专题11 阅读理解说明文-2023年高考英语真题及模拟题英语分类汇编（含答案解析）

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专题11阅读理解说明文-2023年高考真题及模拟题汇编

2023年高考真题
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
8. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
11. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. B 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
Passage 7
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。

2023年名校模拟题
Passage 1
（2023·陕西·统考三模）In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine(海洋的)systems, a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA), which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic(遗传学的) material they leave behind. This “DNA soup” offers clues about biodiversity changes in sensitive areas and the presence of rare or endangered species-all critical to understanding and preserving a healthy ocean.
Researchers combined two novel autonomous platforms developed by MBARI for this study-the Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(LRAUV) and the Environmental Sample Processor(ESP). The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships. The ESP is a robotic “laboratory-in-a-can” that filters(过滤)  seawater and preserves eDNA for future study. By equipping an LRAUV with ESP technology, researchers can monitor the ocean better.
“We know that eDNA is an incredibly powerful tool for studying ocean communities, but we’ve been limited by what we can accomplish using expensive crewed research ships. Now, autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean,” said Kobun Truelove, a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper.
Marine biodiversity is a measure of the abundance of individuals and species in the ocean. This interconnected mixture of organisms supports food webs, produces the air we breathe, and regulates our climate. Autonomous tools like the LRAUV and ESP enable MBARI researchers to monitor changes in sensitive ecosystems in ways that were not possible previously.
“Ship-based research will continue to play an important role in oceanographic studies, but adding new autonomous technology to the toolkit will expand capacity for research, monitoring, and resource management,” said Truelove.
1．What do the underlined words “aquatic species” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Those living in water. B．Those growing near water.
C．Those becoming endangered. D．Those consuming eDNA．
2．What can the LRAUV do?
A．Filter seawater effectively.
B．Preserve eDNA for future study.
C．Travel for months at a time in the ocean.
D．Reach remote areas of the ocean frequently.
3．What can we infer from Truelove’s words?
A．Autonomous technology is more economical and efficient.
B．Ship-based research is more time-saving and energy-saving.
C．Autonomous robots have entirely replaced traditional research ships.
D．Crewed research ships help researchers study new parts of the ocean.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Researchers Discover a “DNA Soup”
B．Autonomous Technology Needs Improving
C．Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health
D．The Biodiversity of the Ocean Needs Protection
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了对环境DNA进行采样以监测海洋健康的最新技术。
1．词句猜测题。根据上下文语境以及上文的“In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems（这是监测海洋生物多样性的重要一步）”可知，科学家监测的是海洋生物，所以画线词也应该指的是“海洋中的生物”。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships.（LRAUV一次可以航行数周，航行数百公里。与传统的科考船相比，它可以在偏远地区进行更频繁的采样）”可知，远程自主水下航行器(LRA UV) 可以经常到达海洋的偏远地区。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段的句子“Now, autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean,” said Kobun Truelove, a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper.（“我们知道eDNA是研究海洋群落的一个非常强大的工具，但我们一直受到使用昂贵的载人研究船所能完成的限制。现在，自主技术正在帮助我们更好地利用我们的时间和资源来研究以前未调查的海洋区域”，MBARI的生物海洋学家、该论文的主要作者Kobun Truelove说）”可以推论出，自主技术更加经济、高效。故选A项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems, a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA), which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic material they leave behind. ”（在监测海洋系统生物多样性方面迈出了重要一步，发表在《环境DNA》杂志上的一项新研究详细介绍了蒙特利湾水族馆研究所(MBARI)的研究人员如何使用自主水下机器人对环境DNA进行采样，这使得科学家能够从水生物种留下的微小遗传物质中检测到它们的存在。）可知，本文主要介绍了对环境DNA进行采样以监测海洋健康的最新技术。所以，用C项“Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health”作为本文的题目，与文章主题相符合。故选C项。
Passage 2
（2023·湖北·校联考模拟预测）“Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaration of defiance (抗争) is among the most famous passages in Herman Melville’s novel.
In reality, such victories of the hunted over the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel world of industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean of them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared from the Southern Ocean by the time a ban on hunting it was introduced in 1967.
Sightings of the largest mammal ever to live on the earth had been rare in the region since then. Not any more. A survey of coastal waters around the island of South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.
In just over three weeks, in the krill-rich waters of what was once their main feeding ground, the movements of 55 Antarctic blues were recorded by the British Antarctic Survey. The finding was described as “truly, truly amazing” by one cetacean specialist. It suggests that when a comprehensive audit (审计), due in 2021, is carried out, there is a good chance that the species will prove to be in full recovery mode, as are humpbacks and other whales in the southern hemisphere.
Three years ago, the Natural History Museum established a 25m skeleton (骨架) of a blue whale and named it Hope, intending to inspire new generations to build a sustainable future.
The return of the world’s most splendid ocean travellers to southern waters should serve as an example for wider possibilities of conservation. Ecological wrongs can be righted, or at least mitigated, with sufficient will and organisations.
The more general comeback of the whale - for which environmental campaigners should take a great deal of credit — can be an inspiration for victories yet to be won. It could also act as an added motivation to action on the climate emergency.
5．What’s the author’s purpose of mentioning the famous passage in Herman Melville’s novel?
A．To describe a hunter’s bravery. B．To introduce the topic of the text.
