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高考英语一轮复习语法专题提升第二部分攻克多变的动词2.1谓语动词学案含解析
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这是一份高考英语一轮复习语法专题提升第二部分攻克多变的动词2.1谓语动词学案含解析，共34页。
第二部分 攻克多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
高考最热点
全国卷考频
命题热考向
高考新变化
动词的时态和语态
3年16考
①语法填空侧重考查一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的时态、语态和主谓一致。
②语法填空鲜有考查情态动词和虚拟语气
2020年高考全国卷对动词的考查在题目设置上增强了句子结构的复杂性和干扰性。
主谓一致
3年9考
情态动词和虚拟语气
3年1考
动词的时态和语态
考点一 一般现在时与一般过去时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1．谓语动词的构成：do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
2．基本用法
(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。
常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return，live，fly等，可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8∶30 am and ends at 3∶30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8∶30上课，下午3∶30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They will stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
名师点津 动词第三人称的构成
一般情况直接加s
work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为s, x, sh, ch或o，在词尾加es
discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加es
carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
(二)一般过去时
1．谓语动词的构成：did
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last month，just now，the other day，three days ago，in 1989等。
[2019·江苏卷] A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
(4)常见句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.该到……的时候了
②It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...did sth.自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知，他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.
乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有来。
名师点津 动词过去式的构成
一般情况在动词后加ed
work→worked play→played want→wanted
以不发音的e结尾的动词后加d
hope→hoped like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加ed
study→studied try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed
stop→stopped
prefer→preferred
admit→admitted
permit→permitted
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·新高考山东卷]The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
3．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
4．[2020·浙江卷7月] This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
5．[2020·北京卷]She ________ (persuade) me to join the poetry and lit in me a fire for literature.
考点二 现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。
We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come，go，leave，get，start，open，arrive，begin，return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.
我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday等连用。
[2018·北京卷]Susan had quit her wellpaid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
(2)表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：will be doing
2．基本用法
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩上，享受着阳光。
名师点津 动词进行时的构成
一般情况在词尾直接加ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
sit→sitting
以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加ing
lie→lying die→dying
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·江西省重点中学盟校联考]At present, Tech giants Apple and Google ________ (team) up to create a system that would let smartphone users know when they've come into contact with someone who has COVID－19.
2．[2017·天津卷]I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
考点三 现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。
3．现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。
名师指津 (1)注意牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：had＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing，he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
[2019·天津卷]I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：been＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。
Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
2．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空]I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ________ (make) over the years. I work not because I have to，but because I want to.
3．[2021·高三八校第二次联考]According to HuffPost, more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans. In the UK, about 542,000 people ________ (choose) veganism over the past decade.
4．[2021·安徽省高三联考]Quanzhou is also known for its thriving private economy. The past four decades ________ (see) the birth of tens of thousands of private businesses and hundreds of famous brands.
考点四 一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1．表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)be going to＋动词原形
(3)be to＋动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2．基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4) be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.
火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1．谓语动词的构成：
2．基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。
The shops would soon close，and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2019·浙江卷语法填空]When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (时尚)．
2．[2021·浙江嘉兴基础测试]They made up their minds that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
考点五 语态
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
将来完成时
shall/will have been done
[2019·江苏卷]They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。
[2018·北京卷]A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
[2018·天津卷]My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。
2．不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(3)有些动词及短语不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have, cost, own, belong to, take part in, come into being, date from, take place，run out等。
3．get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.
我们按周获得薪酬。
4．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词； worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ] “This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________ (construct)．”
2．[2020·新高考山东卷]The parts of a museum open to the public ________ (call) galleries or rooms.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月] Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food ________ (need)．
4．[2021·山东省滨州市一模]In those toughest days, donations in cash and kind ________ (make) to help battle the disease. Thanks to the joint efforts, everything is getting better and better.
5．[2021·河南省高三质量检测]Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles ________ (use)mostly in cosmetics production, face washes, toothpastes and other products. When we use these things, the plastic microbeads get into our pipes that carry water, and eventually end up in the ocean.
6．[2021·成都第二次诊断]Hot pot restaurants can ________ (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu，but the quality and taste can vary hugely.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·天津卷]The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ________ (remain) around that level ever since.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]The unmanned Chang'e4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— ________ (touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.
3．[2021·山东模考卷]The way she held their hands, ________ (touch) their faces and just looked at them, you could tell they had such a special bond.
4．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
5．[2019·6月浙江卷]One study in America found that students' grades ________ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
6．[2021·沈阳监测]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
7．[2021·濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟]Greta Thunberg, a 16yearold Swedish climate change activist, ________ (elect) as 2019's “Person of The Year” last week.
8．[2021·江西省南昌市高三二模]Eggs are great for breakfast and can ________ (cook) in different ways. One topic of debate, however, is why brown chicken eggs usually cost more than white ones.
【答题微点】
搞定语法填空的“3原则”
原则1 慧眼识别标志词
在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标志词或时间状语轻松得出答案。
原则2 细心辨语境，瞻前顾后找并列
1．细心辨语境：仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。
2．瞻前顾后找并列：
①可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither ...nor ...，not only ...but also ...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态；
②同一个主语连接两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。
原则3 固定句式要牢记，主从时态要呼应
1．was/were doing sth. when sb. did ...
