北师大2019选修四UNIT 10Section A　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1课件

这是一份北师大2019选修四UNIT 10Section A　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1课件，共60页。

UNIT 10Section A　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1英 语2022内容索引课前篇 自主预习课堂篇 互动探究晨读晚诵素养导航 晨读晚诵Six Degrees of Separation“Six Degrees of Separation” is the theory that anyone on the planet can be connected to any other person through a chain of acquaintances① that has no more than five other people. The theory was first proposed in 1929 by the Hungarian writer Frigyes Karinthy in a short story called “Chains”. In the 1950s,Ithiel de Sola Pool (MIT) and Manfred Kochen (IBM) set out to prove the theory mathematically.Although they were able to phrase the question (given a set N of people,what is the probability that each member of N is connected to another member via k1,k2,k3...kn links?),after twenty years they were still unable to solve the problem to their own satisfaction.In 1967,American sociologist Stanley Milgram devised② a new way to test the theory,which he called the “small-world problem”. He randomly③ selected people in the mid-West to send packages to a stranger located in Massachusetts.The senders knew the recipient’s name,occupation,and general location.They were instructed to send the package to a person they knew on a first-name basis who they thought was most likely,out of all their friends,to know the target personally. That person would do the same,and so on,until the package was personally delivered to its target recipient④. Although the participants expected the chain to include at least a hundred intermediaries⑤,it only took (on average) between five and seven people to get each package delivered.Milgram’s findings were published in Psychology Today and inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”. Playwright John Guare popularised the phrase when he chose it as the title for his 1990 play of the same name.Although Milgram’s findings were discounted after it was discovered that he based his conclusion on a very small number of packages,“Six Degrees of Separation” became an accepted notion in pop culture after Brett C.Tjaden published a computer game on the University of Virginia’s Web site based on the “small-world problem”.Tjaden used the Internet Movie Database to document connections between different actors.Time Magazine called his site,The Oracle of Bacon at Virginia,one of the “Ten Best Web Sites of 1996”.In 2001,Duncan Watts,a professor at Columbia University,continued his own earlier research into the phenomenon and recreated Milgram’s experiment on the Internet.Watts used an e-mail message as the “package” that needed to be delivered,and surprisingly,after reviewing the data collected by 48,000 senders and 19 targets (in 157 countries),Watts found that the average number of people was indeed,six.Watts’ research,and the arrival of the computer age,have opened up new areas of inquiry related to “Six Degrees of Separation” in diverse areas of network theory such as power grid analysis,disease transmission,graph theory,corporate communication,and computer circuitry⑥.词海拾贝①acquaintance n.熟人,相识的人②devise v.设计;图谋③randomly adv.随意地④recipient n.接受者,接收器⑤intermediary n.仲裁者;媒介物⑥circuitry n.电路;线路典句欣赏1.“Six Degrees of Separation” is the theory that anyone on the planet can be connected to any other person through a chain of acquaintances that has no more than five other people.