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►第06讲 非谓语动词之分词（讲义） 【复习目标】 1.掌握分词的定义 2.掌握分词的时态和语态 3.现在分词和过去分词作定语、表语、补语、状语 4.掌握易混易错点辨析 【考情分析】 从近三年中考卷可以看出，对非谓语动词分词的考查是常考点，分词的正确运用，尤其是现在分词被动式和完成式的正确运用、现在分词与过去分词作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语的区别。但是题目的设置更加注重语境以及情景化和结构复杂化，加大了考生对题干的理解难度。因此，2024年中考备考要掌握不定式相关用法。 名词题型命题规律 非谓语动词的动词不定式是历年中考必考知识点。从考查形式看，一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。所占分值通常为2～4分。从命题意图看，侧重考查考生的具体语言环境中使用非谓语动词的能力。 【网络构建】 非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。 构成：（to）+动词原形 动词不定 在句中的作用（主、宾、表、宾补、定、状） 非 谓 构成：V.-ing 语 动名词 动 用法（主、宾、表、定） 词 构成：现在分词 doing 过去分词 done 分词 用法（表、补、定、状） 考向一 分词的定义 分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词，分词分为现在分词(v-ing)和过去分词(v-ed)两种，是一种非谓语动词形式。 *现在分词表示“主动和进行” *过去分词表示“被动和完成” (不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。 考向二 现在分词的句法功能 现在分词的时态和语态 现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生； 现在分词的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前； Walking down the street, he hears someone calling him. 在街上走着，他听到有人叫他。 Having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay at a hotel. 我们几乎花光了所有的钱，没有钱住宾馆了。 现在分词的主动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的执行者； Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的住址，我们无法和她取得联系。 现在分词的被动形式表示逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者； The area being studied is called an archeological site. 正在被研究的那个地方被称作考古地。 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是给老师们的。 No. 1 作定语 现在分词作定语 a swimming boy(a boy who is swimming) The man speaking to Lily(the man who is speaking to Lily) 动名词作定语 a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)卧车 a washing machine(a machine for washing)洗衣机 a walking stick ＝ a stick (which is used) for walking拐杖 a reading room＝a room (which is used) for reading 阅览室 易混点： 现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。现在分词形式作定语相当于一个定语从句，强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词通常要前置，短语要后置。 John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it.(＝定语从句John ... the official letter which/that offers him it.) 约翰的确得到了这份工作，因为他给我看了提供他工作的正式信函。 动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性能，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。动名词作定语只能置于被修饰词的前面，而现在分词作定语有时可前置，有时可后置，尤其是现在分词短语作定语时要后置。 a swimming boy＝a boy who is swimming一个正在游泳的男孩(现在分词作定语) a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming 游泳池(动名词作定语) No. 2 作表语 具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征。 He’s really amusing and tells jokes when he thinks we’re getting bored. 他的确和风趣，而且当他认为我们感到厌烦时，就会给我们讲笑话。 No. 3 作状语 现在分词的一般式，即doing表示动作和谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。现在分词的完成式即having done表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。现在分词在句中作结果、时间、原因、伴随、方式、条件、让步等状语。 It hasn’t rained for a month, making the crops hard to grow. (作结果状语，常用于句尾) 一个月没下雨了，庄家很难生长。 When reading the novel, I heard the telephone ring.（作时间状语，分词前面可加when, while等词。） 看小说时我听到电话响了。 Living far from the school, he has to get up early every morning.（原因状语）由于住的离学校远，他必修每天早起。 Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(主动意义，非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生) 看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个便条。 Having waited for an hour, he realized he had left his wallet at home.(主动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前) 等了一个小时后，他意识到他把钱包落在了家中。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前) 我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。 No. 4 作补语 说明宾语的性质、特征或正在做的动作。一般在感官动词和使役动词后用现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，变成被动语态时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。 使役动词/感官动词+宾语+现在分词作宾补（意义主动或正在进行） I have two men working for me in the company. 我让两个人在公司为我工作。（表示主动进行） I heard an English song being sung by a little girl at the English evening.(sing动作正在被做) 我在英语晚会上听见有个小女孩唱英文歌。 考向三 过去分词的句法功能 过去分词只有一般式，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语、补语等。 Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.再给我一个小时，我也能做出这道题。 No. 1 作定语 及物动词的过去分词作定语，表示被动和完成； 不及物动词的过去分词一般作前置定语，不表示被动，只表示完成。 There are fallen leaves on the ground in fall.