2．It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb./sth. did ...
3．This/It/That is/was the first/second ...time that ...从句要用现在完成时/过去完成时
4．It's (high) time that ...did/should do sth.
5．祈使句＋and/or ＋主语＋ 将来时
把握逻辑关系，分析主动或被动
要确定谓语动词的语态，分析语境，弄明白所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。
主谓一致
考点一 主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3．意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
考点二 主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1.“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2．all，the rest，the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·新高考山东卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
2．[2019·天津卷]Amy，as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
3．[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
4．[2017·浙江卷]This isn't as hard as it ________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
5．[2021·青岛市高三统一质量检测]To stay healthy, the report ________ (suggest) that people do at least 150 minutes of moderate (适中的) physical activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity every week.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·泰安市高三一轮检测]The food waste in green bags ________ (be) processed on site into pieces to make biogas，which powers the city's buses.
2．[2021·潍坊市一中高三第一次模拟] They say having a large variety of plants also ________ (help) to protect against possible crop diseases and future crises.
3．[2021·山东省六地市部分学校高三联考]In the past many years, the giant panda ________ (drive) out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming, deforestation and other development.
4．[2021·九江十校第二次联考]However，thanks to the international agreement，there ________ (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.
【答题微点】
“四看”定谓语单复数
1．看到主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式。
2．看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式。
3．看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。
4．看到 there be 等结构，要想到就近原则。
助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
考点一 助动词
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。
2．助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3．助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
我是李华，三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.
这是你这周第三次上班迟到。
考点二 9大情态动词的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
2．may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可，might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
—Yes, you may.
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him?
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3．must
(1)表示“必须；应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5．should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6．will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night?
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会？
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加，但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open?
请你把门开着好吗？
(3)表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7．need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents?
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
名师指津 need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生长必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8．dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面对困难。
9．ought to
表示义务，意为“应当”，语气比should强，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测，意为“应是，应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
2．[2016·天津卷]It was really annoying；I ________ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
3．[2016·北京卷]I love the weekend，because I ________ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
4．[2021·苏锡常镇教情调查]Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he ________ go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
考点三 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较
情态动词
适用句式
适用时态
意义
must
肯定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
一定，肯定
Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man.
杰克描述了他的父亲，他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩，是个意志坚强的人。
can
(could)
疑问句，否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
可能，能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是门口的邮递员。现在才六点钟。
May
(might)
否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
也许，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
我把手提包落在火车上了，但幸运地是有人把它交给了铁路官员。
—How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it.
能再得到它真不可思议！我的意思是，有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should
(ought to)
否定句
一般时、完成时
确定或期待，“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应看那部电影，它会带给我可怕的梦。
will
(would)
肯定句，否定句，疑问句
一般时、进行时、完成时
大概
This will be the house you're looking for.
这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]I can't find my purse. I might ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
2．[浙江卷]George ________ (not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
3．[2021·天津河东一模]—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ have put it in the wrong place.
考点四 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be的过去式形式用were)
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反
过去完成式
would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事实相反
①were to do
②should do
③过去式
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿，一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
[2016·北京卷单项填空]Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me, I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我？如果你告诉我， 我会帮助你的。
名师指津 (1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had/were/should时，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，变为倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.
如果我现在20岁，我就参军。
Should he come(＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2．虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：
without (要是)没有
in case 万一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
考点五 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：
虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(2)表示“建议；命令；要求”等意义时，宾语从句用“(should＋)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有：
①坚持：insist；②命令：order, command；③建议：advise, suggest, recommend；④要求：request, require, demand, ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不在我身边。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。
3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“(should＋)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他要求我们向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if, as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4．定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very) time＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形， should不能省略)，意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5．if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then!
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2021·湖北四地七校第一次联考]It is high time that you ________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2．[2021·肇庆模拟]He was still running with a smile on his face，as if nothing ________ (happen)．
3．[2021·东北三校联考]The order came that the medical supplies ________ (send) to the earthquakestricken area soon.
4．[2021·甘肃天水一中段考]John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·北京卷]Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．[2020·江苏卷]If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ________ (not be) where I am.
3．[2019·天津卷]The workers were not better organized，otherwise they ________ (accomplish)the task in half the time.
4．[2019·江苏卷]What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we ________ (have) a good time together.
5．[2018·北京卷]They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
6．[2018·江苏卷]There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I ________ (have) a second chance to become more involved.
7．[2018·天津卷]If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
【答题微点】
语法填空解题“2注意”
1．若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
2．一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的标志词， 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, or, otherwise, but for等。
语法填空
[2021·青岛高三质检]Chinese museums might have been 1.________ (temporary) closed earlier this year, 2.________ many are still open to online visitors. A 3.________ (grow) number of Chinese museums are presenting their collection of artifacts (手工艺品) on the Internet. Since February, online platforms including Taobao and Douyin 4.________ (hold) live streaming (直播) events from China's museums. The programs, 5.________ have received more than 10 million 6.________ (day) visits, have proved popular according to media reports. Some live streaming hosts have become Internet celebrities. Bai Xuesong, the host of Xi'an Beilin Museum's live streaming event on Sunday, received more than 1.75 million “likes”. Avoiding boring description while introducing exhibits, his humorous tone and funny stories won the 7.________ (heart) of his audience. Instead of being laid aside and 8.________ (ignore), the cultural heritage should 9.________ (rich)the public's knowledge and expand their outlook. These live streaming events are 10.________ step forward in achieving that goal.
