专题10-Unit 4 词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测【暑假自学课】2022年新高二英语暑假精品课（人教版2019选择性必修第一册）

这是一份专题10-Unit 4 词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测【暑假自学课】2022年新高二英语暑假精品课（人教版2019选择性必修第一册），文件包含专题10-Unit4词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测暑假自学课2022年新高二英语暑假精品课人教版2019选择性必修第一册解析版docx、专题10-Unit4词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测暑假自学课2022年新高二英语暑假精品课人教版2019选择性必修第一册原卷版docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共33页， 欢迎下载使用。

专题10 Unit 4词汇表+中英文对照课文+知识点梳理+自我检测

【词汇表】
1.interaction n.交流;相互影响
2.vary vi.(根据情况)变化;改变
3.appropriate adj.合适的;恰当的
4.by contrast相比之下
5.approve vi.赞成;同意vt.批准;通过
6.demonstrate vt.表现;表达;说明;证明
7.gesture n.手势;姿势;姿态
8.witness vt.当场看到;目击;见证n.目击者;证人
9.employ vt.使用;应用;雇用
10.identical adj.相同的
11.interpret vt.把…理解(解释)为vi.＆vt.口译
12.differ vi.相异;不同于
13.by comparison(与…)相比较
14.cheek n.面频;脸频
15.favour vt.较喜欢;选择;有利于n.帮助;恩惠;赞同
16.bow vi.鞠躬;点头v.低(头) n.弓;蝴蝶结
17.waist n.腰;腰部
18.make inferences推理;推断
19.break down消除;分解;打破
20.barrier n.隔阅;障碍
21.fake adj假装的;假的;冒充的
22.anger n.愤怒;怒气vt.使生气;激怒
23.reliable adj.可靠的;可信赖的
24.incident n.发生的事情;严重事件;冲突
25.trial n.＆v.审讯;审判;试验;试用
26.slight adj.轻微的;略微的;细小的
27.slightly adv.略微;稍微
28.twin adj.双胞胎之一的;孪生之一的n.生之一;双胞胎之一
29.nonverbal adj.不涉及言语的;非言语的
30.assessment n.评价;评定
31.assess vt.评估;评价
32.internal adj.内部的;里面的
33.straighten up直起来;整理;收拾整齐
34.slump v.垂头弯腰地走(或坐等)
35.pose n. 故作姿态;(为画像、拍照等摆的)姿势vi.摆好姿势vt.造成(威胁、问题等)
36.bend vt.＆v.(bent, bent)(使)弯曲;倾斜;偏向
37.reveal vt.揭示;显示;露出
38.clarify vt.使更清晰易懂;阐明;澄清
39.in other words换句话说;也就是说
40.educator n.教师;教育工作者;教育家
41.tick vt.给(试卷、问题等)打钩号vi.(钟表)发出嘀嗒声n.钩号
42.tendency n.趋势;倾向
43.lower vt.把…放低;降低;减少adj下面的;下方的;较小的
44.imply vt.意味着;暗示
45.barely adv.几乎不;勉强才能;刚刚
46.chin n.下巴
47.occupy vt.占据;占用
48.stare vi.盯着看;凝视n.凝视
49.ceiling n.天花板;上限
50.distract vt.分散(注意力);使分心
51.perceive vt.察觉;看待;理解
52.distinguish vi.＆vt.区分;辨别
53.anxiety n.焦虑;担心;害怕
54.chest n.胸部;胸
55.embarrassed adj.难堪的;尬的
56.ashamed adj.羞愧;惭愧
57.merely adv.只是;仅仅;只不过
58.call on(短暂地)访问;要求(某人讲话等);正式邀请
59.bother vi.＆vt.费心;麻烦;因…操心;麻烦;不便
60.weep vi.＆vt.哭泣;流泪
61.at work有某种影响;在工作
62.conflict n.矛盾;冲突 vi.冲突;抵触
63.inquire vi.＆vt.(or:enquire)询问;打听
64.ultimately adv最终;最后
65.adjust vt.调整;调节vi,＆.适应;(使)习惯
66.intervene vi.干预;介入
67.react vi. (对…)起反应;回应;(对食物等)有不良反应
68.component n.组成部分;零件
69.tone n.语气;腔调;口吻
70.Brazil 巴西(国家名)
71.Bulgaria 保加利亚(国家名)
72. Albania 阿尔巴尼亚(国家名)

【课文英汉对照】
LISTENING TO HOW BODIES TALK
倾听身体的诉说
We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions in our interactions with other people. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
在与他人交流时，我们既使用言语也通过身势语来表达我们的想法和观点。通过观察别人的身势语，我们可以了解很多他们的想法。言语固然重要，但是人们站立、握紧手臂、移动双手的方式也能帮助我们了解他们的情绪。
Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. For example, making eye contact—looking into someone’s eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest. In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of. For example, in many Middle Eastern countries, men and women are not socially permitted to make eye contact. In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
就像口头语言一样，身势语因文化而异。关键是使用身势语的方式要与你所处的文化相适应。例如，在有些国家，眼神交流——看着别人的眼睛——是表现兴趣的一种方式。相反，在另一些国家，眼神交流并不总是被认可。例如，在许多中东国家，男女不允许在社交场合进行眼神交流。在日本，和年长的人讲话时，目光向下以表示尊敬。
The gesture for “OK” has different meanings in different cultures. In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money. In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite.