译文:六度分隔理论是指地球上的任何人都可以通过不超过另外5个人的熟人链与任何其他人联系起来。分析:此处theory后面是一个由that引导的同位语从句,该同位语从句中又含有一个由that引导的定语从句。2.They were instructed to send the package to a person they knew on a first-name basis who they thought was most likely,out of all their friends,to know the target personally.译文:他们被指导将这个包裹送给一位他们知道名字的人,他们认为这个人最有可能是他们所有朋友中认识那个接受方的人。分析:这是一个主从复合句。其中含有两个定语从句,they knew on a first-name basis和who they thought was most likely,out of all their friends,to know the target personally均修饰a person。探究思辨What can we know about Milgram’s findings?答案 His findings were based on a very small number of packages.课前篇 自主预习Ⅰ.知识体系图解重点词汇 写作词汇1.　　　　　　　n.诊所,(医院)门诊部 2.　　　　  n.体育场,运动场3.　　　　  n.(工厂、学校等的)食堂,餐厅4.　　　　  n.抵触,冲突,矛盾5.　　 　　  n.意见不合,分歧,争论6.　　　　  vt.羡慕,妒忌clinic　stadium　canteenconflict　disagreement　envy　7.　 　　　  n.鼓励,鼓舞;起激励作用的事物8.　　　　  n.学说,理论9.　　　　  n.一连串,一系列;链子,链条10.　　　　  vt.& n. 发表,发布;释放11.　　　　  n. 成语,习语;警句encouragementtheory　chain　release　phrase　阅读词汇12.gallery n.　　　　　　　　 13.grocery n. 　　　 　　　　 14.bakery n. 　　　　　 　　 15.cafeteria n. 　　　　　　 　 16.intervention n. 　　　　　　　 17.network n. 　　　　　 　　 18.sociologist n. 　　　　　　　 19.parcel n. 　　　　　　　 20.bimonthly adj. 　　　　　　 　 美术馆,画廊　食品杂货;超级市场　面包烘房,糕饼店　(工厂、学校等的)自助餐厅,食堂　 干涉,干预　人际关系网,联络网;网络,网状系统　 社会学家　包裹;邮包　 两月一次的;一月两次的　拓展词汇21.　　　　　 n.郊区,近郊,城郊→ suburban adj. 城郊的;在郊区的;城郊住宅区的 22.　　　　　 vt.干扰,打扰,使中断 →disturbance n.扰乱,忧虑,不安→disturber n.打扰者 23.　　　　　 vi.道歉,谢罪→ apology n. 道歉 24.　　　　　 n. 印象,感想 →impress vt.使有印象→impressed adj.给人深刻印象的,令人钦佩的 25.　　　　　 adj.随机的,随意的 →randomly adv. 随机地,随意地 suburb　disturb　apologise　impression　random重点短语1.refer to 　　　　　　　　　　 2.be connected to 　　　　　　　 3.make an attempt to do 　　　　　　　 4.　　　　　　　  被用作……5.　　　　　　　  以……为基础6.　　　　　　　  递送给7.　　　　　　　  只有,不超过,不过8.　　　 　　　　  分析……和……之间的关系提及,指的是,参考　 连接到……　 试图做　be used as　base on　deliver tono more than　analyse the relationship between...and...重点语法过去时态的被动语态 Ⅱ.阅读导学A.阅读P8—P9课文内容,选择正确答案。1.According to the passage,　　　 was the inspiration for the term“Six Degrees of Separation”. A.Stanley Milgram’s researchB.Frigyes Karinthy’s bookC.the Oscar-winning film BabelD.Columbia University’s experiment答案 A 2.What can we learn according to the third paragraph?A.Before the method called the“small-world problem” was found,scientists had spent nearly two decades proving it.B.Stanley Milgram did his research by choosing people who he was very familiar with.C.During Stanley’s study,over seven people were needed to get the packages delivered.D.Stanley Milgram chose those people who knew each other well to send the packages.答案 A 3.The text is developed mainly by 　　　. A.providing examplesB.making a listC.making comparisonsD.following the order of time答案 D 4.The game in the fourth paragraph is mentioned to 　　　. A.get more people to play itB.explain “Six Degrees of Separation”C.compare games with moviesD.praise the two college students答案 B 5.What was the unique characteristic of the “Columbia Small-world Project”?A.It involved about 18 different countries.B.It was conducted by Milgram and his team.C.It was an experiment carried out online.D.Its results differed from“Six Degrees of Separation”.答案 C B.阅读P8—P9课文,理清文章结构。 答案 1.ten　2.connected　3.1920s　4.failed5.randomly　6.delivered　7.film　8.Internet9.four　10.driver课堂篇 互动探究重点词汇1Well,sometimes conflicts will come up,but never for very long.