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一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——在不认识的词汇前划√
sophisticated adj. rhythm n.
emerge v. boom v.
friction n. virtue n.
consensus n. budget v.
consultant n. pace n.
tight adj. schedule n.
deadline n. super adj.
yell v. pension n.
pioneer n. migrant n.
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．movement n. 运动
2．approach n. 方法；步骤 v．走近，靠近
3．decline n. 衰退；下降；减少 v．衰退；下降
4．arise v. (由……)引起(产生)
5．vain adj. 自负的，自视过高的
6．parttime adj. 部分时间的，兼职的
7．quit v. 离开，辞去
8．protest n. 抗议
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．technique n．技巧；手法→technical adj.技术的
2．touch v．触动；感动；使动心→touched adj.感激的；受感动的→touching adj.令人感动的
3．harmony n．融洽，一致→harmonious adj.和谐的；融洽的
4．convention n．惯例→conventional adj.按惯例的；因袭的；传统的
5．devote v．为……付出时间/努力/金钱等→devotion n．热爱→devoted adj.忠诚的；挚爱的
6．beg v．请求，恳求→beggar n．乞丐
7．humor n．幽默→humorous adj.幽默的
1.ous结尾形容词一览
①humorous 诙谐的，幽默的
②curious 好奇的
③ambitious 野心勃勃的
④generous 慷慨的，大方的
2.“方法，步骤”名词大集合
①approach 方法；步骤
②method 方法，办法
③means 方法，手段
④process 步骤，程序
3.“减少；下降”真不少
①decline v． 衰退
②drop v. 下降
③decrease v. 减少
④fall v. 下降
⑤go down 下降
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．side__by__side 并排；并肩
2．be__bored__with 厌烦
3．take__advantage__of 利用
4．rather__than 而不是
5．in__order 有序地
6．try__out 尝试
7．be__blessed__with 有幸
8．come__out 出版
9．far__from 完全不
10．be__devoted__to 对……专一，专注
11．beg__for 乞求，请求
12．make__an__impression__on__sb. 给某人留下印象
1.“take＋n.＋prep.”短语大荟萃
①take advantage of 利用
②take care of 照顾
③take charge of 掌管
④take possession of 拥有
⑤take the place of 代替
⑥take an interest in 产生兴趣
2.“v.＋out”短语万花筒
①try out 尝试
②run out 用完
③work out 算出；解决；锻炼
④figure out 算出；理解
⑤leave out 省略；遗漏；不考虑
⑥pick out 挑选；区别出
3.come短语集锦
①come out 出版；结果是
②come across 偶遇；被理解
③come about 发生
④come to 苏醒；总计；达到
⑤come up 走进；发芽；被提出
⑥come up with 提出，想出
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the moment引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”
“The__moment__I__heard__it，” he said，“I knew it was a completely new kind of music.” 他说，“我一听到它，就知道这是一种全新的音乐。”
句型2：It doesn’t matter(to sb.)＋从句……没有关系/不重要
My message is that it__doesn’t__matter__if you’re black, white, fat, thin, old and young... 我想告诉大家的是，不管你是黑人还是白人，肥胖还是瘦小，年长还是年幼，这些都不重要……
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
A．根据汉语提示写出下列单词
1．Knowing basic firstaid techniques(技巧) will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
2．To forgive is a virtue(美德), but no one has ever said it is easy.
3．The man quarreled with his boss about the pay and quitted(放弃) the job.
4．We had intended to do everything according to the schedule(日程表), but it didn’t go on as planned.
5．Time is running out. It’s likely that we’ll miss the deadline(最后期限)．
B．根据所给单词写出适当形式
6．We will be exploring different approaches(approach) to gathering information.
7．At break, Mr. Connor got down to dealing with the matters arising(arise) from his class.
8．She declined(decline) to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn’t feeling well.
9．Devoting(devote) all his time to his business, he had little time taking care of his family.
