2020届高考英语二轮复习教师用书：第一板块专题三第五讲情态动词和虚拟语气
展开
第五讲 情态动词和虚拟语气
语法项目(一) | 情态动词 |
[考纲解读·定方向]
情态动词在语法填空中鲜有考查，但在写作中经常用到，对于有些考生来说情态动词是掌握的难点，在写作中经常犯低级错误而造成不应有的失分，因此在二轮备考中应加强对这一部分的学习。
情态动词的基本含义要知晓
[实例体验]
1．(2018·天津卷)I can't find my purse.I __might/could__ have left it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure.
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)As a kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not to let me.__去掉not后的to__
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.__chose→choose__
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)You can correcting any mistakes you find in them.__correcting→correct__
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I should available any time after school next week.__should后加be__
6．(2016·北京卷)As for my favorite figure in Chinese history，it must Wei Yuan，a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.__must后加be__
7．(全国卷Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment.__found→find__
[重点强化]
1．情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和后面的实义动词或be动词一起构成谓语。写作时，考生常由于低级失误而在情态动词后接动词的过去式、过去分词或现在分词；或者由于受汉语的影响而漏掉情态动词后面的be动词。
2．“情态动词＋have done”的用法
(1)must have done“一定做过了某事”，表示对过去事情有把握的推测。
(2)could/can have done“本能做某事(而实际上未做)”，can't/couldn't have done“(过去)不可能做过某事”。
(3)may/might have done“(过去)有可能做过某事”。
(4)should/ought to have done“本该做某事而没做”。
(5)needn't have done“本不必做某事(而实际上做了)”。
I needn't have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.在来新校之前我没必要担心，因为这里的同学对我非常友好。
语法项目(二) | 虚拟语气 |
[考纲解读·定方向]
虚拟语气在语法填空中鲜有考查，但在写作中属于高级句式。为了避免因不熟悉这部分语法知识而造成不应有的失分，因此在二轮备考中，考生应加强对这一部分的学习。
牢记应用规则是关键(虚拟
语气在条件状语从句中的应用)
[实例体验]
1．(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they ____________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：had driven [句意：如果他们再多行驶几千米，他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟，因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done，故填had driven。]
2．(2018·天津卷)If we ____________ (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
解析：had caught [句意：如果昨天我们赶上那趟航班，我们现在就会正在沙滩上享受我们的假期了。本题考查虚拟语气。If 从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，其谓语动词需用“had＋过去分词”形式。]
3．(2017·北京卷)If the new safety system ____________ (put) to use，the accident would never have happened.
解析：had been put [句意：如果新的安全系统被投入使用，这起事故就不会发生了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中的主句谓语部分would never have happened可知语境是对过去发生的事进行虚拟，因此if引导的从句谓语部分应为had done。再结合语境，可知用被动语态。]
4．(2017·江苏卷)____________ (be) it not for the support of the teachers，the student could not overcome her difficulty.
解析：Were [句意：没有老师们的支持，这个学生不可能克服她的困难。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中的the student could not overcome可知，语境是对现在事实的虚拟，be动词在虚拟语气中通常用were。当虚拟语气中if引导的条件状语从句省略了if时，从句部分应部分倒装。]
5．(2016·天津卷)I was wearing a seat belt.If I hadn't been wearing one，I would ____________ (injure)．
解析：have been injured [句意：我那时系着安全带呢。如果我没系安全带的话，我可能就受伤了。根据句意可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为would＋have done。主语I与injure为被动关系，故需用被动语态，故答案为have been injured。]
6．(2017·天津卷)—Do you have Betty's phone number?
—Yes.Otherwise，I ____________ (be) able to reach her yesterday.
解析：wouldn't have been [句意：——你有Betty的电话号码吗？——有，否则昨天我就不能联系到她了。设空处是对过去发生的事进行虚拟，应该用would have done结构，此处要用否定形式。]
7．(安徽卷)It is lucky we booked a room，or we ____________ (have) nowhere to stay now.
解析：would have [句意：很幸运，我们预订了一个房间，否则，我们现在就没有地方可以住了。由句意可知or前面是真实的情况，or后面是与现在事实相反的假设，故设空处用would do形式。]
8．(四川卷)If you ____________(be) me，would you talk to them?