“OK”这个手势在不同的文化中有不同的含义。在日本，如果看到另一个人用这个手势，可能认为这意味着钱。在法国，看到同一个手势的人可能会将其解读为“零”。但是在巴西和德国，你应该避免使用这个手势，因为它被认为是不礼貌的。关注公众号：新标准英语（NSEnglish），获取更多教学资源！
Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differ around the world. In many countries, shaking one’s head means “no”, and nodding means“yes”. By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. There are also differences in how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part. In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss their friends on the cheek when they meet. Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
甚至我们用来表示“是”与“不是”的手势，在世界各地也不同。在许多国家，摇头表示“不”，点头表示“是”。相比之下，在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部，这两种手势的含义是相反的。差异还表现在我们彼此接触的方式，我们与谈话对象的距离，以及我们见面或告别时的行为。在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们和朋友见面时可能会亲吻他们的脸颊。在其他地方，人们见面时更喜欢握手，弯腰鞠躬或者点头。
Some gestures seem to have the same meaning everywhere. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”. A good way of saying “I am full” is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal.
有些手势似乎在每个地方都有相同的含义。双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示“睡觉”。用餐后轻轻用手在胃部转圈表示“我饱了”。
Some body language has many different uses. Perhaps the best example is smiling. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can breakdown barriers. We can use a smile to apologise, to greet someone, to ask for help, or to start a conversation. Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
有些身势语有许多不同的用途。最好的例子也许是微笑。微笑可以帮助我们度过难关，在陌生人的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以打破障碍。我们可以用微笑来道歉，跟某人打招呼，寻求帮助或者开始对话。专家建议对着镜子微笑来让自己更快乐、更坚强。而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
HOW DO I KNOW MY STUDENTS?
我如何了解我的学生？
As an educator, people often ask me how I know what is going on in the minds of my students. Many students are quite shy and don’t speak all that much. At the same time, in a classroom of more than forty students, it is hard to have many one-on-one conversations with each person. So, how can I really know what makes each student tick?
作为一名教师，人们经常问我，我怎么知道自己的学生在想什么。许多学生相当害羞，所以他们的话并不那么多。同时，在一个有40多名学生的教室里，很难与每个人进行多次一对一的谈话。那么，我是如何搞清楚每个学生为何会这样的呢？
My answer? I look at their body language.
我的答案？我看他们的肢体语言。
It is easy to recognise when students are interested in a lesson. Most tend to look up and make eye contact. When I make a joke, they smile. When I talk about something difficult, they look confused. I know when students are really interested, however, because they lean forward and look at me. People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. So if a student has his head lowered to look at his watch, it implies he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end. If two friends are leaning their heads together, they are probably writing notes to each other. Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. Some students look up，but there is an absence of eye contact. Their eyes barely move, and they always have the same distant expression on their faces. It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
当学生对一堂课感兴趣时，很容易辨认出来。大多数人倾向于抬头和进行眼神交流。当我开玩笑时，他们会笑。当我谈论到难点时，他们看起来很困惑。不过，我知道学生们什么时候真正感兴趣，因为他们身体前倾看着我。人们往往倾向于自己感兴趣的东西。因此，如果一个学生低下头看表，这意味着他很无聊，只是在数着分钟等下课。如果两个朋友把头靠在一起，他们可能在互相写纸条。当然，不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。有些学生抬头看，但没有眼神交流。他们的眼睛几乎不动，脸上表情疏远呆滞，好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。



Some students are amused by something else. They spend all their time looking anywhere but at me. Then again, some students’ favourite activity is daydreaming. With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. They are certainly interested in something, but who knows what. The main thing is reminding distracted students that they need to pay attention in class.