10．Look! The family are living in perfect harmony. The neighbors all admire the harmonious atmosphere.(harmony)
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1．a.(2019·天津卷)If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that child his undivided attention.走近；靠近
b．(陕西卷)The staff soon found the new manager easy to approach.与……打交道
c．(北京卷)With great enthusiasm, he talked about how he finds issues and approaches them.处理
2．(2019·北京卷)The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team’s performance begins to decline.下降
Ⅲ.选词成篇
rather than; get/be bored with; try out; come out; make a(n)．..impression on sb.; side by side
I sat near the window 1.side__by__side with my friend, reading a book. The book which 2.came__out last month has 3.made__a deep impression__on me. The author 4.tried__out an amazing writing style 5.rather__than those traditional ones to share his views. Personally, I would never 6.get/be__bored__with the book.
take advantage of; in order; far from; beg for; be devoted to; be blessed with
To be honest, I 7.am__blessed__with a roommate who is always keeping everything 8.in__order. Besides, he 9.is not only devoted__to his study but also he 10.takes__advantage__of every minute to help others in need. His home is 11.far__from the school and his family is not rich, but he has never 12.begged__for others’ help.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我一听到这个音乐，就立刻兴奋起来。
The__moment__I__heard__the__music,__I got excited immediately.
2．你失败多少次都不要紧；要紧的是你有多少次站起来并再次尝试。
It__doesn’t__matter__how__many__times__you__fail;__what matters is how many times you stand up and try again.
decline vi.下降；衰落；婉拒 n．下降；减少；衰退
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)More efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline, and many other species appear headed toward extinction.
②(山东卷)In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to__visit(visit) Oxford.
③a.(2019·浙江卷6月)The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of California forests.
b．The number of the students in our school has declined to 2，500 since three years ago.
(1)be in decline 处于下降、衰退中
on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(减少)
(2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事
decline by/to 下降了/到……
[佳句背诵] I have no alternative but to decline your invitation, because I am occupied in preparing for my final exam. 我只得谢绝你的邀请，因为我忙于准备期末考试。
[名师点津] 表示增加或减少的幅度通常用介词by; 表示“增加到”或“减少到”则要用介词to。
harmony n．协调；融洽；一致
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(福建卷)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
②Only when we realize the importance of helping each other can we be devoted to building a harmonious(harmony) society.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③你昨天的所作所为与我们的计划不一致。(harmony n．) What you did yesterday was out__of__harmony__with our plan.
(1)in harmony with sb./sth.
与某人/某事协调；与某人/某事相配
out of harmony with sb./sth. 与某人/某事不协调
live/work in harmony 生活/工作得很融洽
(2)harmonious adj. 和谐的；协调的；和睦的
[佳句背诵] A successful apology can turn hate into harmony. 一个成功的道歉能化干戈为玉帛。(江苏卷)
devote v．为……付出时间/努力/金钱等
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·浙江卷6月)I still remember what you have devoted to improving(improve) my oral English and English writing.
②a.(湖南卷)You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted(devote) to your work.
b．We expressed our gratitude to the people devoted(devote) to protecting the ecology in the area.
c．(2017·天津卷)He is a devoted(devote) father because he was strict with his daughter and encouraged her when she was in trouble.
③A teacher’s devotion(devote) to education deserves great respect of the whole public because it brings benefits to the development of society.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
④(普通表达)Jane devotes__herself__to__teaching(致力于教育) the deaf children and she has little time to care for her own daughter.
⑤(高级表达)Devoting__herself__to__teaching__the__deaf__children,__Jane has little time to care for her own daughter.(现在分词短语作状语)
⑥(高级表达)Devoted__to__teaching__the__deaf__children,__Jane has little time to care for her own daughter.(过去分词短语作状语)
(1)devote...to (doing) sth.
把……献给；把……致力于
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于；专心于
(2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的
be devoted to (doing) sth.
献身于(做)某事；专心致志于(做)某事
(3)devotion n. 深爱；奉献
[佳句背诵] I could only devote two hours a day to the work.
