2020新课标高考牛津版英语第一轮总复习讲义：第3部分第二节第一讲 题型解读与评分细则
展开第二节 书面表达
第一讲 题型解读与评分细则
一、考试说明中对书面表达的要求
要求考生根据提示准确使用英语语法、词汇进行书面表达。考生应能：有效运用所学语言知识，准确使用语法和词汇；使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地传递信息，表达意思；要求考生根据所给提示和相关要求，用英语写一篇100个单词左右的短文。提示包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提示的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。
二、命题规律
1．近五年全国卷书面表达考查方式分布图
试卷名称 | 命题形式 | 题材 | 体裁 |
2018高考全国 新课标卷I | 文字提纲 | 告知新西兰朋友在中国家庭做客的注意事项 | 邮件 |
2017高考全国 新课标卷I | 文字提纲 | 告知英国朋友下次上汉语课的计划 | 书信 |
2016高考全国 新课标卷I | 文字提纲 | 请外教修改所附材料的文字格式 | 书信 |
续表
试卷名称 | 命题形式 | 题材 | 体裁 |
2015高考全国 新课标卷I | 文字提纲 | 介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活 | 书信 |
2014高考全国 新课标卷I | 文字提纲 | 计划暑假期间去英国学习英语 | 书信 |
2.形式特点
纵观历年高考试卷可以看出，书面表达题除北京、广东为两篇作文外，大都是一篇作文，采用指导性写作或控制性写作结合开放式作文的形式，指导性写作大多通过提纲、图画、图表等方式限定内容、人称、时态、字数、文体等，自由发挥的空间不大。开放式作文通常可自由发挥，表明自己独特的看法或观点。《考试大纲》把高考英语作文定义为“情景表达”。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。从近五年高考书面表达考查方式分布表来看，情景提供形式以提纲为主流，其次是开放式作文。
3．题材特点
(1)题材贴近学生生活。
(2)突出考查考生实际运用语言的能力。现实感强，情景逼真，易于动笔。考生读完题以后，觉得有好多话可写，具有一定的挑战性。
4．体裁特点
(1)以记叙文、说明文为主，应用文为辅，兼顾其他体裁。
(2)图表作文 图表作文要求考生将表格形式和图表形式(如坐标图、曲线图等)的信息转化成段落形式的文字信息。近几年的高考书面表达中主要以表格式为主，表格式书面表达是把所写的材料切分成信息点，置于表格中，让考生充分发挥想象力，确定要点，运用相关词、短语、句型和语法规则而完成的表达。考生应以试题所给要点为线索构思作文内容，串联起来组成一篇短文。其特点是条理清晰，具有可译性；词汇涉及面广，具有一定难度；英汉在表达上存在差异，具有一定干扰性。因此，此类试题主要考查考生的构思能力和实际语言表达能力。
(3)提纲作文 提纲式书面表达是把材料分割成信息块，列成独立的文字信息。此类试题中有较多的文字说明，实际上规定了考生表述的思路，对考生的写作范围做了较为明确的限定，试题中规定的要点一个也不能少。由于这类试题包含较多的文字说明，容易改变书面表达的性质，使作文变成了翻译。因此，考生应灵活运用英语知识，采用不同的表达方式将试题要求的要点完整地表述出来，力求准确、简洁、礼貌、规范。此类试题主要考查考生的实际语言组织能力。近年来高考命题的发展趋势将会把提纲与其他形式结合在一起，使其综合性更强。
(4)开放式作文 传统的书面表达是一种控制性写作，即通过要点提示、表格、图画等，限定内容、人称、时态、字数、文体等，自由发挥的空间不大，在一定程度上局限了考生思维、想象能力的发挥空间。而开放式作文类似语文考试中的材料作文，试题给出一定的素材或主题，让考生在此基础上自由发挥，自由创作，不受“文体形式，内容要点”的限制，甚至不受短文词数的限制。这种“开放式作文”和目前我们所采用的书面表达题型相比，难度更大，要求也更高。这种作文将是高考作文测试的主要方向。
三、评分原则、评分标准和评分示范
1．评分原则
①本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
②词数少于100，将分数降低一个档次。(酌情给分)
③评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。评分档次的确定应在内容符合题目要求的前提下侧重于语言的表达。
④评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容切题，语言表达准确、多样、连贯、得体。
⑤拼写与标点符号是语言表达准确的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
⑥如书写太潦草，以致影响辨认，将分数降低一个档次。(实际要求：确实看不清楚可作为问题卷提交)
2．各档次的给分范围和要求
第五档 21—25分 | 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 ——所有内容与提示吻合。 ——应用了较丰富的语法结构和词汇。 ——语法结构与词汇应用准确，虽有个别错误，但不影响意义的表达；具备较强的语言运用能力。 ——恰当使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑。 完全达到了预期的写作目的。 |
第四档 16—20分 | 完成了试题规定的任务。 ——主要内容与提示吻合。 ——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 ——语法结构与词汇应用基本准确，个别错误对意义的表达有一定影响。 ——较恰当地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构较紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 |
第三档 11—15分 | 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 ——主要内容与提示比较吻合。 ——应用的语法结构和词汇能基本满足任务的要求。 ——有一些语法结构与词汇的错误，对意义的表达有较大影响。 ——基本能使用语句间的连接成分，全文结构比较松散。 整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。 |
第二档 6—10分 | 仅完成试题规定的部分任务。 ——主要内容与提示基本吻合。 ——语法结构单调，应用词汇有限。 ——有较多语法结构与词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。 ——语句间的连接成分运用不当，缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 |
