高中英语语法复习：句子结构及句型 主谓一致（无答案） 教案

英语复习句子结构及句型+主谓一致
句子结构及句型
一、句子和句子成分的定义
句子是由单词(短语)按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位。组成句子的各个部分称为句子成分。英语句子成分主要有：主语、谓语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语和状语等。
1. 主语
表示句子描述的是“谁”(人)或“什么”(事物)，是谓语的陈述对象，通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或者从句等担当。(主语是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。)
eg: The moon moves around the earth. 月亮围绕地球转。
She is a clever girl. 她是一个聪明的女孩儿。
Swimming is a good exercise. 游泳是一项好的运动。
To say is one thing, and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另外一回事。
2. 谓语
说明主语的动作或者状态，一般在主语的后面。由动词或者动词短语担当。
eg: I like studying English. 我喜欢学英语。
Chinese is a kind of great language! 汉语是一种伟大的语言！
3. 宾语
是动作的承受者，表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象，或者用于介词后构成介词短语，通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或者从句等担当。
eg: We love our country! 我们热爱我们的祖国！
Her mother likes her very much! 她妈妈非常喜欢她！
在英语中，有些及物动词，如give, pass, send, bring, tell, teach, show等+ sb. sth.可以有两个宾语：一个指人，一个指物。这样宾语就包括直接宾语(表示动作的承受者，多为物)和间接宾语(表示动作是针对谁或为谁而做，多为人)。我们把“直接宾语+间接宾语”叫做“双宾语”。
eg: He gave me a book. 他给我一本书。(me是间接宾语；book是直接宾语)
4. 补足语
是补充说明主语或者宾语用的，通常由名词、形容词、代词、动词(原形)、分词等担当。宾语和宾语补足语之间一般存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
eg: We elected him monitor. 我们选他当班长。(monitor作him的宾语补足语)
He was elected monitor. 他被选为班长。 (monitor作he的主语补足语)
5. 表语
用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或者身份，常与系动词一起，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或者从句担当。
eg: We are Chinese. 我们是中国人。
The story sounds interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。
6. 定语
用来修饰或者限定名词及代词，起修饰或限制作用。经常由代词、形容词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或者从句等担当。翻译成汉语时一般定语与中心词之间有“的”字连接。
eg: This is a difficult problem. 这是一个很难的问题。
I have a lot of homework to do. 我有很多家庭作业要写。
7. 状语
是修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子用的，通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或者从句等担当。翻译成汉语时一般状语与中心词之间有“地”字连接。
eg: He can speak English fluently. 他能很流利地说英语。
二、简单句的五种基本句型
句型结构
主语
谓语动词
表语
宾语
宾语补足语
1. S + V(vi.)
We
dance.



2. S + V(vt.) + O
I
like

apples.

3. S + V(系) + P
He
is
young.


4. S + V + Oi + Od
She
told

me a story.