(教材P107)哦,有时会有冲突,但不会持续太久。◆ conflict n.抵触,冲突,矛盾His naughty son was involved in a conflict.他淘气的儿子参与了一起冲突事件。There is a conflict between what they are doing and what you want.他们正在做的和你想要的之间存在冲突。【词汇拓展】a conflict between...and...　……和……之间的冲突in conflict with... 和……冲突come into conflict 发生冲突conflict vi. 抵触;冲突conflict with... 和……发生冲突conflict over 为……发生冲突There is a conflict between the two.这两者之间存在冲突。She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着冲突。The farmers came into conflict over land and water.农民们为土地和水发生了冲突。【迁移应用】单句填空(1)The scientists said their findings don’t conflict 　　　　　each other. (2)In America there are often conflicts 　　　　　employers and employees. 完成句子(3)踢足球时两名学生因一名学生踢了另一名学生的脚而发生了冲突。While playing football,the two students 　　　　　　　　　　　because one kicked the other on the foot. (4)有时,我们的想法和现实会发生冲突。At times,our thoughts are 　　　　　　　　　reality. with　between　came into conflictin conflict with2Instead of staying in our flat,feeling angry about the noise,we went over to their flat,told them how unhappy the noise was making us and they apologised and said they would make less noise from then on.(教材P107)对噪音感到气愤的我们没有待在我们的公寓,而是去了他们的公寓,告诉他们噪音让我们很不高兴,他们道歉了,并说从今往后他们将减少噪音。◆ apologise vi.道歉,谢罪If it’s your fault,you need to apologise.如果是你的错,你就需要道歉。【词汇拓展】apologise for (doing) sth　因(做)某事道歉apologise to sb 向某人道歉apologise to sb for (doing) sth 为(做)某事向某人道歉apology n. 道歉make an apology (to sb) for (doing) sth 因(做)某事(向某人)道歉owe sb an apology 该向某人道歉It’s normal for a father to apologise to his son.一个父亲向儿子道歉是正常的。You must apologise for what you have done.你必须为你所做的事道歉。The coach made a public apology for the players’ bad performances.教练为运动员们的糟糕表现公开道歉。for　apology　owe you an apology for【迁移应用】单句填空(1)My brother apologised 　　　　　not attending my wedding. (2)Arriving at home,Mrs Black received a message of 　　　　　(apologise) from her friend. 完成句子(3)让你等这么久,我应该向你道歉。I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　keeping you waiting for such a long time. 3“Six Degrees of Separation” refers to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.(教材P8)“六度分隔”理论指的是地球上任何人都可通过不超过另外5个人的联结与其他任何人联系起来。◆ refer to 提及,指的是,参考The mother told her kids not to refer to the matter.那位妈妈让她的孩子们别再提那件事了。I was not referring to her when I said so.当我那么说时,我并不是指她。【词汇拓展1】refer to the dictionary/notes　查词典/笔记reference n. 提及;查阅a reference book 参考书in reference to 关于While taking a test,you shouldn’t refer to your notes.进行测试时,你不应该查笔记。Last weekend,I bought a very good reference book.上周末我买了一本十分好的参考书。I have nothing to say in reference to that incident.关于那次事件,我无话可说。toreference　referred　【迁移应用1】单句填空(1)Mr Green,could you tell us what the word “it” in this sentence refers 　　　　　? (2)The parents felt worried because their daughter didn’t make any 　　　　　(refer) to her life abroad in her letter. (3)The professor 　　　　　(refer) to in the video is in practice a very famous expert in AI. 完成句子(4)我给你写信,是关于你们在报纸上发布的招聘职位的信息。I am writing to you 　　　　　　　　the position advertised in the newspaper. in reference to◆ connect vt.& vi.连接;联结;使有关系;沟通,相处Taste and smell are closely connected.味觉和嗅觉是密切相关的。The two cities are connected by a railway.那两个城市由铁路相连。【词汇拓展2】connect...to...　　　　把……和……连接connect sb (with sb) 给某人接通(某人的)电话connect...with... 把……和……联系在一起connect with 与……沟通be connected to 连接到……be connected with 与……有关系connection n. 联结;连接;人际关系a loose connection 接触不良have (no) connection with 和……(没)有关系there is a connection between...and...