2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第三讲 形容词和副词
展开第三讲 形容词和副词
语法项目(一) | 形容词和副词的比较等级 |
[考纲解读·定方向]
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。语法填空主要考查原级变为比较级和最高级；两者进行比较时，用比较级，此时的标志词为than，但需特别注意没有than时的比较级；三者或三者以上进行比较时，用最高级，此时往往用in或者of表示比较范围，但需注意省略比较范围的最高级。
如何确定是填比较级还是最高级
[思考趋向]
1．填形容词或副词的比较级
提示词是形容词或副词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，特别是空格后有比较级标志词than时，应考虑填形容词或副词的比较级。
2．填形容词或副词的最高级
提示词为形容词或副词时，分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变，并且句中有比较范围，句意有最高级含义时，要填其最高级形式。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2018·浙江卷6月)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health.
解析：higher [考查形容词的比较级。根据even并结合语境可知，此处表示“更高的代价”，故需要用high的比较级higher。]
[典例2](2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify(识别)those of ________ (great) and less importance.
解析：greater [考查形容词的比较级。句意：如果你因工作上的责任感到压抑，你应该后退一步，并且识别一下这些工作中哪些更重要，哪些不那么重要。根据句意以及little的比较级less的提示可知空格处应用形容词great的比较级greater。]
[典例3](全国卷Ⅰ)Raymond's parents wanted him to have the ________ (good) possible education.
解析：best [句意：Raymond的父母想让他接受最好的教育。题干中的possible可与形容词的最高级连用表示强调，意为“最……的”，故答案为best。]
形容词和副词的解题原则
形容词和副词的比较等级
暗示比较意义、有比较结构或有比较级修饰词时要用比较级；三者、三者以上进行比较或有修饰最高级的词时用最高级。
[实例体验]
1．(2020·东北三省四市一模)Uber said its flying vehicles would be much ________ (quiet)，cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.
解析：quieter [考查形容词的比较级。根据下文的than可知，此处用比较级。]
2．(2020·唐山第一次调研)Al's adult son，Ernie，however，is one of the ________ (kind) men I have ever known.
解析：kindest [考查形容词的最高级。句意：然而Al已成年的儿子Ernie是我认识的最有爱心的人之一。根据I have ever known 可推知设空处需用形容词的最高级。]
3．(2020·广东七校联合体联考)My dad was 90 years old.He could hardly see very well and walked with a stick.I was scanning the restaurant，waiting to sit at the first table that was ________ (convenient) than others.
解析：more convenient [考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的than可知，空处用形容词的比较级。]
4．(2020·湖北八校第一次联考)Whatever happens in China，the third ________ (large) country in the world with 20 percent of the world's population，will certainly shape the immediate and distant futures of us all.
解析：largest [考查形容词的最高级。由空前的the third 可知，此处表示最高级的含义，故用形容词最高级修饰名词country。]
5．(2020·上饶模拟)My life is a lot ________ (easy) at high school because my fellow students have accepted me.
解析：easier [考查形容词的比较级。根据句意及a lot可以修饰比较级，可知答案。]
6．(2020·淮北模拟)The more you think about it，the ________ (hard) you will fall asleep.
解析：harder [此题考查“the＋比较级．..the＋比较级．..”结构。]
[重点强化]
1．使用比较级的常见情况
(1)根据比较等级的句式判断，如果后面有than就用比较级。
(2)有时候比较级结构中并不出现than，而是根据语境判断用比较级。
(3)当空格前有表示程度的词，如a bit，a little，much，far，a great/good deal，a lot等或有still，even等词修饰时，需填比较级。
(4)表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构。
(5)“否定词＋比较级”可以表达最高级含义。
2．使用最高级的常见情况
(1)表达在某个范围内“最……”时，使用“the＋形容词/副词的最高级＋比较范围”结构。表示范围的标志词有in，of，among等。
(2)当空格前有the second/third...，one of...等词时，需填最高级。
(3)形容词最高级前的修饰语通常有序数词以及by far，almost，nearly等。
3．形容词变副词的规则
一般情况加ly | common→commonly immediate→immediately |
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将y改为i然后加ly | steady→steadily busy→busily |
以le结尾，去掉e加y | simple→simply gentle→gently |
以ic结尾，加ally | economic→economically scientific→scientifically |
4.形容词、副词的比较等级的不规则变化
good/well→better→best；bad/badly→worse→worst；many/much→more→most；little→less→least；far→farther/further→farthest/furthest
语法项目(二) | 形容词和副词之间的转化 |
[考纲解读·定方向]
形容词和副词之间的转化是高考的一大重点，在每年高考中都占有相当大的比重。语法填空的此类考点是根据形容词或副词的功能做出相互转化。因此考生应注意总结变化规律，尤其是其中的特殊变化形式。
如何确定填形容词还是副词
若提示词是形容词或副词，考虑形容词和副词之间的转化。
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2017·浙江卷11月)You need to ________ (real)read at least one good book a week，preferably a classic.