C．To stress the popularity of the novel. D．To offer information about whale hunting.
6．Why was a 25m skeleton of a blue whale named Hope?
A．To attract tourists to visit the museum.
B．To show the unkindness of whale hunters.
C．To motivate humans to live harmoniously with nature.
D．To call on people to pay attention to the blue whales’ habitat.
7．What does the underlined word “mitigated” in paragraph 6 probably mean?
A．Developed. B．Promoted. C．Reduced. D．Solved.
8．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The blue whales’ comeback B．The cruelty of industrial whaling
C．The importance of protecting whales D．The sustainable development of the Antarctic area
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在环保人士的努力下，更多的蓝鲸正在逐步回归海洋。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段““Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaration of defiance (抗争) is among the most famous passages in Herman Melville’s novel.(“我向你滚来滚去，你这条毁灭一切却又不可战胜的大鲸；我要与你搏斗到底；我从地狱之心刺向你；为了仇恨，我向你吐出最后一口气。”亚哈船长临死前的反抗宣言是赫尔曼·梅尔维尔小说中最著名的段落之一)”以及第二段“In reality, such victories of the hunted over the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel world of industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean of them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared from the Southern Ocean by the time a ban on hunting it was introduced in 1967.(实际上，在残酷的工业捕鲸世界里，这样的被捕者对猎人的胜利只是一种幻想。其中最大的鲸类动物蓝鲸，在1967年禁止捕猎蓝鲸时，几乎从南大洋消失了)”可推知，作者提到赫尔曼·麦尔维尔这部小说中最著名的桥段之一，是为了引出本文要讨论的话题。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段“Three years ago, the Natural History Museum established a 25m skeleton (骨架) of a blue whale and named it Hope, intending to inspire new generations to build a sustainable future.(三年前，自然历史博物馆建立了一具25米长的蓝鲸骨架，并将其命名为“希望”，旨在激励新一代建设可持续发展的未来)”可知，一具25米长的蓝鲸骨架被命名为“希望”是为了激励人类与自然和谐相处，建设可持续发展的未来。故选C。
7．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Ecological wrongs can be righted, or at least”以及后文“with sufficient will and organisations.”可知，“at least”的语意比righted轻，说明只要有足够的意愿和组织，生态错误是可以纠正的，或者至少是可以减轻的。故画线词意思是“减少”。故选C。
8．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Sightings of the largest mammal ever to live on the earth had been rare in the region since then. Not any more. A survey of coastal waters around the island of South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.(从那以后，在这个地区很少能看到这种地球上最大的哺乳动物。现在不是了。对亚南极南乔治亚岛周围沿海水域的调查取得了显著成果)”结合文章主要介绍了在环保人士的努力下，更多的蓝鲸正在逐步回归海洋。A选项“蓝鲸的回归”符合语境。故选A。
Passage 3
（2023·山东济南·统考三模）For motorcycle enthusiasts, nothing beats the excitement of riding your motorcycle on the open highway with the wind on your back. With gas prices rising, riding motorcycles is economical and a much greener way to travel. Along with the benefits comes the risk of personal injury if an accident occurs. After all, you’re not protected by steel like you are while driving your car. Besides a helmet (头盔), the latest safety innovations, new airbag jeans, are personal airbags that you can wear to better protect your life.
Airbags have been protecting people in car accidents for decades. Now, a Swedish company, Mo’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technology company which previously produced upper body protection for motorcycle riders, to design and produce the airbags jeans. This kind of airbag can offer protection for the motorcycle rider’s lower body, especially the tailbone, in case of an accident. According to the company, “It reformed the airbag technology to protect the first bone of the spinal column (脊柱), because spinal column injury is the leading cause of disability among motorcycle riders.”
The airbag jeans look like conventional trousers. Its component is removable and the jeans can be washed, dried, and worn again. The jeans are made of a fabric called Armalith which is stronger and weighs less than steel. Armalith helps to prevent riders from injuries caused by force of friction after a fall. The airbags fixed into the fabric help protect the rider if he or she falls off the motorcycle. If the rider is separated from the vehicle, the airbags are touched off in seconds. That’s because the mechanism is actually a chain that connects the jeans to the motorcycle.
Mo’cycle’s airbag jeans are available on the company’s crowdfunding campaign along with an airbag shirt and a complete protection package. Obviously, they can provide protection for more motorcycle riders. Making the roads safer for them is certainly a worthy effort.
9．What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?
A．To show the popularity of motorcycles. B．To stress the necessity of airbags jeans.
C．To state the importance of wearing helmets. D．To display the excitement of highway riding.
10．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．The tailbone injuries are hard to identify.
B．Airbags offer overall protection for riders.
C．Mo cycle is famous for airbag design and production.
D．The airbag jeans are based on the existing technology.
11．What is a feature of airbag jeans?
A．They lead a new fashion trend. B．They are comfortable to wear.
C．They are quick in response. D．They need fixing regularly.,
12．How does the author feel about the future of the airbag jeans?
A．Indifferent. B．Uncertain. C．Promising. D．Curious.