在……和……之间有关系in connection with 关于,与……有关There is no evidence to connect them with the conflict.没有证据把他们和这次冲突联系在一起。The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others.成功的聊天的关键在于要学会如何与他人沟通交流。There is a connection between the tide and the moon.潮汐和月亮有关系。with　connected　between　【迁移应用2】单句填空(1)The discussion is connected 　　　　　the incident happening in the workshop. (2)They couldn’t find a computer 　　　　　(connect) to the Internet. (3)Experts believe that there is a connection 　　　　　smoking and lung cancer. a loose connectionin connection with完成句子(4)你的灯忽明忽暗,一定是接触不良。Your light goes on and off.There must be 　　　　　　　　　　　　　. (5)4名年轻人因与盗窃案有关而受到审问。Four young men were questioned 　　　　　　　　　　　　the theft. 4He chose a random sample of people in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.(教材P9)他在美国中部随机抽取一部分人作为样本,让他们给马萨诸塞州的一位陌生人寄包裹。◆ random adj. 随机的,随意的Children’s words and actions are often fairly random.孩子们的言行往往是相当随意的。We do random things like asking people questions in the street and testing sports clothing.我们做一些随机的事,比如在街上问人们问题和测试运动服装。【词汇拓展】a random sample 　　　随机抽取的样品a random selection 任意选择的东西random remarks 随便说的话random n. 随意at random 随机地,随意地randomly adv. 随机地,随意地The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across England and Wales.该调查在英格兰和威尔士随机抽取了2 000人。We received several answers,and we picked one at random.我们收到了几个答案,然后随机挑选了一个。The winning numbers are randomly selected by computer.中奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。randomly　at　made a few random remarks【迁移应用】单句填空(1)In the study tasks are 　　　　　(random) distributed to volunteers. (2)By talking about her problems 　　　　　random,she becomes less upset. 完成句子(3)在仪式上他只是随便说了一些话。At the ceremony,he just 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 5Amazingly,it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered,and once released,the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(教材P9)令人惊讶的是,这些包裹只需通过5到7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布,便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。◆ deliver vi.& vt.递送;传送　vt.发表;接生Once his message was delivered,he allowed me to stay and watch.他的信息一经传达,他就让我留下来观看。【词汇拓展】deliver sth to sb　　　　把某物交付给某人deliver a message 带信,传话deliver a speech 发表演讲deliver a baby 助产,接生delivery n. 传递,递送,运送;生产,分娩;讲话方式,风度on delivery 送达时,到货时I am honoured to be given such a chance to deliver a speech to you.我很荣幸能有这样一个机会向你们发表演讲。Her baby was delivered by her own doctor.她的孩子是由她自己的医生接生的。Can we pay for this phone with cash on delivery,Mark?马克,我们买这部手机可以货到付款吗?delivery　on　to【迁移应用】单句填空(1)Whatever you buy from our store,the 　　　　　(deliver) is free of charge. (2)You can pay for the good 　　　　　delivery. (3)All these supplies must be delivered 　　　　　them without delay. 6Then,more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast.(教材P9) 随后,更多基于这一理论的影视节目相继拍摄和播出。◆ base n.底部;基地,大本营;基础　vt.以……为基础At the base of the mountain is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 metres.山脚下是一片雨林。它在3 000米处戛然终止。【词汇拓展】at the base of...　　在……底部an air base 空军基地base...on/upon... 使……基于……be based on/upon 以……为基础basic adj. 基本的,基础的;初级的basis n. 基础I base my hopes on the good news we had yesterday.我把希望寄托在我们昨天得到的好消息上。Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。These facts are basic to an understanding of the case.这些事实是了解这一案件的基础。