解析：really [考查副词。句意：你在一周内至少需要真正地读一本好书，最好是一部名著。此处应用副词really修饰动词read。]
[典例2](2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.
解析：fairly [考查副词。修饰形容词unpleasant应用副词。]
[典例3](2019·郑州一中测试六)________(sad)，people can no longer visit the cave.
解析：Sadly [句意：很遗憾，人们不能再参观那个洞穴了。空格处位于句首作状语修饰后面整个句子，故用副词形式；根据提示词可推知用sadly且其首字母要大写。]
[典例4](2020·长春外国语模拟)________ (tire) and short of breath，Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
解析：Tired [句意：尽管已累到气喘吁吁，但是Andy和Ruby是最早到达泰山山顶的。此处是形容词作状语，说明主语的状态。注意首字母应大写。]
形容词、副词的解题技法
明辨句子成分是关键
[实例体验]
(一)作定语修饰名词，作表语或补足语时要用形容词
1．(2017·浙江卷6月)But something made her look closer，and she noticed a ________ (shine) object.
解析：shiny/shining [考查形容词。根据空格后的object可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故填shiny或shining。]
2．(2020·南昌NCS 项目一模)The town is as beautiful as the ________ (magic) bird.
解析：magical [考查形容词。句意：这个城镇和那只神奇的鸟一样美丽。根据空后的名词“bird”可知，空处修饰该名词，故用形容词形式。]
3．(2020·太原阶段测评)Many of us wake up feeling ________ (tire)in the morning.
解析：tired [考查形容词。本句主语是人，故用形容词tired作feeling的表语。]
4．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟第二次模拟)The articles are intended for younger readers，but adults will find this site ________ (suit) for them as well.
解析：suitable [考查形容词。这里构成“find＋宾语＋形容词(宾补)”结构，所以用suit的形容词形式。]
5．(2019·成都第二次诊断)If you're ________(adventure) and up for a challenge，the traditional oily spicy broth might be just the thing you're after.
解析：adventurous [考查形容词。根据空前的you're可知，此处应用形容词adventurous作表语。]
6．(2019·日照联考)The museum's online store now offers special cultural and ________ (create) products.For example，in 2014，it started to make Tshirts that look like an emperor's coat.
解析：creative [考查形容词。此处应用形容词修饰空后的名词。]
(二)修饰动词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词(短语)或句子时要用副词
7．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)．
解析：regularly [考查副词。此处修饰动词短语take short breaks，需用副词。]
8．(2020·江西五校第一次联考)“If we leave it to market forces alone，the new antibiotics we most ________ (urgent) need are not going to be developed in time，”she said.
解析：urgently [考查副词。副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子。故此处应用副词urgently修饰动词need。]
9．(2020·昆明调研)If it is your first trip to China，we ________(sincere) suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing，Xi'an，Dunhuang，Urumqi and Kashi.
解析：sincerely [考查副词。修饰动词suggest要用副词，所以填sincerely。]
10．(2020·广州调研)Some microbes can make you sick.People usually call these ones germs.________ (lucky) for you，there are more helpful microbes，working together to keep you healthy，than bad ones.
解析：Luckily [考查副词。句意：对你来说幸运的是，比起有害的微生物，有更多的有益微生物共同努力让你保持健康。副词Luckily放在句首，修饰整个句子。]
11．(2020·安徽名校模拟)________ (surprising)，10% of these chefs said that their favorite meal of their entire lives was at a fast food restaurant!
解析：Surprisingly [考查副词。空处修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。句意：令人惊讶的是，这些厨师中百分之十的人认为他们一生中最喜欢的美食是在快餐店吃的饭菜。]
[重点强化]
1．看到提示词作定语、表语或补足语，要想到用形容词。
(2019·山东高三下学期综合测试)Ron had a successful career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.在退休过轻松日子之前，罗恩在福特公司工作，他的事业很成功。
2．看到提示词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子并在句中作状语，要想到用副词。
Luckily，her stepmother was kind to her.
幸运的是，她的继母对她很好。
3．形容词作状语时，表示状态或结果。
He returned home，safe and sound.