秋天地上到处是落叶。(只表示完成，不表示被动) Look at the broken glasses. 看看这些碎了的玻璃杯。(表示被动和完成) 注意：作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：doing和done。doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 No. 2 作表语 过去分词作表语时，它们大多数是已经形容词化的，而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词，表示主语所处的状态或感受。过去分词多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情。 She is interested in the story. 她对那个故事感兴趣。 Her voice sounded excited. 她的声音听起来很兴奋。 易混点：现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”，现在分词与中心词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，其过去分词含有被动意味，即“人被引起某种感觉”。 No. 3 作宾语补足语 及物动词的过去分词作补足语，与宾语构成被动关系。有少数不及物动词的过去分词作补足语，表示完成或状态。变为被动语态时，宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。 A liar cannot make himself believed. 习惯于说谎的人无法让别人相信自己。 I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. 发现我的家乡变化很大后我感到十分惊讶。 Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed. 开车进入市区之前，你必修把车洗一洗。 No. 4 作状语 过去分词短语作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等，也可以改为相应的从句或并列句。 Given enough money, I'd buy that car at once. =If I am given enough money, I'd buy that car at once. 如果有足够的钱，我会马上买下那辆车。 Frightened by the noise outside, the little girl dared not sleep in her bedroom. 由于受到外面噪音的惊吓，小女孩不敢在卧室里睡觉了。 易错点：在when， while， if， as if， though， as， until， once， whether， unless， where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句主语相同的主语和be动词，形成“连词＋分词短语”结构。 When treated with kindness， he was very lovely. 当友好地对待他时，他很可爱。 部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated (坐着的), hidden (躲着的), stationed (驻扎的), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), born in (出身于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦了), faced with (面对)以及表示心理状态的动词。如：interested, surprised, satisfied, moved等。 考向四 易混易错点辨析 易混易错点： 1) stop doing/to do stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 stop doing　停止做某事。I must stop smoking. 2) forget doing/to do （同remember） forget to do　忘记要去做某事（未做) The light is still on. He forgot to turn it off.(没有做关灯的动作) forget doing　忘记做过某事(已做) He forgot turning the light off. ( 已做过关灯的动作) 3) regret doing/to do regret to do　 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. regret doing　 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做) I don't regret telling her what I thought. 4) try doing/to do 　try to do　　努力，企图做某事。You must try to be more careful.　 try doing　 试验，试着做某事。 I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 6) go on doing/to do go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. go on doing　 继续做原来做的事。 7) mean doing/to do mean to do打算、想I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. mean doing　意味着To raise wage（提高工资）means increasing purchasing power(购买力）. can't help to do/doing can't help to do 不能帮助做某事 He couldn’t help to wash the clothes. 我不能帮忙洗衣服。 can't help doing情不自禁做 She couldn’t help smiling. 她禁不住笑了起来。 关于use的短语： used to do 过去常常做某事 be/get used to doing 习惯做 Sb use sth to do/for doing使用...做 被动sth be used to do/for doing have sb do sth 让某人做某事=make sb do sth have sb doing sth 让某人做某事=keep sb doing have sth done 让某事被做 宁愿做......而不愿做 prefer (not) to do sth.  宁愿（不）做某事= would rather (not) do sth. prefer sb. (not) to do sth.    宁愿某人(不)去做某事 prefer to do sth.1 rather than do sth.2  宁愿做事情1，而不愿做事情2. =would rather do sth.1 than (do) sth.2 =prefer doing sth.1 to doing sth.2 (to为介词) 12）既可跟do又可跟doing形式的情况: do (强调全过程或经常做，注意被动语态） see/watch/hear/notice sb doing（强调正在做） need/want/require (sb) to do sth 需要（某人）做某事 13) Sth need/want/require doing sth=to be done某事需要被做 一、用所给单词适当形式填空 1．（2023·江苏无锡·校考二模） (watch) herself in the mirror, the queen thought she was the most beautiful lady in the world. 2．（2023·江苏淮安·统考一模）The old man walked slowly to his home, (carry) a large bag in his back. 3．（2023·辽宁盘锦·校联考一模）I heard him (sing) when I passed by his room. 4．（2023·甘肃白银·校考一模）There must be someone (visit) the homes in our neighbourhood. 5．（2023·湖南常德·统考一模）—Look! There’s a man (perform) Taiji near the river. —Wow! It’s my teacher, Mr. Wu. 6．（2023·江苏无锡·江苏省锡山高级中学实验学校校考一模）Soon after, Mrs. Johnson was on her way to the show, (carry) a lovely black handbag and a happy smile. 