【词语辨析】 on/uponbasic【迁移应用】单句填空(1)The famous writer’s new novel is based 　　　　　historic facts. (2)On top of the 　　　　　(base) salary there are numerous other benefits. 7The idea of the game was to link any actor to Kevin Bacon,a famous American actor and musician,through no more than six links.(教材P9)这个游戏的玩法是通过不超过6个联结将任意一个演员与美国著名演员、音乐家凯文·贝肯联系起来。◆ no more than 只有,不超过,不过There is room for no more than three cars.这地方只能停放不超过3辆车。A good tip for summer eating is to limit frozen treats like ice cream to no more than once a week.一个夏季饮食的好建议是每周食用冰激凌这样的冷冻食品不超过一次。The place they live in is no more than a cottage.他们所住的地方只不过是一个村舍。【词汇拓展】more than　　　　　　　超过,多于;非常,十分;不只是,不仅仅是more...than... 与其说……倒不如说……;比……更……not more than 不超过,至多do more good than harm 利大于弊do more harm than good 弊大于利(2020山东高考)His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.然而,他的访问所涉及的范围远远不止于此。Bill is more shy than impolite.与其说比尔没有礼貌,倒不如说他是害羞。This main avenue was not more than eight feet wide.这条主道的宽度不超过8英尺。no more thanmorethan　【迁移应用】完成句子(1)如果你只想着赚钱,那么你不过是钱的仆人。If you only think of earning money,then you are 　　　　　　　its servant. (2)我们英语老师对我们很友好,与其说他是我们的老师,倒不如说他是我们的朋友。Our English teacher is so kind to us that he is 　　　　　our friend 　　　　　our teacher. (3)如果我们告诉他真相,可能弊大于利。If we tell him the truth,it may 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. do more harm than good8The experiment involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.(教材P9)这项实验涉及24 163个电子邮件链接,覆盖了来自13个不同国家的18个目标人物。◆ involve vt.涉及,参与;牵连;包括The treatment does not involve the use of any artificial drugs.这种疗法不涉及任何人造药物的使用。【词汇拓展】involve doing sth　　 　涉及做某事involve sb in (doing) sth 使某人参与(做)某事involved adj. 复杂的;纠缠的;有关的get/be involved in 卷入,专注于,涉及be involved with 关注,和……有关系involvement n. 参与,加入,沉迷,牵连Running your own business usually involves working long hours.经营你自己的生意通常涉及长时间的工作。Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.让尽可能多的孩子参与到游戏中来。How many vehicles were involved in the crash?这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车?He spoke honestly about his involvement in the affair.他直言不讳地说他与该事件有牵连。in　involvement　selling【迁移应用】单句填空(1)I suspect that he is more or less involved　　　　　 the affair. (2)His new book examines the United States’　　　 　　 (involve) in World War Ⅱ. (3)Your working task involves 　　　　　(sell) all these products. (4)In addition to studies,students should also get 　　　　　(involve) in lots of extra-curricular activities. involved9The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain was six.(教材P9)实验结果证实,联络链上的平均连接数量是6个。◆ confirm v.证实The news that the mayor resigned was at last confirmed.市长辞职的消息最终得到了证实。【词汇拓展】confirm sth　　　　证实某事confirm that... 证实/确认……it’s/it has been confirmed that... 已经确定……confirm sb in one’s belief that... 某人更加坚信……confirmation n. 证实,确认书confirmable adj. 可证实的confirmed adj. 习惯的,根深蒂固的,得到确认的The police confirmed that the diamond in the museum had been stolen.警察证实博物馆里的钻石被偷了。Many people have claimed to have seen the aliens,which is not confirmable.许多人声称看到过外星人,但这是无法证实的。They took her resignation as confirmation of their suspicions.他们认为她的辞职证实了他们的猜疑。confirmation　what　that　【迁移应用】单句填空(1)The crowd were waiting outside the hall for the 　　 　　　(confirm) of the news. (2)What we saw confirmed 　　　　　we had suspected. (3)Experts has confirmed 　　　　　this kind of food is harmless to us. It has been confirmed thatconfirms me in my belief that完成句子(4)已经证实丢失的婴儿已经找到了。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the lost baby has been found. (5)这起坠机事件使我更坚信我们需要更健全的安全法规。