第一档 1—5分 | 未完成试题规定的部分任务。 ——主要内容与提示不太吻合。 ——语法结构单一，应用词汇十分有限。 ——有较多语法结构或词汇方面的严重错误，严重影响了意义的表达。 ——缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。 |
0分 | 未能传达给读者任何信息；内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。(只有白卷、汉语、其他语言、拼音才给0分，只要写出超过五个单词，给1分) |
四、阅卷现场感悟
三档作文
Everyone is different.Everyone's thought ①also_is different.You can't choose what ②are_you given，but you can use your hands，your confidence，③your heart to get what you want.
I came from ④a countryside.My family was poor，but my father sent me to study ⑤knowledges.He often said to me，“If you want to get what you want，you must use your hands to get it.And don't ⑥worried you can't choose what you are given.Believe in yourself ⑦that you can make it providing that you make the best of what you are given.”
So ⑧everything_isn't difficult if you put your heart into it.You need choose how you will face difficulties and use what you have to ⑨solve them.
Only in this way ⑩you_can make success and get rid of ⑪the bad things.
①词序错误
②语序错误
③句子结构错误
④冠词用法错误
⑤名词单复数错误
⑥词性错误
⑦连词用法错误
⑧语意表达错误
⑨用词错误
⑩语序错误
⑪冠词用法错误
得分13分
阅卷点评
1．本文主要内容与提示基本吻合。
2．应用的语法结构和词汇能基本满足任务的要求。有一些语法结构与词汇的表达错误，对意义的表达有较大影响。
3．使用了语句间的连接成分，如but，and，so等，全文内容基本连贯，但结构较松散。
4．整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。
失分原因：
1．词汇及语法结构错误较多。
2．高级词汇、高级句式及复杂句式偏少。
3．句与句之间的衔接不够自然流畅，全文结构较松散。
四档作文
There is an old saying ①goes like this，“Everyone is given something，but how ②you_make use of it makes a great difference.”I believe these words very much.
When I was studying in junior middle school，I got sick and had to study at home for two weeks.I felt ③worry because an important exam was coming.I was afraid that I would fall behind my ④classmate.Although I was uncomfortable，I stuck to ⑤study my lessons every day.Eventually，I didn't fail and got good grades.⑥For_my_example,_I learn that even if I ⑦can't study at school，I could still study ⑧good，because I took advantage of my time at home.
The fate sometimes plays jokes on people.It is impossible for us to predict what will happen.⑨Besides，we ought to accept what God gives us.When we are given something，we should do our utmost to keep a smile and make ⑩great use of it.Don't always complain that God is ⑪unequal.
It's important for us to ⑫share no effort to achieve our success.
①句子结构错误
②代词用法错误
③词性错误
④名词单复数错误
⑤短语搭配错误
⑥语意表达错误
⑦动词时态错误
⑧用词错误
⑨连词用法错误
⑩短语搭配错误
⑪用词错误
⑫短语搭配错误
得分18分
阅卷点评
1．本文主要内容与提示基本吻合。
2．使用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求，表达基本准确。如：第一句的引用语作为文章开头非常出彩，it is＋adj.(＋for sb.)to do sth.，take advantage of，do one's utmost等。
3．个别错误对意义的表达有一定影响。
4．书写工整、整洁。
5．较恰当地使用了句与句之间的衔接成分，如besides，eventually等。全文结构紧凑，达到了预期的写作目的。
失分原因：
1．个别标点混乱。
2．有部分单词和短语表达不正确。
3．高级表达较少，句型结构单一。
五档作文
Nowadays many youngsters prefer to go online in their spare time.Generally speaking，its advantages can be seen as follows：first，through the Internet，they can gain new ①knowledges and the latest news at home and abroad.Besides，network offers them a convenient way to communicate with ②each_other.The Internet makes their life colorful.