第二部分 攻克多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词动词的时态和语态
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点一
1．答案与解析：formed 考查动词时态。根据上文内容以及时间状语 in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。
2．答案与解析：pointed 考查时态。空处与smiled构成并列谓语，故用一般过去时。
3．答案与解析：is 此处the review says后跟的是宾语从句，主句谓语动词为一般现在时，宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，空格处应用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故填is。
4．答案与解析：meant 考查动词的时态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时结合前两句的时态为一般过去时，故填meant。
5．答案与解析：persuaded 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“lit in me a fire for literature”可知，此处表述的是过去发生的事情，故填persuaded。
考点二
1．答案与解析：are teaming 考查时态。句意：目前，科技巨头苹果公司和谷歌公司正在合作开发一个系统，可以让智能手机用户知道他们是否接触了新冠肺炎患者。 根据时间状语at present可知，是叙述现在正在发生的情况，因此用现在进行时be doing，表示现阶段正在进行的动作；主语Tech giants Apple and Google中giants是复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式。
2．答案与解析：was driving 此处是be doing ...when ...句型，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。
考点三
1．答案与解析：had discovered 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC可知，句子谓语动词用过去完成时，故填had discovered。
2．答案与解析：have made 考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知，句子要用现在完成时。
3．答案与解析：have chosen 考查现在完成时。句意：据《赫芬顿邮报》报道，美国有超过三百万人都是纯素食主义者。在过去的十年间，英国大约有54.2万人选择了素食。时间状语over the past decade句子要用现在完成时。
4．答案与解析：has seen/have seen 考查时态。句意：在过去的四十年里，数以万计的私营企业和数百个著名品牌应运而生。分析句子结构可知，空处填时态，再根据句意可知，the past four decades是句子的主语，此处用现在完成时，谓语动词可用复数，也可以用单数，故填has seen/have seen。
考点四
1．答案与解析：has/will have 考查时态和主谓一致。空格前面的从句用了一般现在时，主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数，所以当句子为一般现在时态时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。
2．答案与解析：would buy 句意：他们决定一旦拉里换了工作，他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句，其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，故主句用过去将来时。
考点五
1．答案与解析：is constructed 考查被动语态。此处表示“月球是如何构成的”，应用被动语态，且此处描述的是客观情况，故填is constructed。
2．答案与解析：are called 考查一般现在时的被动语态。分析句子结构可知，该句主语为The parts of a museum，设空处为谓语动词，与主语之间为被动关系，结合语境可知这里为客观事实，故此处用一般现在时的被动语态。
3．答案与解析：was needed 考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多，需要的粮食就越多”可知，more food与need构成被动关系，且文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填was needed。
4．答案与解析：were made 考查一般过去时态的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：在那些最艰难的日子里，现金和实物捐赠被用来帮助抗击疾病。根据In those toughest days可知这里在指过去的事情，句子主语donations是复数形式，和make之间是被动关系，所以此处用一般过去时态的被动语态。
5．答案与解析：are used 考查时态和语态。句意：塑料微珠或细小的固体塑料微粒在化妆品、洗面奶、牙膏和其他产品中被广泛使用。该段的主时态是一般现在时，Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles和use之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
6．答案与解析：be found 考查动词的语态。动词find和句子主语Hot pot restaurants之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：has remained 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。ever since是解题关键，与现在完成时连用。“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．答案与解析：touched 时间状语last week 可判断用一般过去时。
3．答案与解析：touched 有标志词and前后的谓语动词形式一致原则，确定谓语动词touch的时态与looked一致。
4．答案与解析：declared 分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。
5．答案与解析：improved 主句谓语动词是found，用了一般过去时，此处从句时态应该与之保持一致。
6．答案与解析：had experienced 考查动词时态。此题考查固定句式 “This was the first time that sb. had done sth.”可知，从句用过去完成时。
7．答案与解析：was elected 考查时态和语态。分析句子可知，此处是句子谓语动词，主语Greta Thunberg和elect之间是被动关系，由last week判断为一般过去时，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，故填was elected。
8．答案与解析：be cooked 考查动词语态。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且can后跟动词原形。
主谓一致
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点二
1．答案与解析：is 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。根据时间状语Often可知该句应用一般现在时，设空处为谓语动词，主语为only a small part of a museum's collection是单数形式，故此处用is。
2．答案与解析：was given 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：埃米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。A as well as B作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由A，也就是本题中的Amy决定；由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去，且Amy与give之间是被动关系，故填was given。
3．答案与解析：has given 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这位音乐家和他的乐队成员在过去三个月里共演出了10场。根据时间状语in the last three months可知，句子用现在完成时；当主语后接along with构成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致，故此处用has given。
4．答案与解析：sounds 考查主谓一致。这并不像听起来那样难。分析句子结构可知，本句中第二个as引导从句，从句中it是主语，且根据上文的isn't和全文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填sounds。
5．答案与解析：suggests 考查主谓一致。主语the report是单数，谓语动词suggest应用单三形式。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句型结构可知，本句的主语“The food waste”是不可数名词，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式；此处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。
2．答案与解析：helps 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，拥有多种多样的植物也有助于防止可能发生的农作物病害和未来的危机。此处陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。“having a large variety...future crises”是宾语从句，动名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。