The airplane crash 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　stronger safety regulations are needed. 重点句式1Didn’t you argue or fight with each other when you were children?(教材P107)当你们还是孩子的时候,难道你们没有过争吵或打架吗?【句式剖析】这是一个否定形式的一般疑问句,可译为“难道……不……吗?”。Don’t you know they have moved to Shanghai?难道你不知道他们已经搬去上海了吗? 【句式拓展】此类否定形式的一般疑问句往往含有惊讶、意外等语气,常不需要作出回答。当对其作出回答时,答案肯定则应用Yes,后面用表示肯定的简略回答形式;答案否定则应用No,后面用表示否定的简略回答形式。—Didn’t you go to the movie with her last weekend?—Yes,I did.——上周末你没和她一道去看电影吗?——不,我和她一起去了。Don’t you liveYesdo　【迁移应用】完成句子(1)——难道你现在不住在这座城市了吗?——不,我住在这儿。—　　　　　　　　　　　　in this city now? —　　　　　,I 　　　　　. (2)——昨天你没听那个报告吗?——对,我没听。—　　　　　　　　　　　　the lecture yesterday? —　　　　　,I 　　　　　. Didn’t you attendNodidn’t2Amazingly,it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered,and once released,the results were published in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(教材P9)令人惊讶的是,这些包裹只需通过5到7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布,便发表在双月刊《今日心理学》上。【句式剖析】此处的once released是状语从句的省略,其完整形式为once the results were released。We all believe that the professor’s book,once published,will be popular.我们都相信那位教授的书一经出版,将会很受欢迎。【句式拓展】在when,while等引导的时间状语从句,if,unless,once,though,although等引导的让步状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致并含有be动词时,常可将主语和be动词省略。if/when it is possible/necessary等可省略为if/when possible/necessary。The flowers will grow better if (they are) watered often.这些花如果经常浇水会长得更好。While (he was) waiting for his train,Mr Black read the Chinese novel.布莱克先生等火车时读了那本中国小说。If (it is) possible,we will go and visit you next weekend.如果有可能,我们下周末会去看你。once happeningif neglected/ignoredIf necessary【迁移应用】完成句子(1)这样的事一旦发生就会导致严重的后果。Such a thing,　　　　　　　　,will result in serious effects. (2)这些细节如果被忽视,将会导致严重的后果。These details,　　　　　　　　　,will cause serious consequences. (3)如果有必要,我会告诉他真相的。　　 　　　　,I’ll tell him the truth. (4)尽管知道很难按时完成这项任务,我们还是没有放弃。　　　 　　　that we can’t finish the task on time,we don’t give up. Though/Although knowing3In the last few decades,the theory and the phrase have appeared again.(教材P9) 在过去的几十年里,这一理论和说法又再次出现。【句式剖析】in the last few decades表示“在过去的几十年里”,常和现在完成时态连用。In the last few decades,science and technology has developed rapidly.在过去的几十年里,科技迅猛发展。In the last few decades,a large quantity of railways have been built in China.在过去的几十年里,中国已经建起了很多铁路。【句式拓展】类似“in the last+一段时间”的时间状语还有:during the last...、during the past...、in the past...、over the last...、over the past...。The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months. 在过去的三个月里,这位音乐家和他的乐队成员已经进行了十场演出。China’s high-speed railways have grown from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometres in the past few years.中国高铁的里程在过去的几年内已经从9 000千米增加到25 000千米。have been suffering fromhas helped【迁移应用】完成句子(1)在过去的几周里,中国北方的许多城市一直饱受大雾之苦,大雾给人们带来了极大的不便。Over the past several weeks,many cities in Northern China　　　　　　　　　　　　heavy fogs,causing great inconvenience to people. (2)在过去的10年里,那位乡村老师已经帮助了数百名女孩上大学。Over the last ten years,the village teacher 　　　　　　　hundreds of girls attend college. 重点语法过去时态的被动语态 一、一般过去时态的被动语态1.一般过去时态被动语态的构成一般过去时态的被动语态由“was/were+动词过去分词”构成。Then a new hospital was built in the village.当时在村子里建了一家新医院。After the accident,his car was repaired in the town.事故后,他的车在镇上修理。2.一般过去时态被动语态的使用场合(1)句子中含有yesterday、yesterday morning、the day before yesterday、in 2008、in the twentieth century等表示过去的时间状语时。All the trees were planted yesterday afternoon.