有些学生被别的东西逗乐了。他们把所有的时间都花在看我以外的地方。同样，一些学生最喜欢的是做白日梦。他们两手托着下巴，忙着盯窗外或天花板。他们当然对某事感兴趣，但谁知道是什么呢？主要的事情是提醒分心的学生在课堂上要注意听讲。
While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies. Students who are sad or worried will nearly always wear a frown. They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or ashamed. Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the teacher. However，if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping，then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home. Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。生气、害怕或者焦虑的学生会双臂交叉抱在胸前，他们的腿并拢或交叉，就像他们在保护自己的身体。难过或担心的学生几乎总是愁眉不展。他们也会用手捂住脸好像很尴尬或羞愧。有些学生这样做仅仅是因为他们害怕被老师叫到。但是，要是学生都懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能够推断她遇到了更严重的问题。可能是她正和其他学生或家里人有很严重的矛盾。不管是什么，我知道我需要调查和评估所发生的事情。
Ultimately, my duty is helping every student to learn. Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students individually, so they can all get the most out of school. Reacting to body language is an important component of being a teacher.
最后，我的职责是帮助每个学生学习。他们的肢体语言告诉我什么时候调整课堂活动，何时介入，何时与学生单独交谈，这样他们就能在学校里得到最大的回报。对肢体语言做出回应是做一个老师必不可少的环节。


【知识点梳理】
1. 重点单词
1、vary vi.（根据情况）变化；改变
various adj.各种各样的
variety n.种类；多样化
①vary with随...而变化②vary in在...方面不同
③vary from...to...由...到...变化④vary between...and...在...与...之间变化
⑤a variety of（=varieties of=various）各种各样的
2、appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的
appropriately adv.合适地；恰当地
inappropriate adj.不合适
①be appropriate for/to适合„„
②It is appropriate（for sb.）to do sth.（某人）做某事是合适的。
③It is appropriate that sb.（should）do...某人做...是合适的。
3、approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过
approval n.批准；认可；赞成
disapprove v.不批准；不赞成
disapproval n.不赞成
①approve of sth.同意/赞同某事②approve of one’s/sb.doing sth.同意/赞同某人做某事
4、witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n.目击者；证人
①be（a）witness to sth.目击某事发生②bear/give witness to sth.为某事作证；证明某事
5、employ vt.使用；应用；雇用
employee n.雇员；雇工
employer n.雇主
employment n.工作；雇用；从业
unemployment n.失业
①employ sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事②employ sb.as sth.雇用某人当……
③be employed in（doing）sth.=employ oneself in（doing）sth.忙于（做）某事，从事某活动
6、differ vi.相异；不同于
different adj.不同的
differently adv.不同地
difference n.区别；不同之处
①make a difference有影响②differ from与...不同/有区别（=be different from）
③differ in在...方面不同④differ with sb.on/about/over sth.与某人在某事上持不同看法
7、favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于n.帮助；恩惠；赞同
favourite adj.最喜欢的
favoured adj.受到优待的；得到偏爱的
favourable adj.赞成的；同意的；有利的；给人好印象的
①do sb.a favour帮某人一个忙②ask sb.a favour=ask a favour of sb.请某人帮忙
③owe sb.a favour欠某人一个人情④in favour of支持，赞同
⑤in one’s favour对某人有利
8、anger n.愤怒；怒气 vt.使生气；激怒
angry adj.生气的
angrily adv.生气地；气愤地
①in anger生气地②show anger显示愤怒；生气③to one’s anger使某人生气的是
④be filled with anger（=be full of anger）充满怒气
⑤contain/hold back one’s anger抑制某人的怒火
⑥be angry with生……的气⑦control one’s anger强压怒火⑧anger sb.激怒某人
9、reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的
rely vi.依赖；依靠
①rely on sb.to do sth.依赖某人做某事②rely on it that...（=depend on it that...）相信……
10、assessment n.评价；评定
assess vt.评估；评价
①assess sb./sth.as sth.评定……为……②assess sth.at sth.对……评价为……
11、reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出
revealing adj.发人深省的；揭露性的；暴露的
12、clarify vt.使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清
①clarify one’s position阐明某人的立场②clarify a situation/problem澄清情况/问题
13、tendency n.趋势；倾向
tend v.倾向；易于
①have a tendency to do sth.倾向于做某事②a tendency to/towards... ...的倾向/趋势
③tend to do sth.易于做某事，往往会发生某事④tend towards...有...的趋势，倾向于...
