2020版一轮复习英语重大版学案：学通语法第八讲情态动词和虚拟语气

第八讲情态动词和虚拟语气

(一)　情态动词

单句语法填空

1．(2018·北京高考单选)In today’s information age, the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company.

2．(2018·天津高考单选)I can’t find my purse. I could_have_left (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure.

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might be_made (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

4．(2016·北京高考单选)I love the weekend, because I needn’t get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.

5．(2016·天津高考单选)It was really annoying; I couldn’t get access to the data bank you had recommended.

6．(2015·北京高考单选)—Can’t you stay a little longer?

—It’s getting late.I really must go now. My daughter is home alone.

7. (2015·福建高考单选)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.

—Oh, it’s too bad. You should_have_made (make) full preparations.

8．(2015·陕西高考单选)You may feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it.

一、情态动词的基本用法

(一)can/could的用法

1．表示能力，意为“能，会”。

①Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf.(2017·北京高考单选)

塞缪尔在我们班上个子最高，能轻易地够到书架顶上的书本。

②No one could answer this challenging question.

没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。

2．表示客观或理论上的可能性。

①It can be very hot here in summer.

这里夏天有时会很热。

②Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.

醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。

3．表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。

Can I have a word with you? It won’t take long.

我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。

4．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。

①He can’t be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.

他不可能是我们经理。我们经理已经去北京了。

②He can’t have left. His coat is here.

他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。

(二)may/might的用法

1．表示请求和许可。在疑问句中might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。

—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?

—Yes, you may.

——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？

——是的，可以。

2．表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。

—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?

—Don’t worry. He might not come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.

——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？

——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。

3．表示祝愿，常用结构为“May＋主语＋动词原形！”

May you be happy every day!

愿你快乐每一天！

(三)must的用法

1．表示“必须”，语气强烈。

have to表示“不得不”，意义与must相近，但又有所区别。must表示说话人的主观看法，have to则强调客观需要；must只有一种形式，而have to有人称、时态等方面的变化。

①—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?

—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.

——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？

——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。

②I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.

我现在不得不走了，因为我母亲在住院。

2．表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。

Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.

昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。

3．意为“偏要，非要……不可”。

If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.

如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止。

4．mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。

That car is my property; you mustn’t use it without my permission.

那辆车是我的财产，没有我的允许你不得使用。

(四)shall的用法

1．用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。

①Shall we put off the sports meeting till next month?

我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？

②Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?

明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？

2．用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。

You shall be punished for what you have done.

你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。

(五)should/ought to的用法

1．should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。

We should be strict with ourselves.

我们对自己应该严格要求。

2．should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。

Such a gentleman should do that.

这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。

3．ought to表示义务或责任，意为“应该”，语气比should稍重。

You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.

这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。

4．should和ought to表示推测，指预期的可能性，意为“应该，估计”。

She promised to come by 10 o’clock. She should/ought to be here at any moment.

她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。

(六)will/would的用法

1．表示意愿、意志、决心。will指现在，would指过去。

①I will never talk to him again.

我再也不愿意和他说话了。

②—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night?

—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.

——为什么你昨天晚上没来参加西蒙的聚会？

——我想去参加，但只是我妈妈不愿意让我那么晚出去。

2．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。

Would you mind opening the window for me?

请你为我打开窗户好吗？

3．表示习惯性动作、固有属性、必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。

①Fish will die without water.

没有水，鱼会死去的。

②Every morning he will have a walk along this river.

每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。

③Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.

过去在我们上床睡觉前，妈妈总给我们讲故事。

4．表示功能，意为“能，可以”，常用于否定句。

The door won’t open.

这门打不开。

(七)need的用法

作情态动词时，need没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。其否定形式是在其后直接加not，疑问形式是直接将need提到主语前。由need构成的一般疑问句，其肯定回答用must。

①My room is a mess, but I needn’t clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.(2017·天津高考单选)

我的房间很乱，但今晚出去之前我不需要打扫。我可以在早晨打扫。

②—Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?

—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.

——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？

——是的，必须。/不，没必要。

need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。 　　　　

①Plants need light in order to survive.

植物存活必须有光照。

②Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?

我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？

③You don’t need to hand in your compositions today.