7．（2023·江苏无锡·无锡市天一实验学校校考一模）Earthquake last month in Turkey was a real disaster, (leave) thousands of people homeless. 8．（2022·黑龙江大庆·大庆外国语学校校考模拟预测）I hear the girls (sing) in the room when I passed by. 9．（2022·甘肃天水·校联考模拟预测）When I passed by the community, I saw neighbours (chat) with each other happily. 10．（2022·江苏无锡·校考二模） (connect) the two cities, the high-speed railway plays an important role in our daily life. 11．（2022·江苏无锡·无锡市天一实验学校校考三模）The tornado last month in the USA was a real disaster, (leave) thousands of people homeless. 12．（2013·江苏泰州·统考二模）When she heard the thunder, she rushed into my room, ____________（scream）in fear. 13．（2022·江苏盐城·统考一模）Look! There is a wallet on the ground. (lie) 14．（2021·黑龙江大庆·统考二模）My mother sat there silently, (smile) at me. 15．（2023·甘肃武威·统考模拟预测）There must be something (visit) the homes in our neighborhood. 16．（2023·江苏扬州·校考三模）We will have the balloons in the classroom to celebrate the coming new year. (hang) 17．（2023·江苏无锡·二模）—You look upset. What’s the matter? —I had my invitation (refuse) again. 18．（2023·江苏无锡·无锡市江南中学校考二模）—Have you heard the news? —Yes. The school broadcasting station announced that our school had put the money (raise) by them to good use to buy new instruments for kids. 19．（2023·江苏扬州·统考二模）After the rainstorm, the ground is covered with leaves (fall). 20．（2023·辽宁盘锦·校联考一模）Toys are not the only things (make) in China. 二、单项选择 21．（2023·福建福州·模拟预测）My brother is reading the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ________ by Mark Twain these days. A．written B．was written C．wrote 22．（2023·福建·一模）—China’s C919 is expected to be put into commercial operation in early 2023. —Great. It is the first plane ________ in China. A．develop B．developing C．developed 23．（2023·四川乐山·统考二模）—Your hair is so long, you need to have your hair ________. —But the barber’s shop is ________. A．to cut; closing B．cutting; open C．cut; closed 24．（2023·四川成都·统考二模）—Dad, the computer doesn’t work. —Don’t worry. I’ll get it ________ tomorrow. A．to repair B．repaired C．repairing 25．（2023·湖南邵阳·统考一模）—There is something wrong with the TV. —Don’t worry. I’ll get it ________ this afternoon. A．repair B．repairing C．repaired 26．（2023·江苏镇江·一模）________ with gasoline cars, electric cars are more energy saving, making them cheaper to operate. A．Compared B．To compare C．Comparing D．Compare 27．（2023·江苏扬州·一模）The career he devoted himself to ________ him ________ by people all over the world. A．made; remembered B．making; remember C．making; was remembered D．made; to remember 28．（2023·福建·三模）When I passed by the hall, I heard many students ________ the musical instruments. A．play B．playing C．to play 29．（2023·福建厦门·厦门一中校考二模）Visitors have found that YaYa has become bony, ________ many Chinese and animal lovers worry about her health and life quality at the Memphis zoo. A．made B．to make C．making 30．（2023·吉林长春·二模）The man is lying on the bed, ________ to the radio. A．listen B．listened C．listens D．listening 31．（2023·吉林长春·统考三模）I heard Bob ________ when I walked past him just now. A．sing B．singing C．sang D．to sing 32．（2023·江苏镇江·统考二模）—Hurry up, Jason! We’re going to the cinema, but the clothes still need ________. —Don’t worry. I think thirty minutes is enough. A．washing B．to wash C．washed D．wash 33．（2023·江苏南京·三模）China launched the Shenzhou XVI manned spaceship several days ago, ________ three astronauts to its space station combination for a five-month mission. A．to send B．sent C．sending D．have sent 34．（2023·江苏南京·统考一模）So far, there are 13 wetland cities in China, ________ a great variety of city styles. A．show B．showing C．to show D．have shown 35．（2023·河北邯郸·统考一模）—Do you remember the astronauts ______ you classes in the space station? —They are Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu. A．give B．giving C．to give D．gave 三、语法选择 （2023·广东汕头·统考一模） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后按照句子结构的语法和上下文连贯的要求，从每题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 My parents took me to Japan when I was little. I lived there for five years. 