14、occupy vt.占据；占用
occupied adj.被占用的；忙的
occupation n.工作；职业；居住；占用
①occupy oneself with（=be occupied with）忙于
②occupy oneself（in）doing［=be occupied（in）doing］忙于
15、stare vi.盯着看；凝视 n.凝视
【拓展】各种“看”.
①stare at盯着看②gaze at凝视③glare at怒视
④glance at瞥一眼⑤look at看⑥fix one’s eyes on盯着看
16、distinguish vi.&vt.区分；辨别
distinguished adj.卓越的，显著的，杰出的
①distinguish（between）A and B区别/辨别A和B②distinguish A from B使A有别于B
③distinguish oneself by...靠...使自己有名气
④be distinguished for...（=be famous for...）因...而出名
17、embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的
embarrass vt.使难堪；使尴尬
embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的；令人难堪的
embarrassment n.尴尬
to one’s embarrassment令人尴尬的是
18、ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧
①be ashamed of为...感到惭愧/羞耻②be ashamed to do sth.耻于做某事；因难为情而不愿做某事
【辨析】ashamed与shameful
（1）ashamed“感到羞耻的”，用来修饰人，多作表语
（2）shameful“可耻的，丢脸的”，用来指事物或行为，多作定语
19、bother vi.&vt.费心；麻烦；因...操心 n.麻烦；不便
①bother sb.with sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人②bother about/with sth.为某事烦恼
③bother to do sth.费心做某事④It bothers sb.to do sth./that...使某人苦恼的是...
20、conflict n.&vi.矛盾；冲突；抵触
conflicting adj.矛盾的
①come into conflict with与...冲突；与...战斗②in conflict with与...冲突，与...矛盾
③A conflicts with B=A and B conflict A和B相冲突
21、adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.&vt.适应；（使）习惯
adjustable adj.可调节的
adjustment n.调整，调节
①adjust...to...根据...调节...②adjust to（doing）sth.适应于；习惯于
③adjust oneself to sth.使自己适应于某物④make adjustments to对...作出调整
22、react vi.（对...）起反应；回应；（对食物等）有不良反应
reaction n.反应
①react to 对...做出反应②react with 与...发生化学反应
2. 重点短语
1、by contrast相比之下（=in contrast）
2、by comparison（与...）相比较
【拓展】有关“compare”的词组
①make a comparison作比较②in comparison with与...相比
③compare A with B把A和B进行比较④compare A to B把A比作B
⑤compared with与...相比
3、break down消除；分解；打破；（机器等）出故障；失败
【拓展】有关“break”的词组
①break up解散；破碎；结束②break through突破；冲破
③break away（from）脱离；逃脱④break in强行进入；插话
⑤break into强行进入（某处）；突然开始（笑、唱等）⑥break out（战争、火灾等）爆发
4、in other words换句话说；也就是说=namely=that is to say
【拓展】有关“word”的词组
①in a word总之，简言之②in words用语言
③have a word with不……谈话④have words with不……吵架
⑤keep one’s word遵守诺言⑥break one’s word失信；不守诺言
5、call on（短暂地）访问；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请；号召
【拓展】有关“call”的词组
①call for需要②call at拜访某地③call up打电话；使想起
④call back回电话⑤call off取消⑥call in召集；召来
6、make inference推理；推断
7、straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐
8、at work有某种影响；在工作
3. 必背重点句型
1．the way 作先行词的定语从句，the way 在从句中作状语
Words are important，but the way people stand，hold their arms，and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
言语固然重要，但人们站立、握臂以及摆手的方式也会向我们传达他们的感受。
2．动名词作主语的简单句
In many countries，shaking one’s head means “no”，and nodding means “yes”．
在很多国家，摇头表示“否”，点头表示“是”。
3．形容词的比较级的否定形式表达最高级的含义
And if we are feeling down or lonely，there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
如果你感到沮丧或孤独，最好的事情就是看到好朋友的一张笑脸。
4. And if we are feeling down or lonely，there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend. 如果你感到沮丧或孤独，最好的事情就是看到好朋友的一张笑脸。
本句是一个复合句。if引导条件状语从句，主句中使用了形容词的比较级的否定形式，其实表达的是最高级的含义。
(1)Thank you very much. You couldn’t have chosen a better(good) gift than it.