【答案】9．B 10．D 11．C 12．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了安全气囊牛仔裤可以更好地保护人们的生命，文章介绍了安全气囊牛仔裤的原理以及涉及的技术。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“For motorcycle enthusiasts, nothing beats the excitement of riding your motorcycle on the open highway with the wind on your back. With gas prices rising, riding motorcycles is economical and a much greener way to travel. Along with the benefits comes the risk of personal injury if an accident occurs. After all, you’re not protected by steel like you are while driving your car. Besides a helmet (头盔), the latest safety innovations, new airbag jeans, are personal airbags that you can wear to better protect your life.(对于摩托车爱好者来说，没有什么比骑着摩托车在开阔的高速公路上迎风而行更令人兴奋的了。随着汽油价格的上涨，骑摩托车是一种既经济又环保的出行方式。随着这些好处而来的是，如果发生事故，人身伤害的风险。毕竟，你不像开车时那样受到钢铁的保护。除了头盔之外，最新的安全创新产品——新型安全气囊牛仔裤——是一种个人安全气囊，你可以穿上它来更好地保护你的生命)”可推知，第一段的目的是强调安全气囊牛仔裤的必要性。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段“Now, a Swedish company, Mo’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technology company which previously produced upper body protection for motorcycle riders, to design and produce the airbags jeans. This kind of airbag can offer protection for the motorcycle rider’s lower body, especially the tailbone, in case of an accident. According to the company, “It reformed the airbag technology to protect the first bone of the spinal column (脊柱), because spinal column injury is the leading cause of disability among motorcycle riders.”(现在，一家瑞典公司Mo’cycle与一家安全气囊技术公司合作，设计和生产安全气囊牛仔裤。该公司之前为摩托车手生产上半身保护装置。这种安全气囊可以在发生事故时保护摩托车骑手的下半身，特别是尾骨。据该公司介绍，“它改革了安全气囊技术，以保护脊柱的第一块骨头，因为脊柱损伤是摩托车骑手致残的主要原因。”)”可推知，安全气囊牛仔裤是基于现有技术。故选D。
11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“If the rider is separated from the vehicle, the airbags are touched off in seconds.(如果骑手与车辆分离，安全气囊会在几秒钟内被触发)”可知，安全气囊牛仔裤的特点反应迅速。故选C。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Obviously, they can provide protection for more motorcycle riders. Making the roads safer for them is certainly a worthy effort.(显然，他们可以为更多的摩托车骑手提供保护。让道路对他们来说更安全当然是值得的)”可推知，作者认为安全气囊牛仔裤的未来很有前途。故选C。
Passage 4
（2023·广东东莞·校联考模拟预测）As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nobody is immune to this economy,” says Tola Olorunnisola, who leads innovation in the lab at Avantor, an international science-management company in Pennsylvania. Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becoming more conscious of costs,” she says.
The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means they’re not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, they’ll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient.
Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanford University in California, estimates that lab supplies historically account for roughly 20%of his overall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting.
Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, it’s up to scientists to find creative ways to diminish costs. One option is to rethink experimental design.
“It will probably take more than discounts from lab-supply companies to truly protect scientists from the impact of rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless something is done on a large scale to either stabilize costs or increase funding, science is likely to suffer. If you have less money, you’re going to have fewer people or be less productive, which means you’re going to have fewer grants (拨款) which means you’re going to have fewer people. That’s probably happening to a lot of labs these days, and the question is: When is it going to stop?”
13．For what did Olorunnisola visit some labs in different places?
A．Seeing how researchers struggle against inflation.
B．Proving everyone has to face the rising price.
C．Learning about the pressure of researchers.
D．Helping researchers overcome economic difficulty.
14．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The cause of increasing lab costs. B．The effects of the rising lab costs.
C．The tough choices of researchers. D．The ways of making labs efficient.
15．What does the underlined word “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Reduce. B．Calculate. C．Restore. D．Keep.
16．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Scientists face many problems B．The price of goods is rising quickly
C．Labs have to tighten supplies budgets D．People hold different opinions of price
【答案】13．D 14．B 15．A 16．C
【导语】本文是说明文。随着世界各地燃料、商品和住房成本的激增，实验室的科研人员不得不削减成本以应对通货膨胀。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段“Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets.(Olorunnisola访问了荷兰、瑞士和爱尔兰的实验室，帮助研究人员找到扩大预算的方法)”可知，Olorunnisola访问了荷兰，瑞士和爱尔兰的实验室，其目的是帮助科研人员克服经济困难。故选D。
14．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means they’re not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, they’ll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient.(实验室成本的增加迫使科学家们做出了一些艰难的选择。科学预算是相当固定的。如果他们花双倍的钱买东西，这意味着他们没有买别的东西。科学家们可以继续推进他们的研究项目，但为了避免预算超支，他们可能需要调整他们的购买习惯，并采取措施提高实验室的效率)”可知，本段主要讲述了实验室成本的增加给科研人员带来的一系列问题及其影响。故选B。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, it’s up to scientists to find creative ways to”可知，如果不大幅增加资金以跟上通货膨胀的步伐，那么科研人员就必须找到创造性的方法来削减成本。故划线词意思是“减少”。故选A。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure.(随着燃料、食品杂货和住房成本在世界范围内的突然上涨，科学家们正在板凳上与通货膨胀作斗争。几乎所有进行科学研究所需的物品都比一年前贵了。这意味着几乎每个研究人员都感到了压力)”结合文章主要说明了随着世界各地燃料、商品和住房成本的微增，实验室的科研人员不得不削减成本以应对通货膨胀。C选项“实验室必须收紧供应预算”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Passage 5
（2023·河南·校联考模拟预测）The invasive (入侵的) species, also called introduced species or foreign species, is any nonnative species that significantly changes or damages the ecosystem it invades. Such species may arrive in new areas through natural migration, but they are often introduced by the activities of other species. Human activities, such as those involved in global commerce and the pet trade, are considered to be the most common ways in which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats.