解析：were [根据句意可知，此处为虚拟语气，与现在事实相反，be动词应用were。]
[重点强化]
虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用
类别 | 从句谓语动词 | 主句谓语动词 |
与现在事 实相反 | 过去式(be用were) | should/would/could/might＋动词原形 |
与过去事 实相反 | had＋过去分词 | should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词 |
与将来事 实相反 | 过去式(be用were) should＋动词原形 were to＋动词原形 | should/would/could/ might＋动词原形 |
混合条 件句 | 有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整 | |
含蓄条 件句 | 有时假设的情况不以条件从句表达，而是用but for，without等介词(短语)表示条件 | |
错综虚 实句 | 1.用连词otherwise，or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气； 2.虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况” | |
牢记标志词及准确判定从句类型
(虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用)
[实例体验]
1．(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I ____________ (have)a second chance to become more involved.
解析：had [句意：这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，此处表达现在的一个愿望，谓语动词要用过去式，故填had。]
2．(2019·湖北四地七校第一次联考)It is high time that you ____________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
解析：considered/should consider [在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。]
3．(2019·肇庆模拟)He was still running with a smile on his face，as if nothing ____________ (happen)．
解析：had happened [由was可知此处表示对过去的虚拟，故用过去完成时。]
4．(2019·东北三校联考)The order came that the medical supplies ____________ (send) to the earthquakestricken area soon.
解析：(should) be sent [表示建议、要求、命令等的名词suggestion，order，request，advice等的表语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。]
5．(2019·湖北华大联盟高三2月质检)I suggest that the school organizes a cookinglearning activity to teach students to prepare some delicious food.____________
解析：organizes→organize [句中动词suggest表建议，其后跟从句时，从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。]
6．(2019·潍坊二模)Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence were put into prison.____________
解析：were→be [句意：大多数香港市民坚决要求那些用暴力袭击警察的人被关进监狱。insist作“坚持，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，这里those与put之间存在动宾关系，所以用be put。]
[重点强化]
虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用
1．wish后面的宾语从句
(1)表示与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。
(2)表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
(3)表示与将来事实相反，从句用would/could＋动词原形。
2．would rather后面的宾语从句
(1)表示与现在或将来事实相反时从句用一般过去时。
(2)表示与过去事实相反时从句用过去完成时。
3．表示主张、命令、建议、要求等词后的宾语从句和同位语从句常用“should＋动词原形”结构，should可省略。
4．定语从句
It's (high/about) time(that)．..句型中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形(其中should不可省略)，意为“确实到了……的时候了”。
5．as if引导的状语从句
(1)表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时。
(2)表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
[小题夯基练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．They ____________ (arrive) at suppertime but their flight was delayed.
解析：should have arrived [should have done sth.意为“(过去)本应该做某事而未做”，分析句意可得出答案。]
2．Maybe if I ____________ (study) science，and not literature then，I would be able to give you more help.
解析：had studied [根据then一词可确定此处表示与过去事实相反，故if引导的从句部分用had done形式。]
3．Teachers recommend parents ____________ (not allow) their children to watch too much TV.
解析：(should) not allow [recommend，suggest，advise，order，request，insist等表示“建议、命令、要求”等意思的动词，后接宾语从句时，宾语从句的谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略，此处表示老师建议家长不允许孩子看太多电视。]
4．He always acts as if he ____________(know) everything.
解析：knew [在as if引导的方式状语从句中，用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反。]
5．If we had taken such effective measures much earlier，the river ____________ (not pollute) so seriously now.
解析：would not be polluted [从句表示与过去事实相反，由now可知，主句表示与现在事实相反，故主句谓语动词用“would＋动词原形”，且river与pollute构成被动关系。]
6．—What will you do during the summer holiday?
—I don't know，but it's high time that I ____________ (decide) something.
解析：decided/should decide [在It's (high) time that...中，that从句应用虚拟语气，从句谓语用should do或过去式。]
7．—Where have you been?
—I ____________ (stick) in the heavy traffic.Otherwise I ____________ (come) here earlier.
解析：was/got stuck；would have come [第一空表示过去的一个客观事实，用一般过去时；第二空表示与过去相反的虚拟语气主句用would have done结构。]
8．—Would you mind if I set out earlier tomorrow morning?