3．答案与解析：has been driven 考查动词的语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“In the past many years”可知，此处应用现在完成时；drive在此处意为“驱逐，赶走”，“panda”和drive之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填has been driven。
4．答案与解析：has been 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：然而，多亏了这项国际协议，自从1990年，非法捕猎少了很多。根据时间状语since 1990可推知设空处用现在完成时；本句主语hunting为第三人称单数，故填has been。
助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点二
1．答案与解析：can 考查情态动词。句意：只要我们保持房子干净整洁，吉姆就允许我们待在他的房子里。根据as long as所引导的条件状语从句可知，此处应填can。
2．答案与解析：could 句意：这真让人生气，我不能进入你推荐的数据库。此处强调没有能力做某事，且讲述的是过去的情况，could not 意为“不能”，符合语境。
3．答案与解析：need 句意为：我喜欢周末，因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填need。
4．答案与解析：would would表示过去的习惯性动作。该句意为：安说每当她爸爸不高兴的时候，他总会出去买一些大而没用的东西。
考点三
1．答案与解析：have left 表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的推测，故填have left。
2．答案与解析：can't/couldn't have gone 由下文的His coffee is still warm.可以看出，乔治应该是刚离开，不可能走太远，表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的否定推测，故填can't/couldn't have gone。
3．答案与解析：must 根据语境“你一定是放错地方了。”可知，对过去事情有把握的推测。
考点五
1．答案与解析：considered/should consider 考查虚拟语气。在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。
2．答案与解析：had happened 考查虚拟语气。由was 可知此处表示对过去的虚拟， 故从句用过去完成时。
3．答案与解析：(should) be sent 考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令等的名词后的宾语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。
4．答案与解析：came would rather后面接从句时，从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的假设。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：can 考查情态动词。句意：塞缪尔是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻松地够到书架顶层上的书。根据句意可知，此处表示能力，故填can。
2．答案与解析：wouldn't be 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我没有面对过那么多的障碍，我就不会是今天的我。根据语境可知，该句为错综虚拟条件句，从句是对过去的虚拟，主句是对现在的虚拟，故填wouldn't be。
3．答案与解析：would have accomplished 考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事”，因此填would have accomplished。
4．答案与解析：would have had 考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了观光，否则我们在一起会玩得很开心。根据What a pity! You missed...以及or (否则)可知，此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故用would have done结构。
5．答案与解析：had driven 句意为：如果他们再多行驶几千米，他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟，因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done，故填had driven。
6．答案与解析：had 句意为：这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。考查虚拟语气。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，此处表达现在的一个愿望，谓语动词要用过去式，故填had。
7．答案与解析：had caught 句意为：如果昨天我们赶上那趟航班，我们现在就会正在沙滩上享受我们的假期了。本题考查虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，其谓语动词需用“had＋过去分词”形式。
对点跟踪检测 提升应试能力
语法填空
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。中国实体博物馆今年早些时候闭馆期间，“云上博物馆”流行起来。
1．答案与解析：temporarily 考查副词。修饰动词应该使用副词，故用“temporary”的副词形式temporarily。
2．答案与解析：but 考查并列连词。前面提到实体博物馆暂时闭馆， 后面提到很多博物馆仍然对网上游客开放，故填but, 表示转折关系。
3．答案与解析：growing 考查非谓语动词。此处表示正在增长的数量，“grow”和“number”是逻辑上的主谓关系， 且此处表示动作正在进行，故用现在分词growing意为“增长中的”作前置定语。
4．答案与解析：have held/have been holding 考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语“Since February”可知，此处要用现在完成时或现在完成进行时表示动作从过去持续到现在， 并可能持续下去。
5．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“The programs”，关系词在从句中作主语，故要用which。
6．答案与解析：daily 考查形容词。空处修饰名词，故用形容词daily意为“每日的，日常的”。
7．答案与解析：hearts 考查名词的单复数。根据空后的“of his audience”可知，此处要用heart的复数形式。
8．答案与解析：ignored 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处与“laid”并列，故填ignored。
9．答案与解析：enrich 考查动词。情态动词“should”后应该使用动词原形，故填“rich”的动词形式enrich意为“使丰富， 充实”。
10．答案与解析：a 考查冠词。句意：这些现场直播活动是实现那个目标的一步。“step”是可数名词，且此处表示泛指，故填不定冠词a。
第二部分 攻克多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词
高考最热点
全国卷考频
命题热考向
高考新变化
动词的时态和语态
3年16考
①语法填空侧重考查一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的时态、语态和主谓一致。
②语法填空鲜有考查情态动词和虚拟语气
2020年高考全国卷对动词的考查在题目设置上增强了句子结构的复杂性和干扰性。
主谓一致
3年9考
情态动词和虚拟语气
3年1考
动词的时态和语态
考点一 一般现在时与一般过去时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1．谓语动词的构成：do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
2．基本用法
(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。
常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return，live，fly等，可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8∶30 am and ends at 3∶30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8∶30上课，下午3∶30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
They will stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。
名师点津 动词第三人称的构成
一般情况直接加s
work→works get→gets say→says read→reads
结尾为s, x, sh, ch或o，在词尾加es
discuss→discusses wash→washes fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加es
carry→carries study→studies try→tries fly→flies cry→cries
(二)一般过去时
1．谓语动词的构成：did
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday，last month，just now，the other day，three days ago，in 1989等。
[2019·江苏卷] A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you played the piano.
爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。
(4)常见句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.该到……的时候了
②It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...did sth.自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知，他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.
乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有来。
名师点津 动词过去式的构成
一般情况在动词后加ed
work→worked play→played want→wanted
以不发音的e结尾的动词后加d
hope→hoped like→liked
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加ed
study→studied try→tried
以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加ed
stop→stopped
prefer→preferred
admit→admitted
permit→permitted
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·新高考山东卷]The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
3．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
4．[2020·浙江卷7月] This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
5．[2020·北京卷]She ________ (persuade) me to join the poetry and lit in me a fire for literature.
考点二 现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。
We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come，go，leave，get，start，open，arrive，begin，return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.
我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday等连用。
[2018·北京卷]Susan had quit her wellpaid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。
(2)表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when, while引导的时间状语从句连用。
Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：will be doing
2．基本用法
表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午三点的会，因为那个时间段她有课。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩上，享受着阳光。
名师点津 动词进行时的构成
一般情况在词尾直接加ing
work→working
study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ing
write→writing
take→taking
face→facing
“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词， 且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加ing
cut→cutting
begin→beginning
swim→swimming
run→running
put→putting
plan→planning
sit→sitting
以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加ing
lie→lying die→dying
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·江西省重点中学盟校联考]At present, Tech giants Apple and Google ________ (team) up to create a system that would let smartphone users know when they've come into contact with someone who has COVID－19.
2．[2017·天津卷]I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
考点三 现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，这位音乐家和他的乐队成员们已经进行了十场演出。
(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来就获得了很好的评价。
3．现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。
名师指津 (1)注意牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1．谓语动词的构成：had＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing，he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
[2019·天津卷]I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本希望送给彼得一个礼物祝贺他结婚了，但我没能做到。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了好久我才能够完全理解他们为我做那些事。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1．谓语动词的构成：been＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，我好像什么事也没完成。
Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
2．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空]I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ________ (make) over the years. I work not because I have to，but because I want to.
3．[2021·高三八校第二次联考]According to HuffPost, more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans. In the UK, about 542,000 people ________ (choose) veganism over the past decade.
4．[2021·安徽省高三联考]Quanzhou is also known for its thriving private economy. The past four decades ________ (see) the birth of tens of thousands of private businesses and hundreds of famous brands.
考点四 一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1．表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)be going to＋动词原形
(3)be to＋动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2．基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4) be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.
火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1．谓语动词的构成：
2．基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。
The shops would soon close，and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2019·浙江卷语法填空]When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (时尚)．
2．[2021·浙江嘉兴基础测试]They made up their minds that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.
考点五 语态
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
一般将来时
shall/will be done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
将来完成时
shall/will have been done
[2019·江苏卷]They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
他们正在努力确保到2022年时为北京冬奥会安装5G信号终端。
[2018·北京卷]A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。
[2018·天津卷]My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。
2．不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(3)有些动词及短语不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have, cost, own, belong to, take part in, come into being, date from, take place，run out等。
3．get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.
我们按周获得薪酬。
4．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词； worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ] “This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________ (construct)．”
2．[2020·新高考山东卷]The parts of a museum open to the public ________ (call) galleries or rooms.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月] Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food ________ (need)．
4．[2021·山东省滨州市一模]In those toughest days, donations in cash and kind ________ (make) to help battle the disease. Thanks to the joint efforts, everything is getting better and better.
5．[2021·河南省高三质量检测]Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles ________ (use)mostly in cosmetics production, face washes, toothpastes and other products. When we use these things, the plastic microbeads get into our pipes that carry water, and eventually end up in the ocean.
6．[2021·成都第二次诊断]Hot pot restaurants can ________ (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu，but the quality and taste can vary hugely.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·天津卷]The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ________ (remain) around that level ever since.
2．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]The unmanned Chang'e4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— ________ (touch) down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.
3．[2021·山东模考卷]The way she held their hands, ________ (touch) their faces and just looked at them, you could tell they had such a special bond.
4．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
5．[2019·6月浙江卷]One study in America found that students' grades ________ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
6．[2021·沈阳监测]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
7．[2021·濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟]Greta Thunberg, a 16yearold Swedish climate change activist, ________ (elect) as 2019's “Person of The Year” last week.
8．[2021·江西省南昌市高三二模]Eggs are great for breakfast and can ________ (cook) in different ways. One topic of debate, however, is why brown chicken eggs usually cost more than white ones.
【答题微点】
搞定语法填空的“3原则”
原则1 慧眼识别标志词
在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标志词或时间状语轻松得出答案。
原则2 细心辨语境，瞻前顾后找并列
1．细心辨语境：仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。
2．瞻前顾后找并列：
①可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither ...nor ...，not only ...but also ...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态；
②同一个主语连接两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。
原则3 固定句式要牢记，主从时态要呼应
1．was/were doing sth. when sb. did ...