Most introduced species do not survive extended periods in new habitats, because they do not possess the necessary adaptations to adjust to the challenges posed by their new surroundings. Some introduced species may become invasive when they possess a built-in competitive advantage over native species in invaded areas. They change native food chains and in some cases even get to the top of the food chains, which means the ecosystem lacks natural enemy capable of keeping them in check. Under these circumstances, new arrivals can get the chance to reproduce in large numbers.
The ecological damage that tends to follow such invasions often reduces the ecosystem’s biodiversity and causes economic harm to people who depend on the ecosystem’s biological resources. Invasive species may be so good at catching preys that victim populations decline over time, and many victim species die out in the affected ecosystem. Other invasive species, in contrast, may prevent native species from obtaining food, living space, or other resources. Over time, invasive species can effectively replace native ones, often forcing the localized extinction of many native species. Invasive plants and animals may also serve as disease carriers that spread parasites (寄生虫) and viruses that may further do harm to the invaded area.
17．How do introduced species mainly travel to a new place?
A．Through natural reproduction. B．Through natural migration.
C．Through human activities. D．Though social interactions.
18．What happens to most introduced species in new habitats?
A．They become extinct worldwide. B．They survive from any challenges.
C．They dominate the new world. D．They die off in a short period.
19．What does the underlined word “preys” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Creatures that are hunted and eaten.
B．Species that die out in a new place.
C．Species at the top of food chains.
D．Creatures at the bottom of food chains.
20．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Invasive Species Around the World
B．Invasive Species and Their Impact
C．The Ways Invasive Species Spread
D．The Classification of Introduced Species
【答案】17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是外来物种的定义及其对新环境的影响。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“Human activities, such as those involved in global commerce and the pet trade, are considered to be the most common ways in which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats.(人类活动，例如涉及全球商业和宠物贸易的活动，被认为是入侵植物、动物、微生物和其他生物被转移到新栖息地的最常见方式)”可知，引进的物种主要是通过人类活动传播到一个新的地方，故选C。
18．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Most introduced species do not survive extended periods in new habitats, because they do not possess the necessary adaptations to adjust to the challenges posed by their new surroundings.(大多数引进的物种不能在新的栖息地长时间生存，因为它们没有必要的适应能力来适应新环境带来的挑战)”可知，进入新栖息地的大多数引进物种会在短时间内死亡。故选D。
19．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Invasive species may be so good at catching(入侵物种可能非常善于捕捉)”和下文定语从句“that victim populations decline over time, and many victim species die out in the affected ecosystem.(随着时间的推移，受害物种数量减少，许多受害物种在受影响的生态系统中灭绝)”可知，preys指的是被猎杀和吃掉的生物。故选A。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“The invasive (入侵的) species, also called introduced species or foreign species, is any nonnative species that significantly changes or damages the ecosystem it invades.(入侵物种，也被称为引进物种或外来物种，是任何非本地物种显著改变或破坏其入侵的生态系统)”和第二段的“They change native food chains and in some cases even get to the top of the food chains, which means the ecosystem lacks natural enemy capable of keeping them in check.(它们改变了当地的食物链，在某些情况下甚至到达了食物链的顶端，这意味着生态系统缺乏能够控制它们的天敌)”及第三段的“The ecological damage that tends to follow such invasions often reduces the ecosystem’s biodiversity and causes economic harm to people who depend on the ecosystem’s biological resources.(这种入侵往往会造成生态破坏，往往会减少生态系统的生物多样性，并对依赖生态系统生物资源的人们造成经济损害)”可知，本文主要讲的是外来物种的定义及其对新环境的影响。由此可知，B选项“Invasive Species and Their Impact(入侵物种及其影响)”适合作本文标题。故选B。
Passage 6
（2023·浙江·校联考模拟预测）A growing body of research suggests that the gut microbiome (消化道菌群) could play a major role in a rising chronic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms. It often follows a viral infection which can lead to a “disruption” in a balanced gut ecosystem. Actually, an increasing number of Americans have been the sufferers since the outbreak of COVID-19.
Two recent studies published in Cell Host &Microbe point to changes in the microbiome as a possible cause of CFS. Research groups at Columbia University and the Jackson Laboratory performed detailed analyses of the microbes in stool (粪便) samples from patients with CFS and compared them to healthy controls.
The two groups found similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients compared to control patients. They focused on bacteria that produce butyrate, a fatty acid involved in regulating metabolism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several roles in directing the body’s response to infections, while also protecting the barrier between the intestine (肠) and the circulatory system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and more,” says Brent Williams, lead author on the Columbia study. Williams and his colleagues extensively analyzed the role of butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a correlation between low levels of bacteria that produce this acid and more severe symptoms.
Parallel findings from the Jackson Laboratory team suggest the bacteria that produce butyrate could be used to diagnose CFS. Previous research has identified microbiome issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which microbes could be related to the illness.