非常感谢，你给我挑选的礼物最好了。
(2)—How about looking for a reliable man to do the job?
—I can’t agree more.
——找个可靠的人来做这份工作吧？
——我非常同意。
(3)The articles are all suitable for children. You can’t find a more reliable website.
这些文章都很适合孩子们，你再也找不到一个更合适的网站了。
5. In other countries，by contrast，eye contact is not always approved of. 相比之下，在其他国家，眼神交流通常是不会得到允许的。
6. In Japan，someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money.
7. Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differaround the world. 甚至我们用来表示“是”或“否”的手势在世界各地也不尽相同。
8.Elsewhere，people favour shaking hands，bowing from the waist，or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
9. A smile can break down barriers. 微笑可以消除隔阂。
7.Which is a more reliable guide for understanding someone’s feelings，their body language or the words they speak？要了解一个人的情绪，哪一种渠道更可靠，他们的肢体语言还是他们说的话？
10. We make assessments and inferences from body language.
我们可以通过一个人的肢体语言作出评价或推断。
【自我检测】
I. 单句语法填空。
1．China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries ______ (recognize) its role in international affairs.
【答案】recognizing
【解析】考查with复合结构。句意：随着更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用，中国的形象正在稳步提升。分析可知，所填动词位于with复合结构中，即：with sth+doing/done，more countries和recognize之间是主动关系，因此用现在分词形式。故填recognizing。
2．They couldn’t see or hear each other and, by mistake, Simon ______ (lower) his friend over the edge of a precipice (峭壁).
【答案】lowered
【解析】考查谓语动词。句意：他们不能看到或听到彼此,西蒙错误的将他的朋友降低在悬崖的边缘(峭壁)。空格处是本句的谓语动词，事情发生在过去，因此用一般过去时。故填lowered。
3．The more ______ (embarrass) or ______ (shame) the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes.
【答案】     embarrassing     shameful
【解析】考查形容词。句意：秘密越令人尴尬或丢脸，八卦就越有价值。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，两个空格处用形容词作定语修饰名词secret（指物），因此分别表示“令人尴尬的”和“令人羞愧的”，故填embarrassing和shameful。
4．Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls ______ a clear road map and timetable.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意：发展长江经济带是一个系统化项目，该项目要求有清晰的道路地图和时间安排。短语call for表示“要求，需要”。符合句意。故填for。
5．This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the ______ (conflict) information.
【答案】conflicting
【解析】考查形容词。句意：这让我陷入无休止的烦恼之中，因为当所有的专家都在忙着辩论哪个选择是最好的时，那些想要改善生活的人们却被这些相互矛盾的信息弄得困惑不堪。infomation为名词，前用形容词修饰，conflict的形容词为conflicting, 意为“相互矛盾的；冲突的”，故填conflicting。
6．Some schools will have to make ______ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.
【答案】adjustments
【解析】考查名词。make adjustments做出调整，是固定短语。句意：一些学校将不得不做出调整，以便和国家足球改革保持一致。故填adjustments。
7．They were not sure how the Americans would react ______ the new type of music.
【答案】to
【解析】考查固定短语。句意：他们不确定美国人会对这种新型音乐作何反应。根据句意可知，此处是固定短语react to表示“对……作出反应”。故填to。
8．But we all have to accept that as we get older our ______ (react) slow down.
【答案】reactions
【解析】考查名词。句意：但是我们不得不承认，随着年龄的增长，我们的反应能力会变慢。空前our为形容词性物主代词，因此所填空应是名词。react，动词，意为“反应”，其名词形式为“reaction”，意为“反应能力”，以复数形式存在。故填reactions。
9．Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency ______ (age) more slowly than a man’s.
【答案】to age
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：有些人认为女性的体细胞有比男性的衰老得慢的趋势。此处是固定短语have a tendency to do sth.“有做某事的趋势”。故填to age。
10．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a ______ (distinguish) writer.
【答案】distinguished
【解析】考查形容词。句意：没有人会知道是什么样的天赋、雄心、精力和运气造就了狄更斯这样一位杰出的作家。分析句子可知，名词writer前需用形容词修饰，distinguish是动词，需转换为形容词distinguished，表示“杰出的；有名气的”的意思，在句中作定语。故填distinguished。
11．The task was so hard, and Steve, ______ (anger) and upset, said he was quitting.