2．It is/has been＋一段时间＋since sb./sth. did ...
3．This/It/That is/was the first/second ...time that ...从句要用现在完成时/过去完成时
4．It's (high) time that ...did/should do sth.
5．祈使句＋and/or ＋主语＋ 将来时
把握逻辑关系，分析主动或被动
要确定谓语动词的语态，分析语境，弄明白所给动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。
主谓一致
考点一 主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1．语法一致原则
主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3．意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
考点二 主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1.“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2．all，the rest，the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3．“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·新高考山东卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
2．[2019·天津卷]Amy，as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
3．[2019·江苏卷]The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
4．[2017·浙江卷]This isn't as hard as it ________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
5．[2021·青岛市高三统一质量检测]To stay healthy, the report ________ (suggest) that people do at least 150 minutes of moderate (适中的) physical activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity every week.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·泰安市高三一轮检测]The food waste in green bags ________ (be) processed on site into pieces to make biogas，which powers the city's buses.
2．[2021·潍坊市一中高三第一次模拟] They say having a large variety of plants also ________ (help) to protect against possible crop diseases and future crises.
3．[2021·山东省六地市部分学校高三联考]In the past many years, the giant panda ________ (drive) out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming, deforestation and other development.
4．[2021·九江十校第二次联考]However，thanks to the international agreement，there ________ (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.
【答题微点】
“四看”定谓语单复数
1．看到主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式。
2．看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式。
3．看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。
4．看到 there be 等结构，要想到就近原则。
助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
考点一 助动词
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。
2．助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3．助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
我是李华，三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.
这是你这周第三次上班迟到。
考点二 9大情态动词的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
2．may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可，might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
—Yes, you may.
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him?
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3．must
(1)表示“必须；应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5．should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6．will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night?
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会？
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加，但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open?
请你把门开着好吗？
(3)表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7．need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents?
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
名师指津 need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生长必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8．dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面对困难。
9．ought to
表示义务，意为“应当”，语气比should强，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测，意为“应是，应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
2．[2016·天津卷]It was really annoying；I ________ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
3．[2016·北京卷]I love the weekend，because I ________ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
4．[2021·苏锡常镇教情调查]Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he ________ go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
考点三 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较
情态动词
适用句式
适用时态
意义
must
肯定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
一定，肯定
Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man.
杰克描述了他的父亲，他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩，是个意志坚强的人。
can
(could)
疑问句，否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
可能，能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是门口的邮递员。现在才六点钟。
May
(might)
否定句
一般时、进行时、完成时
也许，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
我把手提包落在火车上了，但幸运地是有人把它交给了铁路官员。
—How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it.
能再得到它真不可思议！我的意思是，有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should
(ought to)
否定句
一般时、完成时
确定或期待，“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不应看那部电影，它会带给我可怕的梦。
will
(would)
肯定句，否定句，疑问句
一般时、进行时、完成时
大概
This will be the house you're looking for.
这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]I can't find my purse. I might ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
2．[浙江卷]George ________ (not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
3．[2021·天津河东一模]—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ have put it in the wrong place.
考点四 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be的过去式形式用were)
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反
过去完成式
would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事实相反
①were to do
②should do
③过去式
would/could/should/might＋动词原形
If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿，一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
[2016·北京卷单项填空]Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me, I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我？如果你告诉我， 我会帮助你的。
名师指津 (1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had/were/should时，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，变为倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.
如果我现在20岁，我就参军。
Should he come(＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2．虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：
without (要是)没有
in case 万一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
考点五 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：
虚拟语气
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(2)表示“建议；命令；要求”等意义时，宾语从句用“(should＋)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有：
①坚持：insist；②命令：order, command；③建议：advise, suggest, recommend；④要求：request, require, demand, ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不在我身边。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。
3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“(should＋)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他要求我们向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if, as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4．定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very) time＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形， should不能省略)，意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5．if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then!
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
◎题组微练(单句语法填空)
1．[2021·湖北四地七校第一次联考]It is high time that you ________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2．[2021·肇庆模拟]He was still running with a smile on his face，as if nothing ________ (happen)．
3．[2021·东北三校联考]The order came that the medical supplies ________ (send) to the earthquakestricken area soon.
4．[2021·甘肃天水一中段考]John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today.
语法填空解题技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·北京卷]Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．[2020·江苏卷]If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ________ (not be) where I am.
3．[2019·天津卷]The workers were not better organized，otherwise they ________ (accomplish)the task in half the time.
4．[2019·江苏卷]What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we ________ (have) a good time together.
5．[2018·北京卷]They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
6．[2018·江苏卷]There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I ________ (have) a second chance to become more involved.