他回到了家，安然无恙。
牢记动词、名词变形容词的后缀
[实例体验]
1．(2018·浙江卷)The obvious one is money；eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
解析：affordable [考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。根据前面的be可知，此处是系表结构，应用形容词；根据eating out once or twice a week并结合常识可知应是“付得起(affordable)”。]
2．(2017·江苏卷)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death，smartphones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.
解析：conventional [句意：在Steve Jobs去世仅仅5年后，智能手机就在销量上打败了传统的个人电脑。设空处应该用形容词形式修饰后面的名词。]
3．(福建卷)It was ________ (consider) of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.
解析：considerate [句意：迈克尔考虑得非常周到，他告诉我们他将耽搁一些时间，以防我们担心。considerate考虑周到的。]
4．(安徽卷)My good performance in the job interview left me ________ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here.
解析：optimistic [句意：我在求职面试中的优异表现让我对我的未来和在这里可以做的工作感到乐观。考查形容词。(be) optimistic about为固定短语，在本句中用形容词optimistic作宾语补足语。]
5．(湖北卷)What was so ________(impress) about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she came first in the marathon barefooted.
解析：impressive [句意：Jasmine Westland的胜利给人留下如此深刻的印象是因为她光着脚在马拉松比赛中获得了第一名。系动词be后需用形容词作表语。根据句意可知，设空处表示“给人留下深刻印象的”，故用impressive。]
6．(2019·潍坊二模)Chinese scientists recently had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.She was a very ________ (care) mother.
解析：careful/caring [空格处修饰名词mother，故用形容词。care的形容词是caring(关心他人的)或careful(细心的)。在此，两个形容词在语意上都能讲得通。]
7．(2019·衡水月考)Staying ________ (health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one.
解析：healthy [句意：在旅行的过程中保持健康有助于确保你的旅途开心、愉快。stay为系动词，意为“保持”，其后常接形容词作表语。故填healthy。]
[重点强化]
动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
able | accept→acceptable 可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 |
al | music→musical 音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的，私人的 centre→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 form→formal 正式的 nation→national 全国的 |
ful | doubt→doubtful 怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 care→careful 细心的 use→useful 有用的 help→helpful 有帮助的 |
ed | scare→scared 感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的 worry→worried 担心的 bore→bored 感到厌倦的 excite→excited 激动的；兴奋的 underline→underlined 加下划线的 |
ing | surprise→surprising 令人惊讶的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 worry→worrying 令人担心的 bore→boring 令人厌烦的 |
ible | access→accessible 容易到达的；容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 |
ive | act→active 积极的；活跃的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的 instruct→instructive 有教育意义的 expense→expensive 昂贵的 |
ous | continue→continuous 不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 十分小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 |
some | tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 |
y | taste→tasty 美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 dirt→dirty 有灰尘的；脏的 rain→rainy 有雨的 sun→sunny 阳光明媚的 cloud→cloudy 阴天的 |
ern | east→eastern 东方的；向东的west→western 西方的；向西的 |
ish | child→childish 孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 |
ic | science→scientific 科学的 economy→economic 经济的 history→historic 历史上著名的 |
ary | imagine→imaginary 想象中的 |
牢记几组易混形容词、副词
[实例体验]
1．(2020·沈阳监测)Passing through several streets，we saw no one but only rubbish here and there.An hour later，I still couldn't bear to keep my eyes ________ (wide) open.
解析：wide [考查副词。空处修饰形容词open，故用副词形式；wide 本身就有副词词性，意为“完全地”。注意：此处不能填widely，widely主要表示距离远、范围大、地域广等。]
2．(2020·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)“God，help me！”I begged anxiously.“Is there someone who will be kind enough to stop and help me out？”________，there was no sign of anyone.
解析：However [考查副词。空前句表达作者想得到别人帮助的愿望，空后句意为“看不到任何人”，前后为转折关系且有逗号隔开，故用副词However。]
3．(2020·沈阳监测)I received an ________ (amaze) look because he thought I was crazy.A Chinese workmate joined me.
解析：amazed [考查形容词。空处修饰名词“look”。形容人的表情，故用amazed。]
[重点强化]
1．常见的易用错的形容词和副词
(1)以ly结尾的形容词，如friendly，lovely，lively，lonely，elderly，deadly等。
(2)意义有别的同根副词，如：
close 靠近(通常指距离)
closely 密切地，仔细地
hard 努力地，费力地
hardly 几乎不
most 最，(程度上)最大，非常
mostly 一般地，主要地
(3)表示宽、高、深的副词都有两种形式，以ly结尾的表示抽象意义，与形容词同形的表示具体意义。如：
wide宽地，widely广泛地，be widely known被广泛了解
high高地，highly高度地，think highly of评价高
deep深地，deeply深深地，be deeply moved被深深感动
2．ed 型形容词和ing型形容词的用法区分
解决此问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(ing)，还是“感到……”(ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(ing)还是感受(ed)。
[小题夯基练]
单句语法填空
1．David has won the first prize in singing；he is still excited and feels the ________ (little) desire to go to bed.