所有这些树都是昨天下午栽的。(2)句子中含有a moment ago、ten years ago、a week ago等表示过去的时间状语时。The organisation was founded ten years ago.那个组织是10年前建立的。My old house was pulled down a week ago.我的旧房子一周前被拆了。(3)句子中含有last season、last month、last year等表示过去的时间状语时。Last month all the cars in the shop were sold out.那家店里的小汽车上个月全卖完了。In this company nearly five hundred people were fired last year.去年这家公司解雇了将近500人。(4)根据语境判断描述的是过去发生的事时。It got dark and they found the door of the house was locked.天黑了,他们发现房子的门锁上了。The road was blocked and Jack stopped his car.那条路被封了,杰克停下了车。二、过去进行时态的被动语态1.过去进行时态被动语态的构成过去进行时态的被动语态由“was/were being+动词过去分词”构成。The road before our school was being repaired.我们学校前面的那条马路在维修。Then the fish was being cooked by mother.当时,妈妈正在煮那条鱼。2.过去进行时态被动语态的使用场合(1)时间状语为at that time,at that moment,then等时。At that time bikes were being used the most as the means of transportation.那时自行车是使用最多的一种交通方式。The issue was at that moment being discussed.当时那个问题正在讨论中。(2)时间状语为at 10:00 yesterday evening、from 7:00 am to 8:00 am yesterday等时。The news was being broadcast at 8:00 last night.昨晚8点时那则新闻正在播出。From 8:00 am to 10:00 am yesterday,an English oral contest was being held in our school.昨天上午8到10点,我们学校在举行英语口语大赛。三、过去将来时态的被动语态1.过去将来时态被动语态的构成过去将来时态的被动语态由“would be+动词过去分词”或“was/were going to be+动词过去分词”构成。The manager said his new plan would be carried out soon.经理说他的新计划不久就会实施。A new library would be built next term.下学期将建一个新的图书馆。2.过去将来时态被动语态的使用场合(1)在宾语从句中,当主句为过去时态,从句表示将来时。Our headmaster told us that our classroom would be moved into a new school building.我们的校长告诉我们,我们的教室将搬到一栋新的教学楼里。We couldn’t imagine how such a complex task would be accomplished.我们无法想象这样一个复杂的任务将如何完成。(2)在状语从句中,当从句为过去时态,主句表示将来时。When you arrived there,you would be told the truth.你到达那里时,会有人告诉你真相。If the fog was too heavy,your flight would be cancelled.如果雾太大,你们的航班将会被取消。四、过去完成时态的被动语态1.过去完成时态被动语态的构成过去完成时态的被动语态由“had been+动词过去分词”构成。The girl who helped the homeless had been found.帮助那个无家可归的人的女孩已经被找到了。Dad’s new novel had been finished.爸爸的新小说已经完成了。2.过去完成时态被动语态的使用场合(1)时间状语为since或for引出的一段时间,且结束时间为过去。It overturned the rational tradition that had been built upon since the Renaissance.它颠覆了自文艺复兴以来建立的理性传统。The Greens lived in their old house.Their new flat had been decorated for half a year.格林一家还住在他们的旧房子里。他们的新公寓装修已经半年之久了。(2)时间状语为by+过去时间、by the end of+过去时间等。By the time the war ended,millions of people had been killed.到战争结束时,已经死亡了数百万人。All the tickets had been sold out by the end of last weekend.到上周末为止,所有的票都已经卖出。(3)当状语从句中的主句和从句的动作都发生在过去,则先发生的动作用过去完成时态。After all of my homework had been finished,I went to bed.所有的作业都完成后我睡觉了。There was nobody in the office because the lights had been turned off.办公室没有人了,因为所有的灯都关了。(4)在宾语从句中,主句为过去时态,从句动作在主句之前已经发生。The boy found that his room had been cleaned.那男孩发现他的房间已经被打扫过了。His friends felt surprised that his plan had been changed.他的朋友们对他的计划发生改变感到意外。【迁移应用】用所给词的适当形式填空1.By last Friday all the walls 　　　　　　　　(paint). 2.In May,2021,a new high-speed railway 　　　　　　　(build). 3.Tom didn’t correct his mistake,so he 　　　　　　　　　　　(punish) by his teacher. 4.We didn’t read in the library because it 　　　　　　　　　 (decorate) at that time. 5.When Sandy got home after school,she found her clothes 　　　　　　　　(wash). had been paintedwas builtwas punished　was being decorated　had been washed随堂练习Ⅰ.单词拼写1.Feeling sick,David went to the c　　　　　　 to consult his doctor. 2.Kate’s mother operates a g　　　　　　 in her suburb selling vegetables,fruits and other living goods. 