7．[2018·天津卷]If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
【答题微点】
语法填空解题“2注意”
1．若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。
2．一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语，就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气，除了常见的if虚拟条件句，还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的标志词， 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, or, otherwise, but for等。
语法填空
[2021·青岛高三质检]Chinese museums might have been 1.________ (temporary) closed earlier this year, 2.________ many are still open to online visitors. A 3.________ (grow) number of Chinese museums are presenting their collection of artifacts (手工艺品) on the Internet. Since February, online platforms including Taobao and Douyin 4.________ (hold) live streaming (直播) events from China's museums. The programs, 5.________ have received more than 10 million 6.________ (day) visits, have proved popular according to media reports. Some live streaming hosts have become Internet celebrities. Bai Xuesong, the host of Xi'an Beilin Museum's live streaming event on Sunday, received more than 1.75 million “likes”. Avoiding boring description while introducing exhibits, his humorous tone and funny stories won the 7.________ (heart) of his audience. Instead of being laid aside and 8.________ (ignore), the cultural heritage should 9.________ (rich)the public's knowledge and expand their outlook. These live streaming events are 10.________ step forward in achieving that goal.
第二部分 攻克多变的动词
第一讲 谓语动词动词的时态和语态
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点一
1．答案与解析：formed 考查动词时态。根据上文内容以及时间状语 in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。
2．答案与解析：pointed 考查时态。空处与smiled构成并列谓语，故用一般过去时。
3．答案与解析：is 此处the review says后跟的是宾语从句，主句谓语动词为一般现在时，宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，空格处应用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故填is。
4．答案与解析：meant 考查动词的时态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时结合前两句的时态为一般过去时，故填meant。
5．答案与解析：persuaded 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“lit in me a fire for literature”可知，此处表述的是过去发生的事情，故填persuaded。
考点二
1．答案与解析：are teaming 考查时态。句意：目前，科技巨头苹果公司和谷歌公司正在合作开发一个系统，可以让智能手机用户知道他们是否接触了新冠肺炎患者。 根据时间状语at present可知，是叙述现在正在发生的情况，因此用现在进行时be doing，表示现阶段正在进行的动作；主语Tech giants Apple and Google中giants是复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式。
2．答案与解析：was driving 此处是be doing ...when ...句型，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。
考点三
1．答案与解析：had discovered 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC可知，句子谓语动词用过去完成时，故填had discovered。
2．答案与解析：have made 考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知，句子要用现在完成时。
3．答案与解析：have chosen 考查现在完成时。句意：据《赫芬顿邮报》报道，美国有超过三百万人都是纯素食主义者。在过去的十年间，英国大约有54.2万人选择了素食。时间状语over the past decade句子要用现在完成时。
4．答案与解析：has seen/have seen 考查时态。句意：在过去的四十年里，数以万计的私营企业和数百个著名品牌应运而生。分析句子结构可知，空处填时态，再根据句意可知，the past four decades是句子的主语，此处用现在完成时，谓语动词可用复数，也可以用单数，故填has seen/have seen。
考点四
1．答案与解析：has/will have 考查时态和主谓一致。空格前面的从句用了一般现在时，主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数，所以当句子为一般现在时态时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。
2．答案与解析：would buy 句意：他们决定一旦拉里换了工作，他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句，其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时，故主句用过去将来时。
考点五
1．答案与解析：is constructed 考查被动语态。此处表示“月球是如何构成的”，应用被动语态，且此处描述的是客观情况，故填is constructed。
2．答案与解析：are called 考查一般现在时的被动语态。分析句子结构可知，该句主语为The parts of a museum，设空处为谓语动词，与主语之间为被动关系，结合语境可知这里为客观事实，故此处用一般现在时的被动语态。
3．答案与解析：was needed 考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多，需要的粮食就越多”可知，more food与need构成被动关系，且文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填was needed。
4．答案与解析：were made 考查一般过去时态的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：在那些最艰难的日子里，现金和实物捐赠被用来帮助抗击疾病。根据In those toughest days可知这里在指过去的事情，句子主语donations是复数形式，和make之间是被动关系，所以此处用一般过去时态的被动语态。
5．答案与解析：are used 考查时态和语态。句意：塑料微珠或细小的固体塑料微粒在化妆品、洗面奶、牙膏和其他产品中被广泛使用。该段的主时态是一般现在时，Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles和use之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
6．答案与解析：be found 考查动词的语态。动词find和句子主语Hot pot restaurants之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：has remained 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。ever since是解题关键，与现在完成时连用。“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2．答案与解析：touched 时间状语last week 可判断用一般过去时。
3．答案与解析：touched 有标志词and前后的谓语动词形式一致原则，确定谓语动词touch的时态与looked一致。
4．答案与解析：declared 分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。
5．答案与解析：improved 主句谓语动词是found，用了一般过去时，此处从句时态应该与之保持一致。
6．答案与解析：had experienced 考查动词时态。此题考查固定句式 “This was the first time that sb. had done sth.”可知，从句用过去完成时。
7．答案与解析：was elected 考查时态和语态。分析句子可知，此处是句子谓语动词，主语Greta Thunberg和elect之间是被动关系，由last week判断为一般过去时，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，故填was elected。
8．答案与解析：be cooked 考查动词语态。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且can后跟动词原形。
主谓一致