【答案】angry
【解析】考查形容词。句意：这项任务非常艰巨，史蒂夫又气愤又不安，说要放弃。空格处和upset并列，应该用形容词作状语，所以填angry。
12．That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. In short, he’s ______ (rely).
【答案】reliable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：那个年轻人诚实，善于合作，关键时刻总能帮上忙。总之，他很可靠。根据句意可知，此处用形容词作表语。故填reliable。
13．The main reasons we get angry are triggering (触发) events, personality traits (特征), and our ______ (assess) of situations.
【答案】assessment
【解析】考查名词。句意：我们生气的主要原因是触发性事件、个性特征以及我们对形势的评估。分析句子可知，形容词性物主代词要后接名词，即将assess改为名词assessment表示“评估”。故填assessment。
14．Companies could be forced ______ (reveal) to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it.
【答案】to reveal
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：这些公司可能被强制要求向顾客展示他们所拥有的信息以及从中谋取多少利益。分析句子可知，这里是force sb. to do sth.的被动形式be forced to do sth.。故填to reveal。
15．It found many youngster now measure their status by how much public______(approve) they get online, often through “likes”.
【答案】approval
【解析】考查名词。句意：它发现很多年轻人现在通过自己在网上得到的赞同来衡量自己的地位，主要是通过“点赞”的方式。public是形容词，修饰名词，how much修饰不可数名词。故填approval。
II. 选词填空。
by contrast, approve of, break down, get through, feel down
1．Her health______under the pressure of work.
2．______, he was much more frank.
3．“Maybe I could，” said Carrie, glad that someone______the idea.
4．The passage is too narrow for cars______.
5．When I told her what happened she______.
【答案】1．broke down 2．By contrast 3．approved of 4．to get through 5．felt down
【解析】
1．考查动词短语和时态。句意：她因工作压力身体垮掉了。根据“under the pressure of work”可知此处表示“出问题、垮掉”，语境表明事情发生在过去，用一般过去时，故填broke down。
2．考查固定短语。句意：相比之下，他坦率得多。根据“much more frank.”可知此处表示“相比之下”，故填By contrast。
3．考查动词短语和时态。句意：嘉莉很高兴有人赞成这个主意，她说“也许我可以”。根据“the idea”可知此处表示“赞成”，“said”表明用一般过去时，故填approved of。
4．考查动词短语。句意：这条通道太窄了，汽车过不去。根据“too narrow”可知此处表示“通过”，还包含了固定短语too…to，太……而不能，故填to get through。
5．考查动词短语和时态。句意：当我告诉她所发生的事时，她感到很沮丧。根据“When I told her what happened”可知此处表示“沮丧、情绪低落”，“told”表明用一般过去时，故填felt down。
III. 阅读理解。
The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children's health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products' sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
【语篇导读】 本文主要介绍糖税的产生，在一些国家生效，以及它所带来的正面影响。
【答案及解析】
32. C【解析】细节理解题。本题询问Why was the sugar tax introduced? 为什么要实行糖税？根据第二段First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.：该税种于2016年4月首次公布，适用于每100毫升含糖量超过5克的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖症可知，A项为学校募集资金为正确。B项意为 ：为了提高饮料的质量。
C项意为：为了保护儿童的健康。D项意为：为了鼓励教育方面的研究。故选A。
33. D【解析】细节理解题。本题询问 How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? 一些饮料公司是如何应对糖税的？根据第四段It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.在这之前，商店里销售的软饮料有一半以上被制造商降低了糖分，这样他们就可以避免交税。A项意为：他们转向海外市场。B项意为：他们提高了他们产品的价格。C项意为： 他们削减了生产。D项意为：他们减少了产品的含糖量。可知，A项符合题意。故选A。
34. D【解析】细节理解题。本题询问 From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? 糖税是从以下哪项中征收的？ 根据五段Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. 果汁、奶类饮料和大多数酒精饮料免征糖税，每年生产少于100万升的小公司也是如此。可知，糖税是从大多数酒精饮料中征收的, 故选D。
35. B【解析】推理判断题。本题询问What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? 关于采用糖税政策可以推断出什么？ 根据最后一段Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.据一位政府官员说，今天的数字显示了糖税的积极影响，它为体育设施和学校的健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑。帮助下一代拥有一个健康和活跃的童年是非常重要的，而这个行业正在发挥其作用。可推断 它是一个成功的例子，A项意为：这是一个目光短浅的决定。C项意为：它使制造商受益。D项意为：它使顾客不高兴。故选B 。