36 I came back, my Japanese was very good. “Can I do something useful with my Japanese?” I asked myself. Then, one day last spring, I got 37 good opportunity. Everyone was afraid of SARS, so I stayed at home with 38 to do. My father bought me a Japanese book. “Why don’t you translate it into Chinese? It will be better than 39 computer games all day.” I promised to do 2,000 words each day. But later I found it was hard to keep the promise. One day in May, the weather was beautiful. But I couldn’t go out. Those 2 000 words were still 40 me. After translating only three pages, I already lost interest in the book. I looked at it for a long time. But I couldn’t make myself turn the pages. 41 I wished I could just go outside and play football with my friends! The words 42 by me again and again. I just wanted to give up. I felt as if two people were fighting 43 my mind. One said, “Don’t give up! Keep working hard, and you’ll do well!” But then the other one said, “Go and play! It will be 44 than translating. Do your work tomorrow.” I stood up and would turn off the computer. But then I remembered 45 my parents had told me,“Whatever you do, don’t stop half way.” So I sat down and went on with it. 36．A．Because B．When C．Since 37．A．an B．the C．a 38．A．nothing B．something C．everything 39．A．be played B．playing C．played 40．A．waited for B．been waited for C．waiting for 41．A．What B．What a C．How 42．A．were counted B．counted C．are counted 43．A．in B．with C．about 44．A．the most interesting B．more interesting C．interesting 45．A．how B．where C．what 一、单项选择 1．（2022·贵州黔东南·统考中考真题）An old man ________ on the side of the road was found ________, and he was sent to the hospital by the bus driver and passengers immediately. A．lies; dies B．lay; died C．lain; dead D．lying; dying 2．（2021·贵州黔西·统考中考真题）Today there are already robots ________ in the restaurants. They are serving the people. A．works B．worked C．working D．work 3．（2021·贵州铜仁·统考中考真题）—Look! There are some students ________ basketball on the playground. —Yes. I often see them ________ basketball there. A．play; play B．play; playing C．playing; play D．playing; playing 4．（2022·黑龙江·统考中考真题）I saw Lily ________ when I passed her room. A．dance B．dancing C．to dance 5．（2020·内蒙古呼和浩特·统考中考真题）In this company a large number of people, __________ my parents, __________over 1000 yuan to help Wuhan. A．includes; gave in B．include; gave out C．including; gave up D．including; gave away 6．（2022·贵州铜仁·统考中考真题）—Do you know there are more than 3,000 languages ______ in the world? —Sorry, I have no idea. A．speaking B．spoken C．speak D．spoke 7．（2021·广西柳州·统考中考真题）Alice couldn’t make herself ________ attention to because her classmates made so much noise. A．pay B．paid C．paying 8．（2020·甘肃天水·统考中考真题）________ with my father’s handwriting, mine is poor. A．Compare B．Compared C．Comparing D．Compares 9．（2018·甘肃天水·统考中考真题）It took us one week ________ this article ________ by Mo Yan. A．read, written B．to read, written C．reading, to write D．to read, to write 10．（2018·湖北鄂州·统考中考真题）—What are on show in the library? — Some photos ________ on the Great Wall. A．are taken B．taken C．are taking D．were taken 二、用所给单词适当形式填空 11．（2018·山东烟台·中考真题）Father had his car (repair) in the 4S shop last week. 12．（2021·黑龙江大庆·统考中考真题）He spoke louder to make himself (hear). 13．（2020·江苏常州·统考中考真题）Did Eric have his homework (finish) before 9 o’clock last night? 14．（2021·辽宁盘锦·统考中考真题）When I came back home, mom was （water） the garden. 15．（2020·四川广元·统考中考真题）Life is invaluable. This is a price we must pay and a price is worth (pay). 目录一复习目标掌握目标及备考方向二考情分析近年中考名词考情分析三网络构建知识点头脑风暴四名词考向1.掌握分词的定义 2.掌握分词的时态和语态 3.现在分词和过去分词作定语、表语、补语、状语 4.掌握易混易错点辨析五真题感悟中考分词经典考题时态主动形式被动形式一般式(not) doing(not) being done进行式(not) having done(not) having been done现在分词主动意义过去分词被动意义exciting令人兴奋的，激动人心的excited兴奋的，激动的frightening吓人的frightened受惊吓的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的，失望的pleasing令人高兴的pleased高兴的，满意的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊讶的surprised感到惊讶的moving令人感动的moved受感动的，感动的interesting有趣的interested感兴趣的amusing有趣的，给人娱乐的amused感到有意思的puzzling令人迷惑不解的puzzled感到困惑不解的encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged受到鼓舞的tiring令人厌倦的/劳累的tired感到疲倦的convincing令人信服的convinced感到信服的