你们今天不必交作文。

二、“情态动词＋have done”的用法

①He is so happy. He must have won the match.

他这么高兴，他一定赢了这次比赛。

②She can’t have read about the explosion. She didn’t know anything about it.

她不可能读过关于爆炸的消息，她对此一点也不知道。

③You could have done better, but you were too careless.

你本来能做得更好些，但你当时太粗心了。

④She may have bought the dictionary, but I’m not sure.

她可能买了那本词典，但我不太确信。

⑤Sorry, I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.

对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。

⑥Look! There are so many mistakes in your composition.You should have fixed full attention on it.

看！ 你的作文里有这么多的错误。你本应该把所有的注意力都集中在它上面的。

⑦We needn’t have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner.

既然苏西不与我们一起吃晚饭，我们原本不必买那么多食物。

(二)　虚拟语气

单句语法填空

1．(2018·北京高考单选)They might have found a better hotel if they had_driven (drive) a few more kilometers.

2．(2018·天津高考单选)If we had_caught(catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.

3．(2018·江苏高考单选)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had (have) a second chance to become more involved.

4．(2017·北京高考单选)If the new safety system had_been_put (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.

5．(2017·天津高考单选)—Do you have Betty’s phone number?

—Yes, Otherwise, I wouldn’t_have_been (be) able to reach her yesterday.

6．(2016·北京高考单选)Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week? If you  had_told (tell) me, I could have helped.

7．(2016·天津高考单选)I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I would_have_been_injured (injure)．

8．(2015·安徽高考单选)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would_have (have) nowhere to stay now.

一、if条件句中的虚拟语气

①If I had enough money, I would buy myself a computer first of all.

如果我有足够的钱，我首先要为自己买一台电脑。

②We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn’t offered us a ride home.

如果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。

③If I saw/should see/were to see him tomorrow, I would invite him home.

如果明天见到他，我会邀请他到我家。

二、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气

当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。

①If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn’t be standing here in a queue.

如果我们早一点订一张桌子，现在就不会站在这里排队了。

②If you hadn’t left home without a word, your parents wouldn’t be so worried now.

要是你说一声再离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。

三、省略if的倒装句

在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。

①Were she my daughter, I wouldn’t allow her to study abroad.

如果她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。

②Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.

如果他赶上了早班火车，他就不会开会迟到了。

四、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise, but, or, without, but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。

①But for your advice, I would have failed.

→If you hadn’t given me advice, I would have failed.

如果不是你的建议，我会失败的。

②Without your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.

→If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have succeeded anyway.

没有你的帮助，我无论如何也不会成功。

五、(should＋)do ...结构的虚拟语气

1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中

常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise, request, urge, command, prefer, desire, recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

一主张：insist

二命令：order, command

三建议：suggest, advise, recommend

四要求：request, require, ask, demand

外加一个敦促：urge

The school recommends parents not permit their children to swim in rivers or lakes during summer holidays.

学校建议父母在暑假别允许他们的小孩在河里或湖里游泳。

2．用于主语从句中

在It is desired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essential＋that从句中，从句的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.

人们建议会议推迟到下周。

3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中

在suggestion, proposal, order, idea(意见，想法), request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

①My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.

我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。

②Your suggestion that the door (should) be shut when we leave is reasonable.

你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。

六、wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气

①I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.

我希望我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。

②I wish you had come to the lecture.

但愿你当时来听报告了。

③We wish we would live on the moon one day.

 但愿我们有一天能住在月球上。

七、其他句型中的虚拟语气

1．would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。

①When my father is upset, he would rather we left him alone.

当我的父亲烦恼的时候， 他更喜欢我们不打扰他。

②I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.

我宁愿你没有告诉我那件事。

2．在“It is (about/high) time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。

It’s high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.

是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。

3．as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

①It seems as though it were spring already.

看起来好像已经是春天了一样。(事实上不是)

②The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.

这个女孩对月球的描述非常逼真，就好像她去过月球很多次似的。(事实上并没去过)

4．if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。

Look at the trouble we’re in.If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!

看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．(2018·陕西二检)I needed to get a week’s food for my family.I parked my car, looked down at my list, and hoped I could pay for it all.

2．The old couple each shall get a very nice present from our manager on their birthdays.