More research on butyrate-producing bacteria and other species identified in the studies is necessary to investigate these potential biomarkers of CFS, the authors say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria could be used to diagnose the illness, which is currently identified based on symptoms alone.
The findings additionally point toward possible treatments, such as probiotics or microbiome-focused diet adjustments—though patients who have been sick for long periods may require drugs that alleviate the damage done to their metabolism or immune system.
21．What do we know about CFS?
A．It is caused by COVID-19 only. B．It is an illness with systemic symptoms.
C．It breaks the balance of the gut ecosystem. D．The number of the infected is on the decrease.
22．How did the researcher carry out the recent studies?
A．By controlling data. B．By identifying genes.
C．By analyzing samples. D．By comparing symptoms.
23．Which of the following is NOT the significance of the recent researches?
A．Butyrate’s multiple functions are promoted.
B．Targeted gut microbes may be used to diagnose CFS.
C．Certain microbes responsible for CFS are narrowed down.
D．Probiotics supplement with drugs can be a treatment for CFS.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．Gut microbiome may be the key to CFS. B．Microbes help digest food and aid absorption.
C．Man’s gut is a rich, diverse tropical rainforest. D．New method for diagnosing CFS are provided.
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 24．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段“The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms.(这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是强烈的疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”可知，慢性疲劳综合症是一种有全身性症状的疾病。故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段“Research groups at Columbia University and the Jackson Laboratory performed detailed analyses of the microbes in stool (粪便) samples from patients with CFS and compared them to healthy controls.(哥伦比亚大学和杰克逊实验室的研究小组对慢性疲劳综合症患者粪便样本中的微生物进行了详细分析，并将其与健康对照进行了比较)”可知，研究人员通过分析样本进行的研究。故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Parallel findings from the Jackson Laboratory team suggest the bacteria that produce butyrate could be used to diagnose CFS.(杰克逊实验室团队的类似发现表明，产生丁酸盐的细菌可以用来诊断慢性疲劳综合症)”；倒数第二段“If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria could be used to diagnose the illness, which is currently identified based on symptoms alone.(如果这些发现被复制，特定的肠道细菌可以用来诊断疾病，目前仅根据症状来识别疾病)”以及最后一段“The findings additionally point toward possible treatments, such as probiotics or microbiome-focused diet adjustments—though patients who have been sick for long periods may require drugs that alleviate the damage done to their metabolism or immune system.(研究结果还指出了可能的治疗方法，比如益生菌或以微生物群为重点的饮食调整——尽管长期患病的患者可能需要药物来减轻对新陈代谢或免疫系统的损害)”可知，A选项“促进丁酸盐的多种功能”不是研究的意义。故选A。
24．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A growing body of research suggests that the gut microbiome (消化道菌群) could play a major role in a rising chronic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃肠道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms.(越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可能在越来越多的慢性疾病中发挥重要作用，这些疾病会使我们的身体变得更弱。这种疾病通常被称为慢性疲劳综合征（CFS），其特征是剧烈疲劳、胃肠道问题、肌肉疼痛和认知挑战，如头痛和注意力不集中等症状)”结合文章介绍了一项研究开展的过程以及其研究发现的意义可知，这篇文章的主要讲述肠道微生物群可能是慢性疲劳综合症的关键。故选A。
Passage 7
（2023·山东日照·统考三模）A new wearable device that wraps around your finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while you sleep and use it to generate electricity, according to the developers from University of California, San Die go.
Most power producing wearable device require wearers to perform intense exercise or depend on external sources such as sunlight or large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system to generate electricity from sweat in your fingertips, even if you are sleeping or sitting completely still. This is because the finger tips are the sweatiest part of the body. So, thanks to a smart sponge material, this can be collected and processed by conductors.
The energy harvester produced small amounts of electricity when the wearer presses down or starts to sweat, or from light finger tapping. It does this by converting activities like typing, texting, or playing the piano into extra charge.
Finger tips have one of the highest concentrations of sweat grands in the body, with coach finger producing between 100 and 1,000 times more sweat than most other areas, according to the researchers.
Co-first author doctoral student Mr. Bin said: “The reason why we feel sweatier on other parts of the body is that those spots are not well ventilated (通风的). By contrast, the finger tips are always exposed to air, so the sweat evaporated as it comes out. So rather than letting it evaporate, we use our device to collect this sweat, and it can generate a significant amount of energy.”
The device is equipped with electrical conductors or electrode (电极) made from a carbon foam, which absorbs any finger sweat. Enzyme (酶) on the electrode then cause a chemical sweat molecule to generate electricity.
The device only stores up a little bit power at the moment, and would take about three weeks of constant wear to power a smart phone, but the researchers hope to increase capacity in future.
25．How is the new device different from other wearables?
A．It is cost-effective. B．It is harmless to skin.
C．It required no exercise. D．It produced electricity.
26．What does the underlined word “evaporate” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Changes into a gas. B．Freezes in the air.
C．Drops to the ground. D．B c comes bigger in amount.
27．What is the disadvantage of the device?
A．It is extremely small in size. B．It is very difficult to operate.
C．It has a very limited power capacity. D．It relies much on temperature changes.