—Well，I would rather you ____________ (not do)．
解析：didn't [would rather后的宾语从句需用虚拟语气，表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式。]
9．I ____________ (not decide) to give a try，but for the teacher who kept insisting on my “going for it”．
解析：wouldn't have decided [but for后的真实句表示过去的情况，故空格处的虚拟主句用would have done结构。]
10．Had I known about this computer program，a huge amount of time and energy ____________ (save) then.
解析：would/could/might have been saved [if虚拟条件句的倒装结构和主句均是对过去情况的虚拟，且主语time and energy 和动词save构成被动关系。]
Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)
1．You can be Tom.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.____________
解析：can→must [根据后文的You haven't changed a bit...可知说话者完全认出了Tom，猜测的语气很肯定，因此用must。]
2．Do I need leave my telephone number and address？____________
解析：need后加to [判断need在一般疑问句中作情态动词还是实义动词要看是否把need提前，若提前，则need为情态动词，若不提前，则为实义动词。本题为实义动词，则need要后接to do不定式。]
3．Have I been informed earlier，I could have done something.____________
解析：第一个Have→Had [表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中有had时要把had提至主语前，变为倒装句式，没有把have提前这种用法。]
4．Just as I am busy，shall you come bothering me with some questions now？____________
解析：shall→must [must意为“偏偏……”，常指令人不快的事情，表示说话人的生气或困扰。shall无此用法。]
5．Would you be fired，your health care and other benefits would not be immediately cut off.____________
解析：第一个Would→Should [虚拟条件句中表示与将来事实相反时，条件从句用should do，were to do或过去式形式。没有would do用法。]
6．When you phoned me，I was having a meeting；how I wish I answered your call.____________
解析：answered前加had [句意：当你给我打电话的时候，我正在开会。我多么希望我(之前)接了你的电话。wish后的从句中用虚拟语气，根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟，所以谓语动词用had done形式。]
7．I was ill that day，or I will have taken part in the sports meet.____________
解析：will改为would/should/could/might [由句中or可知此处为含蓄条件句，表示与过去事实相反的假设。]
8．(2020·南昌十校一模)As a result，I suggest we are given less homework and more time for outofclassroom activities.____________
解析：are→be [suggest 在此处表示“建议”，因此后跟的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋do”形式，且should可以省略，故此处应把are改为be。]
9．(2019·郑州第二次预测)He became very angry，but I dared not to tell him about the game.____________
解析：删除to [dare既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词。dare的过去式为dared，此处其前没有用助动词，说明dare在此用作情态动词，故后跟动词原形。]
10．People neglect the fact that our parents are the dearest persons in the world，so we should nice to our parents.____________
解析：should后加be [情态动词后用动词原形，而nice为形容词，因此其前缺少be动词，故在should后加be。]
[大题提能练]
Ⅰ.语法填空——情态动词和虚拟语气专练
Lucy is an outgoing lady.She ____1____ play many kinds of musical instruments.Actually，she ____2____ play the piano when she was 8 years old.Lucy also keeps taking exercise every day.She says that she has to do some sports because she ____3____ keep slim.“You ____4____ get fat soon if you don't take exercise every day.”She usually says to her friends.
As for her，an elegant lady should try to keep fit.However，last week，she found that she ____5____ put on weight and her husband suggested that she ____6____ lose weight.And these days she'd rather that she ____7____ (take) more exercise every day.However，she is always lacking in time because she has to take care of her children.
One night after supper，she walked quickly in order to go dancing at the Tomorrow Park and she was late.On her way，she thought that the dancing must ____8____ (begin)，and the coach ____9____ have taught or shown many new moves.She was afraid tha her friends might ____10____ (leave)before she got there.She was regretful then.
答案：1.can 2.could 3.must 4.shall 5.might 6.should 7.took 8.have begun 9.could 10.have left
Ⅱ.短文改错
Charlie liked sports very much and he was good for table tennis.And he almost won all the table tennis match in his school.At the second term，a new student Billy，comes to study in Charlie's school.Soon there would have a match between Charlie and Billy.Billy worked hardly to get ready for the match，but Charlie didn't think many of it.When the match began，Billy didn't look like good player.There was always a smile on his face，while Charlie was looked nervous because he just wanted to win.Charlie thought this was more important to win the match than anything，and he didn't win at last.
答案：