5. S + V + O + C
He
made

the girl
laugh.
巩 固 练 习
Ⅰ 划出下列句子的句子成分
1. My father bought a new bike for me last week.
2. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
3. He began to learn English when he was eleven.
4. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
5. On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
6. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
7. She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
8. He asked her to take the boy out of school.
9. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
10. How many new words did you learn last class?
11. The leaves have turned yellow.       
12. Soon They all became interested in the subject.
13. She was the first to learn about it.
14. The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
15. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
三、英语句型的分类
(一) 英语句子按照用途(交际功能)分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
句 型
种 类
定 义
例 句
陈述句
肯定句
用来表示一种肯定的陈述
We went to the supermarket yesterday.
否定句
用来表示一种否定的陈述
I haven't finished my homework yet.
疑问句
一般疑问句
可以简单地用Yes或No来回答的句子
Do you like reading?
特殊疑问句
针对某一具体内容提问的句子
Where would you like to visit?
选择疑问句
提供两种或两种以上情况供选择的问句
When will you go abroad, this month or next month?
反意疑问句
由“陈述句+简单问句”构成；表示说话者对陈述内容不太确定，想做进一步证实
It's a fine day today, isn't it?
It isn't a fine day today, is it?
祈使句
肯定祈使句
Do 型
Study hard!
Watch your steps!
Be 型
Be careful!
Let 型
Let me go!
否定祈使句
Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成
Don't forget me!
Don't be late for school!
Let型的否定式有两种：
1. Don't + let + 宾语(多用于第三人称) + 动词原形 + 其他成分。
2. Let + 宾语(较常用于第一人称) + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分。
Don't let him out!
Let me not forget for a moment!
有些可用no开头，用来表示禁止性的祈使句
No smoking!
No parking!
感叹句
(表达说话者惊异、喜悦、愤怒、气愤等)
由感叹词what引导的
What + a(an) + (形容词) + 单数可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语
What an interesting book it is!
What + (形容词) + 可数名词复数或不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语
What kind students they are!
What fine weather it is!
由感叹词how引导的
How + 形容词(副词) + 主语 + 谓语
How quickly the boy is writing!
How hot it is today!
巩 固 练 习
Ⅱ 将下列句子接上反意疑问句
1. She goes to school on foot every day, ______________?
2. He is working in the field, ____________?
3. They didn’t go to the cinema yesterday, ____________?
4. Tommy will drive his car to Beijing, ____________?
5. Kate hasn’t bought the new skirt, ___________?
6. My pencil isn’t as long as yours, ___________?
7. Your father stayed at home last Sunday, _____________?
8. There is a monkey in the tree, ____________?
Ⅲ 单项选择
1. The TV is too loud. Please________.
  A. turn it down    B. to turn it down    C. turn down it    D. to turn down it
2. _______ late again, Bill!
  A. Don't to be    B. Don't be    C. Not be    D. Be not
3. _______ cross the road until the traffic lights turn green.
   A. Not   B. Won't   C. Doesn't    D.  Don't
4. Please help me carry it, ______?
   A. will I    B. will you    C. shall I    D. shall we
5. Don't make so much noise, ______?
   A. will you    B. won't you    C. shall we    D.  do you
6. Do you know the girl ______under the tree?
   A. stand    B. to stand    C. standing    D. stood
7. Kate, _______ your homework here tomorrow.
   A. bring    B. brings    C. to bring    D. bringing
8. ________ me the truth, or I'll be angry.
   A. Telling    B. To tell    C. Told    D. Tell
9. I've kept the dog _______Maomao for a long time.
   A. name    B. named    C. naming    D. to name
10. Don't you know that _______ is good for our health?
   A. swim    B. swimming    C. swam    D. swims 
Ⅳ 用What或How来补全以下的感叹句
1. ______ a pretty girl she is!        
2. ________ quickly the boy is running!
3. ______ kind teachers they are!    
4. ________ clever the baby is!
5. ______ I miss my hometown (家乡)!
Ⅴ 句型转换