3.The suspect was at last r　　　　　　 because of a lack of evidence. 4.She opened the door quietly so as not to d　　　　　 the sleeping child. 5.During the match,the two teams came into 　　　　　(冲突). clinic　grocery　released　disturbconflict　6.The teacher was carrying a 　　　　　(包裹) of books under her arm,heading to the classroom. 7.We can’t now surf the Internet.There must be something wrong with the 　　　　　(网络). 8.Even if he is so busy,Mr Liu pays a 　　　　　(两月一次的) visit to his uncle. parcel　network　bimonthlyⅡ.单句填空1.All these volunteers are 　　　　　(random) divided into eight groups. 2.The successful manager owes his success to his father’s constant 　　　 　　(encourage). 3.The new movie really leaves us a good 　　　　　(impress). 4.Since you’ve realised your mistake,you need make an 　　　　(apologise) to your brother. 5.Over the years several similar 　　　　　(theory) have been put forward. 6.The 　　　 　　(disagree) arose over a different use of terminology. randomly　encouragement　impression　apology　theories　disagreement　7.During the last decades humans 　　　　　　　(go) into space further and further. 8.Once 　　　　　(catch),the criminal might be sentenced to death. 9.At last they found that it was the wealthiest man 　　　　　donated to the charity least. 10.Only when a theory is based 　　　　　facts may it be accepted. have gone　caught　that/whoon/uponⅢ.课文语法填空Referring to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people,“Six Degrees of Separation” was first talked about as 1. 　　　　　(early) as the 1920s.In the 1950s,two scientists made an attempt 2. 　　　　　　　 (prove) the theory 3.　　　　　　　　　 (mathematic),but failed.In 1967,American sociologist Stanley Milgram tested the theory with a new method called the “small-world problem”,and it was this research 4. 　　　　　　　 inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”. early　to prove　mathematicallythat　With the theory and the phrase 5.　　　　　　　　　　 (appear) again in the last few decades,the name of “Six Degrees of Separation” was used 6.　　　 the title of a play and then a movie.Afterwards,7. 　　　　 (base) on the concept,more movies and TV programmes were made and broadcast. In 2003,Milgram’s experiment 8.　　　　　 (try) online.Known as the “Columbia Small-world Project”,the experiment 9.　　　　　results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 10.　　　　　 (be) six involved 24,163 email chains with 18 target people in 13 different countries.And most recently,in 2011 an experiment at the University of Milan found 92 percent social media users were connected by only four stages,or five degrees of separation. having appearedas　basedwas triedwhose　wasⅣ.概要写作根据P8—P9课文内容,完成下面的内容概要。1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(直到1967年) when Stanley Milgram did a research that the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation” was inspired.2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(过去的数十年已经见证了) films and TV programmes based on the concept.In 2003,3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(一项实验的结果证实) the average number of links in the chain was six.In 2011 another experiment found nearly all the analysed online users 4.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (仅通过4个阶段就可建立联系),or five degrees of separation. It wasn’t until 1967The last few decades have seen　he results of an experimentconfirmed thatwere connected by only four stages本课结束