28．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Sweats Fingertips B．Power from Fingertips
C．An Electrical Conductor D．A Rechargeable Device
【答案】25．C 26．A 27．C 28．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的研究发现，研发人员发明了一种新型的可穿戴设备，该设备可以像膏药一样缠在手指上，在你睡觉时收集汗水，并利用它来发电。
25．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Most power producing wearable device require wearers to perform intense exercise or depend on external sources such as sunlight or large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system to generate electricity from sweat in your fingertips, even if you are sleeping or sitting completely still.(大多数产生能量的可穿戴设备都需要佩戴者进行剧烈运动，或者依赖于外部资源，如阳光或温度的巨大变化。但这款新产品采用了一种被动系统，即使你在睡觉或坐着不动，也能从你指尖的汗液中发电。)”可知，这种设备即使是在你不运动的情况下，也可以从你指尖的汗液中发电。故选C。
26．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“The reason why we feel sweatier on other parts of the body is that those spots are not well ventilated (通风的).(我们身体其他部位出汗更多的原因是这些部位通风不佳。)”可推断，他的意思是我们身体的其他部位出汗多是因为那些部位不通风。而对比之下，“the finger tips are always exposed to air(指尖总是暴露在空气中)”可推测，指尖没有多少汗水，由此推断，指尖没有汗水是因为汗水一出来就蒸发了。所以划线单词的意思和“蒸发”相似。选项A“Changes into a gas. (变成气体)”，符合意思。故选A。
27．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The device only stores up a little bit power at the moment, and would take about three weeks of constant wear to power a smart phone, but the researchers hope to increase capacity in future.(该设备目前只能储存一点点能量，并且需要持续佩戴大约三周才能为智能手机供电，但研究人员希望将来能增加容量。)”可知，该设备的容量不够大。故选C。
28．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A new wearable device that wraps around your finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while you sleep and use it to generate electricity, according to the developers from University of California, San Die go.(加州大学圣迭戈分校的研发人员日前表示，一种新型可穿戴设备可以像膏药一样缠在手指上，在你睡觉时收集汗水，并利用它来发电。)”以及整篇文章内容可知，文章主要介绍了一种新型的可穿戴设备，该设备可以佩戴在手指并收集汗水，用来发电。所以“Power from Fingertips(来自指尖的电能)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。
Passage 8
（2023·广东广州·广州六中校考三模）We often find ourselves struggling to control our thoughts, but why is it so hard to stop our minds wandering? Research found our thoughts are less focused and under less control than we realize. In a 1996 study, participants reported more than 4,000 thoughts daily, each lasting no more than five seconds. In a 1987 study, people perceived 22% of their thoughts as strange, unacceptable or wrong. Then, is it possible to avoid unwanted thoughts, whether it’s an upcoming exam or an unpleasant conversation? The answer is: maybe.
In a 2022 study, the researchers showed paid volunteers a series of slides displaying different nouns. Each noun was repeated on five different slides. As they viewed the slides, the participants wrote down a word they associated with each given noun — for example, “road” in response to “car.” Only the experimental group were told they wouldn’t get paid for repeated words. With this method, the researchers sought to create a situation when someone experiences unwanted thoughts.
When the experimental group saw each noun for a second time, they took longer than the control group to come up with a new association, suggesting their first response popped into their mind before they replaced it. However, they got quicker each time they viewed the same slide, indicating that their association between the given word and their first response — the thought they were trying to avoid — was weakening.
“We didn’t find evidence that people can entirely avoid unwanted thoughts,” said research leader Isaac Fradkin. “But the results suggest that practice can help people get better.”
Not everyone agrees that a slideshow of random words can tell how people stop emotional thoughts. Other research suggests that avoiding thoughts can backfire. When we do it, we’re sending our brains a message. This effort labels them as something to be feared, making them more powerful.
In the end, it might make more sense to take a mindful approach. “We can allow these thoughts to just be in our minds, not holding onto them too tightly and not trying to fight them,” said Fradkin.
29．What can we learn about our thoughts from paragraph 1?
A．Most of our thoughts are valueless.
B．We tend to focus more on negative thoughts.
C．Our thoughts can occur and disappear easily.
D．We can’t keep our thoughts for over five seconds.
30．Why were the experimental group told not to repeat the related words?
A．To collect more associations.
B．To make the task more challenging.
C．To create a competitive atmosphere.
D．To set up a desired experimental context.
31．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 5?
A．Have an opposite effect. B．Take back the wrong message.
C．Reveal hidden problems. D．Cause a mental breakdown.
32．What does Fradkin advise us to do with unwanted thoughts?
A．Drive them away. B．Try to understand them.
C．Leave them alone. D．Learn to control them.