1. Will you please read it again more slowly? （改为祈使句）
    _____ _____ again more slowly, please.
2. If you don't listen to me, I'll go. （改为同义句）
    _____ _____ me, or I’ll go.
3. Let's watch the sports games.  （改为反意疑问句）
   Let's watch the sports games, _____ _____?
4. The teachers often tell the students not to be careless.  （改为祈使句）
_____ _____careless, please.
5. Please sit next to Nancy.  （改为否定句）
_____ _____ next to Nancy.
6. Don't forget to turn off the lights, please. （改为反意疑问句）
Don't forget to turn off the lights, _____ _____?
7. If you move, you'll die. （改为同义句）
_____ _____, or you'll die.
8. Come to my house tomorrow.  （改为反意疑问句）
Come to my house tomorrow, _____ _____?
9. 这是一个坏了的被子。 （翻译句子）
This is a ______ ______.
10. 让我们去帮帮那个哭泣的女孩吧。 （翻译句子）
Let’s go and help the _____ _____, please.  
参考答案  1-5. ABDBA    6-10. CADBB
11. Read it    12. Listen to   13. shall we   14. Don’t be   15. Don’t sit
16. will you   17. Don’t move   18. will / won’t you   19. broken glass / cup   20. crying girl
(二) 英语中按句子的结构可将句子分为三种：
1. 简单句
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
eg: He often reads English in the morning. 他经常在早上读英语。
Tom and Mike are American boys. 汤姆和迈克是美国男孩儿。
He dances and sings. 他又唱又跳。
2. 并列句
由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
eg: You help me and I help you. 你帮我，我帮你。
You are a student; she is a teacher. 你是学生，她是老师。
3. 复合句
含有一个或一个以上的从句的句子。复合句又叫主从复合句，只有在复合句中才有主句、从句之分。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在。而从句是一个句子成分，不能独立存在，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样，所不同之处在于从句必须由一个关联词引导。
eg: The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Summer Palace.
这些外国游客在颐和园的时候拍了很多照片。
The office where he is working is upstairs. 他工作的办公室在楼上。
在复合句中从句不能单独成句，从句在复合句中可起主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语和状语的作用，从句在全句中起什么作用，就叫什么从句。
主句就是整个句子的主干部分，从句是修饰主句的。从句是相对于主句而言的，即它从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大类从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)，形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式、比较等状语从句)。
巩 固 练 习
Ⅵ 从方框中所给的并列词中，选出正确的一个，完成句子
and   or   so     but    because     though
1. Open the door_________ let the cool air in.
2. There are few new words in the article, _________we couldn’t understand it.
3. I like beef, __________my father doesn’t like it.
4. We finished the homework quickly _______ it was very easy.
5. Be more careful, _______ you’ll have an accident.
6. It’s raining very hard, ________ we’d better stay here.
7. Claire wanted to buy a car, _______ he didn’t have enough money.
8. He’s always very careful, ______ he never makes any mistakes.
9. Take a raincoat with you, ________ you’ll get wet.
10. He kept on working outside, _________ it was colder and colder.
 Keys: 1. and   2. but   3. but    4. because   5. or 6. so    7. but    8. so    9. or    10. though
Ⅶ 根据汉语提示，将句子所缺部分写完整，每空一词
1. _______ _______is your teacher?  I don’t know.   (多高)
2. _______ _______ is the picture on the wall? It’s red. （什么颜色）
3. _______ _______ do you get up every day?  At 6:30. （几点）
4. _______ _______ books do you have?  Fifteen.（多少）
5. _______ _______are you in?  I’m in Class 3, Grade 8. （几班）
6. _______ _______dose she take a shower?   Twice a week. （多久一次）
7. _______ _______will you stay here?   For seven days. （多长时间）
8. _______ _______is the T-shirt? It’s 50 yuan.  （多少钱）
Ⅷ 根据A句的意思,向A 句的划线部分提问，完成B 句
1. A: She often goes to work by bike every day.
    B: _______ _______ she often _______ to work every day?
2. A: The blue T-shirt is Bill’s.
    B: _______ _______ the blue T-shirt?
3. A: My father will go to Kunming next week.
    B: _______ _______ your father goes to Kunming?
4. A: His brother is about five years old.
    B: _______ _______ is his brother?
5. A: They went to the park yesterday afternoon.
    B: _______ _______ they _______ yesterday afternoon?