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点二
1．答案与解析：is 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。根据时间状语Often可知该句应用一般现在时，设空处为谓语动词，主语为only a small part of a museum's collection是单数形式，故此处用is。
2．答案与解析：was given 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：埃米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。A as well as B作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由A，也就是本题中的Amy决定；由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去，且Amy与give之间是被动关系，故填was given。
3．答案与解析：has given 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这位音乐家和他的乐队成员在过去三个月里共演出了10场。根据时间状语in the last three months可知，句子用现在完成时；当主语后接along with构成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致，故此处用has given。
4．答案与解析：sounds 考查主谓一致。这并不像听起来那样难。分析句子结构可知，本句中第二个as引导从句，从句中it是主语，且根据上文的isn't和全文时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填sounds。
5．答案与解析：suggests 考查主谓一致。主语the report是单数，谓语动词suggest应用单三形式。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句型结构可知，本句的主语“The food waste”是不可数名词，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式；此处描述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。
2．答案与解析：helps 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，拥有多种多样的植物也有助于防止可能发生的农作物病害和未来的危机。此处陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。“having a large variety...future crises”是宾语从句，动名词作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。
3．答案与解析：has been driven 考查动词的语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“In the past many years”可知，此处应用现在完成时；drive在此处意为“驱逐，赶走”，“panda”和drive之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填has been driven。
4．答案与解析：has been 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：然而，多亏了这项国际协议，自从1990年，非法捕猎少了很多。根据时间状语since 1990可推知设空处用现在完成时；本句主语hunting为第三人称单数，故填has been。
助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
突破高考重点 点拨易错易混
考点二
1．答案与解析：can 考查情态动词。句意：只要我们保持房子干净整洁，吉姆就允许我们待在他的房子里。根据as long as所引导的条件状语从句可知，此处应填can。
2．答案与解析：could 句意：这真让人生气，我不能进入你推荐的数据库。此处强调没有能力做某事，且讲述的是过去的情况，could not 意为“不能”，符合语境。
3．答案与解析：need 句意为：我喜欢周末，因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填need。
4．答案与解析：would would表示过去的习惯性动作。该句意为：安说每当她爸爸不高兴的时候，他总会出去买一些大而没用的东西。
考点三
1．答案与解析：have left 表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的推测，故填have left。
2．答案与解析：can't/couldn't have gone 由下文的His coffee is still warm.可以看出，乔治应该是刚离开，不可能走太远，表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的否定推测，故填can't/couldn't have gone。
3．答案与解析：must 根据语境“你一定是放错地方了。”可知，对过去事情有把握的推测。
考点五
1．答案与解析：considered/should consider 考查虚拟语气。在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。
2．答案与解析：had happened 考查虚拟语气。由was 可知此处表示对过去的虚拟， 故从句用过去完成时。
3．答案与解析：(should) be sent 考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令等的名词后的宾语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。
4．答案与解析：came would rather后面接从句时，从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的假设。
刷经典试题 明晰解题技法
语法填空解题技法
1．答案与解析：can 考查情态动词。句意：塞缪尔是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻松地够到书架顶层上的书。根据句意可知，此处表示能力，故填can。
2．答案与解析：wouldn't be 考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我没有面对过那么多的障碍，我就不会是今天的我。根据语境可知，该句为错综虚拟条件句，从句是对过去的虚拟，主句是对现在的虚拟，故填wouldn't be。
3．答案与解析：would have accomplished 考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事”，因此填would have accomplished。
4．答案与解析：would have had 考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了观光，否则我们在一起会玩得很开心。根据What a pity! You missed...以及or (否则)可知，此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故用would have done结构。
5．答案与解析：had driven 句意为：如果他们再多行驶几千米，他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟，因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done，故填had driven。
6．答案与解析：had 句意为：这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。考查虚拟语气。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，此处表达现在的一个愿望，谓语动词要用过去式，故填had。
7．答案与解析：had caught 句意为：如果昨天我们赶上那趟航班，我们现在就会正在沙滩上享受我们的假期了。本题考查虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，其谓语动词需用“had＋过去分词”形式。
对点跟踪检测 提升应试能力
语法填空
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。中国实体博物馆今年早些时候闭馆期间，“云上博物馆”流行起来。
1．答案与解析：temporarily 考查副词。修饰动词应该使用副词，故用“temporary”的副词形式temporarily。
2．答案与解析：but 考查并列连词。前面提到实体博物馆暂时闭馆， 后面提到很多博物馆仍然对网上游客开放，故填but, 表示转折关系。
3．答案与解析：growing 考查非谓语动词。此处表示正在增长的数量，“grow”和“number”是逻辑上的主谓关系， 且此处表示动作正在进行，故用现在分词growing意为“增长中的”作前置定语。
4．答案与解析：have held/have been holding 考查动词的时态。根据句中的时间状语“Since February”可知，此处要用现在完成时或现在完成进行时表示动作从过去持续到现在， 并可能持续下去。
5．答案与解析：which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“The programs”，关系词在从句中作主语，故要用which。
6．答案与解析：daily 考查形容词。空处修饰名词，故用形容词daily意为“每日的，日常的”。
7．答案与解析：hearts 考查名词的单复数。根据空后的“of his audience”可知，此处要用heart的复数形式。
8．答案与解析：ignored 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处与“laid”并列，故填ignored。
9．答案与解析：enrich 考查动词。情态动词“should”后应该使用动词原形，故填“rich”的动词形式enrich意为“使丰富， 充实”。
10．答案与解析：a 考查冠词。句意：这些现场直播活动是实现那个目标的一步。“step”是可数名词，且此处表示泛指，故填不定冠词a。
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