【答案】29．C 30．D 31．A 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们很难控制自己的思想，经常会有奇怪的、不可接受的或错误的想法。虽然没有证据表明人们可以完全避免这些不必要的想法，但研究表明，练习可以帮助人们变得更好。我们不应该逃避，或试图与它们作斗争，而是要顺其自然。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We often find ourselves struggling to control our thoughts, but why is it so hard to stop our minds wandering?...In a 1996 study, participants reported more than 4,000 thoughts daily, each lasting no more than five seconds.(我们常常发现自己很难控制自己的思想，但是为什么我们很难停止思想的游荡呢？……在1996年的一项研究中，参与者每天报告超过4000个想法，每个想法持续不超过5秒钟)”可知，我们很难停止思想游荡，这说明我们的想法很容易出现；参与者的每个想法持续不超过5秒钟，这说明我们的想法很容易消失。故选C。
30．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Only the experimental group were told they wouldn’t get paid for repeated words. With this method, the researchers sought to create a situation when someone experiences unwanted thoughts.(只有实验组被告知他们不会因为重复的话而得到报酬。用这种方法，研究人员试图创造一种情况，当有人经历不想要的想法)”可知，实验组被告知不要重复相关的单词这是为了创设理想的实验环境。故选D。
31．词句猜测题。根据画线单词下文“When we do it, we’re sending our brains a message. This effort labels them as something to be feared, making them more powerful.(当我们这么做的时候，我们在向我们的大脑传递一个信息。这种努力给它们贴上了令人畏惧的标签，使它们变得更加强大)”可知，逃避这些想法会给大脑传递一个信息，这会让这些想法变得更加强大，这说明逃避这些想法并不会使想法停止，反而使它们愈加强大。由此推知，逃避这些想法会产生使适得其反的结果，划线单词“backfire”意为“产生适得其反的结果”。故选A。
32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中““We can allow these thoughts to just be in our minds, not holding onto them too tightly and not trying to fight them,” said Fradkin.(“我们可以让这些想法只存在于我们的头脑中，而不是紧紧抓住它们不放，也不要试图与它们作斗争，”Fradkin说)”可知，Fradkin建议我们不要管这些我们不想要的想法，应该顺其自然。故选C。
Passage 9
（2023·江苏泰州·统考模拟预测）When you enjoy your morning cup of tea, you are probably not aware that those tea leaves can mean injury, or even death, for Asian elephants wandering Indian tea gardens.
In the Indian state of Assam, growing numbers of tea farms are destroying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their population. Much of the forest land where tea is grown in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches or small channels to prevent water from accumulating and hurting the plants. The trenches, however, can be death traps for the elephants.
Since the elephants need to use tea plantations as landmarks when traveling in forests, they almost unavoidably have to move through the farms. Moreover, because there are fewer humans around, pregnant females often use tea-growing areas as safe shelters to give birth. But baby elephants, still not used to rough ground may easily fall into the trenches and get hurt. Once injured, they might not be able to climb out. When mothers try to dig their babies out, both may be trapped in thick mud, even be killed. Furthermore, elephants are known to resist leaving their sick or dying behind, and a group may stay at a trench with a trapped baby for hours, unwilling to move on until all hope is lost.
Is there possibility for elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an organization that takes the initiative to make it possible. The organization encourages consumers to choose brands that take an active part in elephants protection, and has established a certification program to reward tea growers who are doing it right. Until now, only smaller tea brands have been certified, but awareness is growing. The organization believes that people may be encouraged to buy elephant-friendly brands when they know more about the risk tea can cause to these endangered animals.
33．Why do farmers in Assam dig trenches?
A．To trap elephants. B．To mark boundaries.
C．To protect tea trees. D．To expand tea farms.
34．What can we say about baby elephants?
A．They get stuck by the sharp branches of the tea trees.
B．They have difficulty moving around the uneven fields.
C．They might miss the landmarks while travelling in forests.
D．They fail to find a safe shelter when climbing out of trenches.
35．What does “it” underlined in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Encouraging consumers to choose high-quality brands.
B．Rewarding tea growers for protecting the environment.
C．Promoting elephant-friendly trenches and organizations.
D．Creating a win-win situation for elephants and tea farms.
36．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．The Trenches Pose Threats to Elephants
B．Habitat Loss Affects Endangered Animals
C．Growth of Tea Gardens Benefits Plantation
D．Farms Sponsor Environmental Organizations
【答案】33．C 34．B 35．D 36．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了茶叶种植对亚洲象的生存环境造成威胁及Elephant Friendly Tea组织为保证大象安全和茶叶生意的发展做出的努力。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Much of the forest land where tea is grown in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches or small channels to prevent water from accumulating and hurting the plants.”（大部分阿萨姆邦种植茶叶的林地都是平坦的，因此农民必须挖排水沟或小渠道，以防止雨水积聚和伤害植物。）可知，茶农挖沟渠是为了避免雨水集聚而损害茶树。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第三段中“But baby elephants, still not used to rough ground may easily fall into the trenches and get hurt.”（但是小象还不习惯粗糙的地面，很容易掉进沟渠里受伤。）可知，在不平整的地面上行走，小象面临许多困难，很容易掉进沟渠里。故选B项。
35．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“Is there possibility for elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an organization that takes the initiative to make it possible.”（大象有可能与蓬勃发展的茶业和谐相处吗?Elephant Friendly Tea是一个主动采取行动使it成为可能的组织。）可知，该组织采取行动，致力于保证大象安全和茶叶生意的发展，此处it指代上文提到的“elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business”，即大象保护和茶业发展的双赢局面。故选D项。
36．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“In the Indian state of Assam, growing numbers of tea farms are destroying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their population.”（在印度阿萨姆邦，越来越多的茶园正在破坏亚洲象的栖息地，并危及它们的数量。）及“The trenches, however, can be death traps for the elephants.”（然而，沟渠对大象来说可能是死亡陷阱。）并结合下文茶农挖的沟渠对大象的具体危害的描述可知，本文主要介绍了茶叶种植尤其是茶园内的沟渠对亚洲象的生存环境造成了威胁。故选A项。
Passage 10
（2023·山东聊城·统考三模）Researchers at North Carolina State University are proposing an additional white traffic light that will act as a sign to human drivers and passengers that they should follow the lead of self-driving vehicles moving through intersections (十字路口).
Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the road with autonomous vehicles. The transition to autonomous vehicles is progressing with each passing year and humans are no longer the only ones sitting behind an automobile’s steering wheel. This makes it urgent for traffic lights with a fourth color to become a reality.
The white traffic light would be equipped with wireless Bluetooth technology and would engage when the number of autonomous vehicles driving on the road at any given time exceeds a certain threshold (阈值). Autonomous vehicles would be in communication with each other and with the traffic lights at intersections, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix would be informed to follow the lead of the vehicle in front of them via the white light: stop if it stops, continue if it continues.
In simulation models, autonomous vehicles were shown to improve traffic flow on their own. The higher the percentage of autonomous vehicles at an intersection, the faster the traffic moved, with improvements of about 40 to 99 percent in terms of total delay reductions possible. “The white light can be used to coordinate (协调) traffic in any situation involving autonomous vehicles and tells human drivers what’s going on, so that they know what they are supposed to do as they approach the intersection,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.
As an example, most recently, Tesla’s problematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the forefront of public criticism after a car crashed into a fire truck. Consequently, the potential risks linked to autonomous driving are what made North Carolina State University researchers suggest adding a fourth color to traffic lights in the coming years.
37．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Strict traffic rules.
B．The upgrade of road system.
C．Increasing autonomous vehicles.
D．The high cost of self-driving technology.
38．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the white traffic light?
A．Its signal meaning. B．Its working principle.
C．Its complex database. D．Its potential applications.
39．What does Ali Hajbabaie convey in his words?
A．The white traffic light can help improve the flow of traffic.
B．Autonomous vehicles are potential threats to road safety.
C．It is difficult for elderly drivers to adapt to white traffic lights.
D．People had to be trained before driving on the roads with white traffic lights.
40．Why does the author mention the example of Tesla in the last paragraph?
A．To stress the popularity of driverless vehicles.
B．To prove the necessity of adding white traffic lights.
C．To call on the public to pay close attention to road safety.
D．To present the hidden dangers of using white traffic lights.
【答案】37．C 38．B 39．A 40．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了随着驾驶正在发生根本性变化，研究人员提出了设立一个额外的白色交通信号灯，它将作为一个标志，告诉人类司机和乘客，他们应该跟随自动驾驶汽车通过十字路口。
37．词义猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the road with autonomous vehicles. The transition to autonomous vehicles is progressing with each passing year and humans are no longer the only ones sitting behind an automobile’s steering wheel.This makes it urgent for traffic lights with a fourth color to become a reality. (驾驶正在发生根本性的变化。在未来，人类驾驶员将与自动驾驶汽车共享道路。向自动驾驶汽车的过渡每年都在推进，人类不再是唯一坐在汽车方向盘后面的人。这使得第四种颜色的交通信号灯迫切需要成为现实。)”可知，代词“this”指代的是上文提到的驾驶发生的变化，在未来，人类驾驶员将与自动驾驶汽车共享道路，道路上会不断增加自动驾驶汽车。故选C。
38．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“The white traffic light would be equipped with wireless Bluetooth technology and would engage when the number of autonomous vehicles driving on the road at any given time exceeds a certain threshold (阈值). Autonomous vehicles would be in communication with each other and with the traffic lights at intersections, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix would be informed to follow the lead of the vehicle in front of them via the white light: stop if it stops, continue if it continues.(白色交通灯将配备无线蓝牙技术，当任何时间行驶在道路上的自动驾驶车辆数量超过一定阈值时，它就会启动。在一定范围内，自动驾驶汽车可以相互通信，也可以与十字路口的交通灯通信。车辆中的任何人类驾驶员都将被告知通过白灯跟随前面车辆的指示：如果它停下来，就停下来，如果它继续行驶，就继续行驶。)”可知，第三段主要介绍了白色交通灯运行的原理，故选B。
39．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““The white light can be used to coordinate (协调) traffic in any situation involving autonomous vehicles and tells human drivers what’s going on, so that they know what they are supposed to do as they approach the intersection,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.(土木工程师Ali Hajbabaie说：“在任何涉及自动驾驶汽车的情况下，白色交通灯都可以用来协调交通，并告诉人类司机正在发生什么，这样他们就知道在接近十字路口时应该怎么做。”)”可知，Ali Hajbabaie认为白色交通灯可以帮助协调交通，从而使交通更顺畅。故选A。
40．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As an example, most recently, Tesla’s problematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the forefront of public criticism after a car crashed into a fire truck. Consequently, the potential risks linked to autonomous driving are what made North Carolina State University researchers suggest adding a fourth color to traffic lights in the coming years.(举个例子，最近，一辆特斯拉全自动驾驶汽车撞上一辆消防车后，成为公众批评的焦点。因此，与自动驾驶相关的潜在风险促使北卡罗来纳州立大学的研究人员建议在未来几年为交通信号灯增加第四种颜色。)”可知，文章举特斯拉的例子，是为了证明下文，也就是增加白色交通信号灯的必要性。故选B。