主谓一致
主谓一致指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则
指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
eg: He often helps me learn English. 他经常帮助我学习英语。
My friends often help me learn English. 我的朋友们经常帮助我学习英语。
但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题不只是上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待：
1. 人称代词作主语时
人称代词作主语时，we，you，they后面用are，were，do，did，have，had等动词形式。I 后面则跟am，was，have，had等。he，she则跟第三人称单数，即is，was，has，had等动词形式。it用法与he，she相似。
eg: She is a good teacher. 她是一位好老师。
We are going to climb mountains this weekend. 这个周末我们打算去爬山。
2. 不定代词作主语
someone，somebody，something，everyone，everybody，everything，anyone，anybody，anything，nobody，no one， nothing，each， one，the other，another等不定代词作主语或是either，neither，every等不定代词修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
eg: Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你。
Nobody is to blame for it. 这谁也不怨。
Neither of my sisters likes sports . 我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book.
每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣。
3. 名词作主语
(1) 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致，即主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。
eg: The water in the glass is very cold. 玻璃杯里的水很凉。
(2) 集体名词(如family，class，team，group，army，police，school等)作句子主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示其中的所有成员时，谓语动词则用复数形式。
eg: Class Three is a very good class. 三班是个好班。
Class Three are from different countries. 三班的学生来自不同的国家。
4. 含有修饰语的名词作主语
(1) 含有量词的名词作主语
一些由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数，如trousers(裤子)，pants(短裤)，glasses(眼镜)，scissors(剪刀)等作主语，前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等单位词，通常视为复数，谓语动词用复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。含有像pile(堆)，kind(种)，mountain(山)，row(排)，mass(很多)，cup(杯)，basket(篮)，box(箱)，pack(包)，packet(小包)等词修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定。
eg: My blue trousers have worn out. 我的蓝裤子应穿破了。
A row of willows is lined on one side of the river. 河的一岸长着一排柳树。
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant. 这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。
(2) a group of 和 a couple of 修饰名词复数，谓语动词用复数。
eg: A group of children are dancing to welcome Children's Day. 一群孩子在跳舞迎接儿童节。
(3) a number of 意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词用复数；the number of 意为“......的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
eg: A number of the other plants were found in America. 在美洲还发现了许多别的作物。
The number of students is 2,000. 学生的数量是2,000.
(4) 只修饰可数名词的量词several, a few, many, quite a few, a great many (of ...)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词都用复数形式。
eg: Several of us are determined to remain in the city after graduation.
我们中的一些人决定在毕业后留在城市。
Both of us are fond of watching football games. 我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。
(5) some, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, any of, half of, none of, the rest of, all of等词既可修饰或指代可数名词，又可修饰或指代不可数名词，其谓语的单复数形式应根据所修饰的名词及其单复数而定。
eg: A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多学生要来参加这次会议。
There was plenty of rain last year. 去年雨水很多。
(6) a great / good deal of, a little, quite a little, a large amount of，much等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或其修饰的名词作主语时，其谓语动词只用单数形式。
eg: A large amount of medicine is needed in the area. 这一地区需要大量的药品。
(7) 当“分数/百分数 + of + 名词”结构等作主语时，一般应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
eg: Nearly 20% of the students were absent that day. 那天大约20%的学生缺席。
5. 非谓语形式与从句作主语
单个的非谓语形式或从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
eg: Whether we'll finish it on time depends on the weather.
我们是否将准时完成任务取决于天气。
二、意义一致原则
指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词也应用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词应用单数形式。
eg: Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。
The police are looking for the missing boy. 警察正在寻找那个失踪的男孩。
1. 并列结构作主语
(1) 两个单数主语用and连接，表示两个不同的人或物时，谓语动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，则谓语动词须用单数。
eg: Both my sister and I are interested in listening to music. 我和妹妹都喜欢听音乐。
Bread and butter is healthy food. 带黄油的面包是一种有益于健康的食物。
(2) 非谓语形式与从句作主语
如果多个非谓语动词或从句连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。
eg: To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。
To work and to live are always together. 工作和生活永远相伴。
2. 形容词的名词化作主语
有些形容词加上the (如the old，the blind，the living，the dead，the rich，the poor，the young， the deaf等)，用来表示一类人时，其意义为复数，谓语动词需用复数形式。表示一类物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。
eg: The beautiful goes with the true and the good. 美总是和真、善相伴而生。
The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。
3. 形式为复数，但意义为单数的名词作主语
(1) 以-ics结尾的表示学科名词的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
eg: Physics is one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.
物理是中学生感到最难的科目之一。
(2) 有些专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语时，形式上虽然是复数，但谓语动词还是要用单数。