But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.Most importantly，some students ③prefers to play games instead of studying.To make matters worse, there are some students who are often absent from school for days.
Through the above ④analysis，I think we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only in this way can we make full use of it.As for me，I would like to go online in my spare time.
①名词单复数错误
②用词错误
③动词时态错误
④名词单复数错误
阅卷点评
1．本文所写内容与提示吻合，中心突出，结论明了。
2．本文准确恰当地使用了较多的高级词汇、语法结构和复杂句式，如：generally speaking，every coin has two sides，apparent，most importantly，to make matters worse，only，as for me，等等。
3．本文是三段式作文，段落清晰明了，这类作文的一般结构是：说明现状，优缺点比较和作者观点，本文符合这一要求。
4．书写整洁美观。
5．结构严谨，完全达到了写作目的，属于五档作文。
失分原因：个别词汇错误
得分23分
满分作文欣赏
In the English Reading Week，one of my classmates recommended a quote to us, which goes like this：“Your future depends on many things，but mostly on you.”
I'm quite in favour of this：① Our future is in our own hands.Once we take personal responsibility for our future，② we become the captain of our successful journey to control our career.
Our future depends on various aspects such as opportunities and help from our friends，but our own attitude，determination and effort ③ are more important.
Ludwig Van Beethoven was known for his beautiful music.④ Though he suffered through a lot of medical problems that he turned deaf at a young age, he created many music works and they were all successful.Just as he said, “⑤ I shall seize fate by the throat, it shall certainly not bend and crush me completely.” His music has given joy and ⑥inspiration to millions of people.⑦Therefore, I believe that our future is up to ourselves.
满分缘由
1．本文所写内容与提示吻合，能体现提示要求的中心思想。
2．本文语言丰富，句式多变，运用的高级词汇和语法结构准确得体。
(1)高级词汇：recommend a quote to，various aspects，was known for，turned deaf，I shall seize fate by the throat，bend，crush，therefore等。
(2)复杂句式：which引导的定语从句，once引导的条件状语从句，though引导的让步状语从句，以及宾语从句，等等。
3．本文语言流畅，可读性强，表现了作者深厚的英语语言功底，如therefore，just as等的使用，使全文结构紧凑，句与句之间过渡与衔接自然流畅。
4．语言地道，无词汇及语法错误，达到了预期的写作目的。
Ⅰ.阅读下面短文，根据评分原则，指出短文中的优点
题目要求
请根据以下提示，就工作这一话题，用英语写一篇短文。
In modern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning streets.Although the job is boring sometimes，it plays an important part in our society.Society can't function a single day without the dull and boring jobs.
注意：(1)无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；
(2)除诗歌外，文体不限；
(3)文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称；
(4)词数：不少于120。
学生写作
When the city is still sleeping soundly before the dawn, it is the cleaners who sweep the floors or streets in spite of the chilly wind or the heavy rain.Although it is a simple job，it is important for us all.
Were there no cleaners，the streets would be full of disgusting rubbish with rats of flies here and there.What's worse, citizens would suffer from the spread of diseases.Without them, the citizens will not live comfortably; without them, the city will be eclipsed!
From the above, I can draw the conclusion that even the smallest and the most ordinary jobs are also the necessary part in our society.The cleaners use their own sweat to paint a beautiful picture and make our city beautiful.What we should do is to respect them.
【点评】本文完成了试题规定的任务，所写内容与提示吻合，运用了丰富的语法结构和词汇，如强调句型，定语从句，虚拟语气，主语从句等，恰当运用了连接词，如what's worse，from the above等使文章结构紧凑，可读性强。
Ⅱ.根据以下提示，结合事例，用英语写一篇短文
English listening is very important and many teachers recommend it should be added to the College Entrance Examination.
注意：①无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；
②除诗歌外，文体不限；
③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
④词数：不少于100。
【参考范文】
These days we often hear that teachers argue that it is quite necessary that listening test should be added to the College Entrance Examination.It is common that most schools don't practice listening English at all, and I am worried about it.
As we know, in the study of English, listening is very important.For one thing, listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four basic parts of learning a foreign language.Without listening, we can't get along well with the others.For another, the English examination itself wouldn't be complete if there weren't the listening test in it.It can't reflect the overall ability of students in learning a foreign language.What is more, when communicating with foreigners, we can't express ourselves freely if we can't understand what they say.
In my opinion, we should take advantage of every chance to practice listening and speaking to improve the present situation.I do believe everything will be better in the future.