我一天只能在这个工作上花两个小时。
[名师点津] 表示“专注于， 致力于”的表达还有： be absorbed in, be lost in, be buried in, be occupied in, focus on, concentrate on等。
[词块助记]
devote one’s energies to a job致力于一项工作
devote all one’s life to medical work for Chinese women and children为中国的妇女儿童医疗事业贡献毕生精力
rather than 而不是
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing(focus) on Chinese traditions.
②Rather than discuss all of these questions at length, we prefer to__focus(focus) on the impact of the heavy snow.
③Mary, rather than you, is(be) to blame for not finishing the work on time.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④我在星期五晚上很晚见到了他，更确切地说是在星期六早晨早些时候。
I met him very late on Friday night, or__rather,__early Saturday morning.
⑤除你本人之外还有别人知道这件事吗？
Does anybody other__than__yourself know this？
（1）
宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
（2）or rather 更确切地说
other than 除……之外
more than 很，非常；超过，不仅仅
[名师点津] (1)rather than用于连接两个并列成分，后接名词、代词、介词(短语)、形容词、副词、v.ing形式或不定式(rather than之后的并列不定式可省略to)；
(2)rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与它前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
far from 远不，完全不
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Far from helping(help) the situation, you have just made it even worse.
②Britain is by far the__largest(large) importer of tea in the world.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③这个表演绝不是一件失败的事情，而是一个很大的成功。
The show was far__from__a__failure;__it was a great success.
(1)far from n．/(being＋)adj. 根本不； 远非
far from doing sth. 绝不会做某事
(2)so far 到目前为止
as far as 远到，直到
by far (修饰比较级、最高级)
……得多，最……
[佳句背诵] Your results are far from satisfactory.It’s time for you to double your effort.
你的成绩令人非常不满意，是你加倍努力的时候了。
It doesn’t matter (to sb.)＋从句……没有关系/不重要
(教材原句)My message is that it doesn’t matter if you’re black, white, fat, thin, old and young—we’re all the same，it’s a great world and you can do something with your life.
我想告诉大家的是：不管你是黑人还是白人，肥胖还是瘦小，年长还是年幼，这些都不重要——我们都是一样的，这是一个美妙的世界，你可以在有生之年做些事情。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(湖南卷)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter whether you have lived there for a short or a long time.
②(朗文辞典)The car had broken down, and to make matters worse(bad), it was beginning to rain.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③你是否参加她的生日晚会非常重要。
It__matters__a__lot/a__great__deal__whether you will take part in her birthday party or not.
(1)It doesn’t matter (to sb.)＋从句， 表示“……(对某人来说)没有关系/不重要”；
It matters a lot/a great deal/much＋从句，表示“……非常重要”。
(2)as a matter of fact 实际上；事实上
to make matters worse 使情况更糟的是
[佳句背诵] As a matter of fact, it doesn’t matter that we make mistakes. What matters is that we draw a lesson from them.
实际上，我们犯错不要紧，重要的是我们要从中吸取教训。
维度一 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．My advice is that you should quit drinking(drink) coffee, for it may affect your sleeping.
2．Misunderstanding arising(arise) from lack of social communication, unless handled properly, may lead to serious problems.
3．The problem is far from being__settled(settle), so it will be discussed again.
4．The traditional approach to dealing(deal) with complex problems in our studies is to break them down into smaller，more easily managed problems.
5．The police believed that the man driving the car rather than the boys was(be) to blame for the accident that happened yesterday.
维度二 在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．(山东卷)It doesn’t matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
2．On entering the room, I found that the children were sitting side by side on the sofa watching television.
3．Concept cars are a way for designers to try out their ideas on the public with complete freedom.
4．What makes the parents happy is that the kid has already got his toys in order.
5．In the north of China, the monthly roses usually come out once a month.