3．Jack, look！Everybody is doing homework quietly. Must you make a noise in class?

4．Sometimes smiles around the world can be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry.

5．(2019·济南模拟)It’s high time that we devoted/should_devote  (devote) ourselves to working hard.

6．(2019·大庆一检)After that, the manager demanded the source of all the water supplies (should)_be_examined (examine)．

7．But for the help from the doctor, the little boy would have_lost (lose) his life.

8．The order came that the medical supplies (should)_be_sent (send) to the earthquake­stricken area soon.

9．My husband is always talking about the economy and stocks, but I’d rather he focused (focus) more on our children’s education.

10．If you had_followed (follow) my suggestions, you wouldn’t be crying over your failure now.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．My boss insisted that all the papers would be handed in on time. Otherwise, I would be fired. 第一个would→should或去掉第一个would

2．She wishes that her parents take her to the Summer Palace this coming summer vacation. take前加would/could

3．(2019·湖北八校一次联考)Mr Li told me with a smile, “You must put it somewhere else.I am sure it will turn up soon.”must后加have

4．The upset mother thought to herself, “If only I know what’s going on in my little boy’s head right now.”know→knew

5．(2018·南宁二测)When waiting to be served, it’s important that you would wait your turn.would→should或去掉would

6．It seems as if the meeting held by the two parties never end.never前加would

7．Had Andy kept writing at age 40, probably he can become a well­known poet now.can→would

8．If I am you, I would take an umbrella. am→were

Ⅰ.语法填空

(2019·湖南长沙模拟)A recent study shows that most adults did household chores __1__ (active) when they were young.Most kids today do not do as many household chores as before, __2__ same study shows.

An expert said, “Parents today want their kids to spend more time __3__ things that can bring them money and honour.They have stopped __4__ (do) the one thing that has proven to bring success.That is doing household chores.”

Another study finds that compared with the kids __5__ didn’t do household chores, young adults beginning chores at ages 3 and 4 were more likely __6__ (succeed)．They had better family relationships, did better in school, performed better at work and were more independent.

Personal happiness __7__ (say) to come from strong relationships.It begins by learning to be kind and __8__ (help) to their parents at home.

If your kids say they have to skip chores because it’s time they __9__ (deal) with their homework, you’d better not let them off the hook.If you do, your child may think grades are more important than caring about others.“What may seem like small __10__ (message) at the moment add up to big ones over time，” says an expert.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，现在的大部分成年人小时候都做过家务，而现在的大部分孩子不像以前的孩子那样做很多家务了。

1．actively　分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语动词，故要用副词形式actively。

2．the　此处的“study”就是上文提到的那个“study”，故用定冠词the表示特指。

3．on　根据固定搭配spend sth.on sth.可知，此处填介词on。

4．doing　根据语境可知，这里说的是“停止做某事”，而不是“停下来去做某事”，故用stop doing sth.搭配。

5．who/that　分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导定语从句，先行词为kids，关系代词在从句中作主语，因此本空填who/that。

6．to succeed　此处是be likely to do sth.句型，故填不定式。

7．is said　本句含有“be said＋动词不定式”结构，且这里说的是现在的一般情况，主语为“Personal happiness”，因此填is said。

8．helpful　本空应填形容词helpful与kind并列作表语。

9．dealt/should deal　It’s time (that) ...句型中，that从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”，其中should不可以省略。

10．messages　message是可数名词，其前没有冠词，故要用其复数形式。

Ⅱ.短文改错

Smog has covered large areas of Beijing recently, which has had much influence to our life.It’s not convenience for us to go out due to the heavy smog.In order to take in less than poisonous air, whichever we go outside, we have to wear masks.Facing such a seriously problem, we should take some immediate measure to solve it.As for our government, some laws should be passed to ban factories from giving off poisonous waste.At same time, we are supposed not to drive to work but to ride our bicycles.Now I call on all people to take action against smog and protected our world from be polluted.Only in this way should we live in harmony with nature.

答案：第一句：to→on

第二句：convenience→convenient

第三句：去掉than;  whichever→whenever

第四句：seriously→serious; measure→measures

第六句：same前加the

第七句：protected→protect; be→being

第八句：should→can