解析：least [大卫“兴奋过头而睡意全无”，再结合空前的信息the暗示，此处该用little的最高级，故填least(最少的，最小的)，与句意吻合。]
2．We'll have to expand our production to meet the ________ (increase) demand for locally grown food.
解析：increasing [本空要用形容词作定语修饰demand，因此用提示词的形容词形式increasing表示“不断增长的”。]
3．The workers are so ________ (accustom) to the noise of the machine that they don't even notice it during their work.
解析：accustomed [be accustomed to是固定搭配，意为“习惯于”。]
4．—Our English teacher is as humorous as he is intelligent.
—It could never be ________ (true)．I'm crazy about him.
解析：truer [答语句意为“太好了，我对他着迷。”根据句意可知后者完全同意前者的看法，否定词＋比较级＝最高级。]
5．While sometimes it's necessary to have phone calls in public，loud phone conversations are not so ________ (accept)．
解析：acceptable [be 动词are后接形容词充当表语。]
6．If you sleep short of seven hours，you are three times ________ (like) to catch a cold.
解析：likely [be likely to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“有可能做某事”。]
7．Douglas quite enjoyed himself while travelling in Huangshan，though the journey took ________ (approximate) a week.
解析：approximately [用副词修饰动词took。]
8．We Chinese are drinking twice as ________ (many) as milk per person today as we did in 1995.
解析：much [修饰动词drink应该用副词much。many修饰复数可数名词。]
9．I would like to have a ________ (reliable) car.The one I have got keeps breaking down.
解析：more reliable [由句意可知空格处暗含比较，指与目前拥有的这辆汽车相比较“性能更好的”，故用reliable的比较级形式。]
10．You have learned the poem by heart，but it doesn't ________ (simple) mean that you have fully understood its meaning.
解析：simply [用副词修饰动词mean。]
[大题提能练]
语法填空——形容词和副词专练
Visitors to Britain may find the 1.________ (good)place to enjoy local culture is in a 2.________ (tradition) pub.A team of researchers have revealed some of the 3.________ (know) culture of British pubs—starting with the difficulty of getting a drink.This may sound 4.________ (convenient)，but there is a 5.________ (hide) meaning.
Pub culture is formed to improve sociability in a society that is known for its coldness.Standing at the bar for service allows you to chat with others who are waiting to be served.The bar counter is 6.________ (possible) the only place in Britain where a 7.________ (friend)talk with strangers is considered to be 8.________ (entire) proper and really quite normal behavior.9.________，if you do not follow the local rules，the experience may fall flat.For example，if you are in a big group，it is best for one or two people to go to buy the drinks.Nothing makes the regular customers and bar staff angry 10.________ (much) than a group of strangers blocking all passages to the bar while they chat hesitantly about what to order.
[语篇解读] 本文讲述的是若想享受英国文化，最好的去处是酒吧。
1．解析：best [考查形容词的最高级。根据语境分析可知，此处指出了一定的范围内，即“在英国”，应该填提示词的最高级形式best。]
2．解析：traditional [考查词性转换之名词变形容词。分析句子成分可知，此处应该填一个形容词作定语，修饰名词pub，所以填提示词的形容词形式traditional。]
3．解析：unknown [考查词性转换之动词变形容词。根据上文中的“revealed”(揭示)可知，此处应该表示“不为人知的”，因此填形容词形式unknown，在句中作定语。]
4．解析：inconvenient [考查词形转换。根据语境可知此处填写convenient的反义词，在句中作表语。]
5．解析：hidden [考查分词形容词。此处为分词形容词作定语修饰名词meaning，且表被动，故填hidden。]
6．解析：possibly [考查词性转换之形容词变副词。此处在句中作状语，应该填提示词的副词形式possibly。]
7．解析：friendly [考查词性转换之名词变形容词。根据语境“与陌生人之间的友好交谈”可知，此处在句中作定语，填提示词的形容词形式friendly。]
8．解析：entirely [考查词性转换之形容词变副词。此处在句中作状语，修饰形容词proper，故填提示词的副词形式entirely。]
9．解析：However [考查副词。根据语境可知，上下文之间为转折关系，且空格处用逗号与句子其他部分隔开，所以填表示转折关系的副词however，注意首字母大写。]
10．解析：more [考查副词的比较级。根据后面的than可知，此处填提示词的比较级形式more。]