eg: Arabian Nights is a good book. 《天方夜谭》是一本好书。
(3) 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。
eg: Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。
　　 Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
(4) 有些以sh, ese, ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数。
eg: The English like to be with their families at Christmas. 英国人喜欢在圣诞节与家人团聚。
4. 含有修饰语的名词作主语
(1) “more than one + 名词单数”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词时单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。在“more + 名词复数 + than one”结构之后，谓语动词常用复数。
eg: More than one student was praised. 不止一个学生受到表扬。
= More students than one were praised.
(2) “many a + 名词单数”作主语，尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语动词也须用单数。
eg: Many a young man has tried and failed. 许多年轻人都试过，而且失败了。
5. 当主语后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including, more than, no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。
eg: The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
　　 The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.
学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
　*在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
三、就近一致原则
指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。
1. 两个名词或代词由连词or, either… or …, neither… nor … , not only… but also …等连接作主语时，谓语常与其最邻近的主语单复数保持一致。
eg: Not you but I am to blame for the mistake. 不是你而是我该为此错误受到责备。
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 　　
要么是我, 要么是他们对那件事的结局负责任。
　　 Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 　他全家人和他都不知道那件事。
2. 句子是由there，here引起且主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
eg: There is a lake and some hills around it. 那里被一个湖泊和几座小山环绕着。
四、肯定与否定要一致
   下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时须作相应的变化。 
   We've had some (money).→ We haven't had _____________ (money).
   I was talking to someone.→ I wasn't talking to _____________.
   They sometimes visit us.→ They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.
   He has arrived already. → He hasn't arrived _____________.
   Li is coming, too.→ Li isn't coming, _____________.
   Both of us are going.→ Neither of us are going.
   He likes both of them.→ He doesn't like either of them.
☆注意：so / neither+助动词+名词/代词结构中须用倒装语序。
  My wife likes classic music very much and so do I.
  She doesn't like jazz and neither do I. 
巩 固 练 习
Ⅸ 单项选择
1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.
A. were        B. is        C. was          D. are
2. Two days _______enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.
    A. isn’t        B. is         C. aren’t         D. are
3. — How many lessons do you usually have a day?
— Six lessons a day. And each of them _____45 minutes.
　A. last        B. lasts         C. have        D. are
4. Neither Li Ping nor I _______a basketball player.
　A. am        B. is        C. be         D. are
5. There ______ many new words in Lesson One, but it is very easy.
　A. is        B. aren’t        C. isn’t        D. are
6. The number of the students in our school ____1200.
　A. is         B. are        C. has         D. have
7. Maths _______ my favourite subject.
　A. be        B. is        C. am         D. are
8. The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city.
　A. were sleeping              B. is sleeping  C. was sleeping               D. are sleeping
9. Everyone except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.
　A. are        B. is         C. were         D. was
10. That place is not interesting at all. ____of us wants to go there.
　A. Neither          B. Both        C. All        D. Some
11. Nobody but Jane _____ the secret.
　A. know    B. knows    C. have know     D. is
12. — What’s on the plate? Some eggs and cakes on it?
　  — There _____some eggs and cakes on it.
　 A. is    B. are    C. was    D. were
13. This pair of glasses ______mine.
　 A. are    B. be    C. is     D. will be
14. Both Lily and Lucy ______ to the party yesterday.
　 A. invited                 B. was invited  C. had invited              D. were invited
15. — Two months ______quite a long time.
　 — Yes, I’m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.
　A. is     B. are     C. was    D. were
16. If Bob's wife doesn't agree to go on a holiday in winter, __________.
  A. neither he will          B. neither won't he C. neither will he         D. he won't neither
17. His family _____all very kind and friendly, and his family ______a happy one.
　A. are, is        B. is, is        C. are, are         D. is, are
18. The singer and the dancer _____come to Beijing.
　 A. has        B. have        C. are        D. is
19. I haven't finished my homework yet. ____________.
     A. so has he      B. Neither he has     C. He has too    D. He hasn't either
20. All but one _____ here just now.
 A. is        B. was       C. has been       D. were

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