible65. (explain)fr why we enjy listening t sad music like this: ne frm scial psychlgy, and ne frm cgnitive neurscience(认知神经学).
In terms f scial psychlgy, ne way f 66. (think) abut this is that we feel much better abut 67. (we) if we fcus n smene wh’s ding even wrse, a prcess knwn as dwnward scial cmparisn. Everything’s ging t be kay, because this persn 68. (have) an even wrse day than yu are.
Anther thery frm scial psychlgy is that peple like t listen 69. music that mirrrs the tne f their current life circumstances -the sngs act as 70. srt f tuning frk(音叉) fr ur wn situatins and they resnate(共鸣) with us.
10.阅读下面短文，
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
He's an ld cbbler(修鞋匠 ) with a shp in a histric area in Paris. When I tk him my shes, he tld me, "I haven't time. Take them t 71. ther fellw n the main street."
Just lking at his bench 72. (lad) with tls and pieces f leather, I knew the craftsman(手艺人) was rather73. (skill).“N，”I replied，“ the ther fellw can’t d it well.”
“The fellw he mentined is ne f thse shpkeepers wh fix shes and make keys withut knwing much abut mending shes r making keys.”They wrk 74. (careless)and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap (鞋带). yu might as well just threw away the pair. The reasn75. I wanted t have my shes repaired in the shp is that the man wrks very carefully.
The man 76. (have)me write my name n ne she with a piece f chalk and said “Cme back tmrrw.”
I was abut t leave77. he tk a pair f sft leather78. (bt)ff a shelf.
"See what I can d? "he said with pride. “Only three 79. us in Paris can d this kind f wrk.”
The cbber was smething ut f an ancient legend, this ld craftsman with his way f speaking familiarly, his very strange, dusty hat, his funny accent and, abve all, his pride in his craft.
In such a perid it is a rare cmfrt t find a cbbler wh gets his greatest80. (satisfy)frm pride a jb well dne.
规则
例词
一般在词尾加-s
map—maps,sea—seas,girl—girls,day—days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class—classes,bx—bxes,watch—watches,dish—dishes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf—leaves,thief—thieves,knife—knives,half—halves,laf—laves,wife—wives,shelf—shelves
加-s
belief—beliefs,chief—chiefs,prf—prfs,rf—rfs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es
party—parties,family—families,stry—stries,city—cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
ty—tys,by—bys,day—days,ray—rays,Henry—Henrys
以辅音字母加-结尾的名词
一般加-es
her—heres,ptat—ptates,tmat—tmates
不少外来词加-s
pian—pians,pht—phts,kil—kils
两者皆可
zer—zers/zeres
vlcan—vlcans/vlcanes
msquit—msquits/msquites
规则
例词
以元音字母加-结尾的名词加-s
radi—radis,bamb—bambs,z—zs
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth—truths,muth—muths,mnth—mnths,path—paths
规则
例词
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man—men,wman—wmen,ft—feet,gse—geese,muse—mice
单复数相同
species,sheep,deer,series,means,wrks,fish,li,yuan,jin
只有复数形式
ashes,trusers,clthes,thanks,gds,glasses,cmpasses,cntents
一些集体名词总是用作复数
peple,plice,cattle,staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crwd,cuple,grup,cmmittee,gvernment,ppulatin,crew,team,public,enemy,party
复数形式表示特别含义
custms(海关),frces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件,报纸),manners(礼貌),lks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
表示
“某国
人”
加-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Eurpeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Prtuguese,Chinese,Japanese
以-man或-wman结尾的改为-men,-wmen
Englishmen,Frenchwmen
合成
名词
将主体名词变为复数
sns-in-law,lkers-n,passers-by,stry-tellers,by friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grwn-ups,husewives,stpwatches
将两部分变为复数
wmen singers,men servants
用于无生命的东西
the legs f the chair,the cver f the bk
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时
the classrms f the first-year students
用于名词化的词
the struggle f the ppressed
人称
单复数
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
单数
I
me
my
mine
myself
复数
we
us
ur
urs
urselves
第二人称
单数
yu
yu
yur
yurs
yurself
复数
yu
yu
yur
yurs
yurselves
第三人称
单数
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
It
It
Its
its
itself
复数
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
指示代词
this,that,these,thse,such,sme
疑问代词
wh,whm,whse,which,what,whever,whichever,whatever
关系代词
that,which,wh,whm,whse,as
不定
代词
普通不定代词
ne/ sme/ any,each/ every,nne/ n,many/ much,few/ little/ a few/ a little,ther/ anther,all/ bth,neither/ either
复合不定代词
smething,anything,nthing,everything,smebdy,anybdy,nbdy,everybdy, everyne, n ne/nne,smene,anyne
相互代词
each ther,ne anther
全体都
each
两者及以上每一
与nt连用表部分否定
bth
两者全都
all
三者及以上全都
全体中任一
either
两者任一
与nt连用表全部否定
any
三者及以上任一
全体都不
neither
两者都不
表全部否定
nne
三者及以上都不
ne
泛指同类事物
替代单数可数名词，复数为nes。
it
特指同一事物
替代单数可数名词，也可指代前面整个句子内容。
that
特指同类事物
替代单数可数名词，同the ne，或替代不可数名词，后接f。
thse
特指同类事物
替代复数可数名词，同the nes，后接定语或接f结构。
ther
(两者之中)另一个或(三者以上)其余。ne... the ther表“两者中一个……另一个……”；还用于(数词＋)ther＋名词。
anther
作形容词，后接单数名词，表“另一，又一”；还用于anther＋数词＋复数名词。
thers
表泛指，the thers指“剩余全部”，常见形式sme...(the) thers。
许多
many
修饰名词复数，谓语用复数。
much
修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数；作副词修饰比较级。
一些
sme
修饰名词，常用于肯定句中。与复数名词或不可数名词连用，表“一些”；修饰单数名词，表“某一”；作副词，用于数词前，表“大约”。
any
修饰名词，用于否定句和疑问句中，与不可数名词或复数名词连用；用于肯定句中时，修饰单数名词，表“任一”；作副词修饰比较级。
少量
(a)little
修饰不可数名词，谓语用单数；作副词修饰比较级；nt a little表“非常，很”，而nt a bit表示“一点也不”。
(a)few
修饰名词复数，谓语用复数。
非人称
代词
It’s quite ht here in summer,isn’t it?
It’s early midnight nw.We’d better g t bed.
It’s abut an hur’s drive frm here t Nanchang.
指代日期、时间、季节、天气、温度、距离、重量、环境、情况等
形式
成分
形式
主语
It is difficult t understand why she barks every minute she is utside.
真正的主语由不定式、动词-ing形式或从句充当
形式
宾语
Susan made it clear t me that she wished t make a new life fr herself.
真正的宾语由不定式、动词-ing形式或从句充当
强调
句型
It was under the bed that my brther hid the ball this mrning.
It is Mr Bell wh/that ften cmes and lks after the ld man.
指人时可以用wh或that,其他情况一律用that