维度三 派生词练习
1．People’s life here is full of harmony and at the same time, humans and nature make a harmonious picture.(harmony)
2．The old scientist is devoted to studying space, and the spirit of devotion deserves learning from. He said he would go on devoting himself to the science field.(devote)
3．He has a good sense of humor and always acts in a humorous way.(humor)
4．The touching scene in this film touched my heart deeply and I was touched to tears at last.(touch)
5．The beggar who was also a blind man begged for money from passersby.(beg)
维度四 易错混用
1．If you notice yourself getting boring with what you’re saying, stop talking.boring→bored
2．His new book about generation gap will be come out next week.删除be
3．The moment when he said it he knew that he had made a mistake.删除when
4．As well as collect money for the local charity, the company provides necessary help for those in need as well.collect→collecting
5．People are so bored with the quality of many TV programs that the number of audience is on decline.on→in或在decline前加the
提能一 语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本模块核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
My parents take advantage of all the 1.chances(chance) to develop my ability to adapt to the new life. They think 2.what matters most is my success in the future. All their free time 3.is__devoted(devote) to educating me. In the past I 4.protested(protest) against their being strict with me but later I understood them. In fact, far from 5.forcing(force) me to study, they encourage me to live 6.independently(independent) and ask me to live 7.in harmony with people. Whenever a problem 8.arises(arise) in my life, they will encourage me to find 9.a proper approach to solving it rather than do it for me. I am 10.touched(touch) and thankful to their devotion to my growth.
提能二 话题写作(用本模块词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假设你是李华，在学校音乐节来临之际，请你写一篇短文向校报英文版投稿，介绍你所熟悉的一名嘻哈音乐家。写作要点如下：①音乐家的风格和他努力的过程；②他的音乐给听众的感受。
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本模块所学词汇)
①作为嘻哈音乐的创始人，这位音乐家大半生都致力于音乐创作。
As the pioneer of hip hop, this musician has devoted__most__of__his__life__to__music__creation．
②他幽默的演唱风格令人耳目一新，给人们留下了深刻的印象。
His humorous singing style was so__refreshing__that__it__made__a__deep__impression__on people.
③这种音乐刚开始出现时没有打动观众，结果远不能令人满意。
When it emerged first, this kind of music didn’t touch the audience and it was far__from__satisfactory/satisfying．
④他利用不同的表演方法，进行了不断地尝试，使得这种音乐开始逐渐繁荣。
He took__advantage__of__different__performing__approaches and tried__it__out continuously, which made the music begin to boom gradually.
⑤你一听他的音乐，就不会再对你的生活感到厌烦。
The__moment__you__listen__to__his__music,__you will never get__bored__with__your__life．
2．升级平淡句
⑥用倒装句升级句②
So__refreshing__was__his__humorous__singing__style__that__it__made__a__deep__impression__on__people.
3．衔接成美文(注意用适当的过渡衔接词汇： however，then)
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One possible version：
As the pioneer of hip hop, this musician has devoted most of his life to music creation. So refreshing was his humorous singing style that it made a deep impression on people. However, when it emerged first, this kind of music didn’t touch the audience and it was far from satisfactory/satisfying. Then he took advantage of different performing approaches and tried it out continuously, which made the music begin to boom gradually. The moment you listen to his music, you will never get bored with your life.
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·昆明摸底调研)A study of 500，000 songs released(发行) in the UK between 1985 and 2015 showed that pop music had decreased in happiness and increased in sadness.
In a report published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers at the University of California examined hundreds of thousands of songs and classified them by their mood. “‘Happiness’ is going down, ‘sadness’ is going up, and at the same time, the songs are becoming more ‘danceable’ and more ‘partylike’，” coauthor Natalia L．Komarova told The Associated Press.
The study found songs in 2014 like Stay with Me by Sam Smith, Whispers by Passenger and Unmissable by Gorgon City have a “low happiness” trend. However, tracks from 1984 like Glory Days by Bruce Springsteen, Would I Lie to You? by Eurythmics and Freedom by Wham! had a “high happiness” trend. “The public seems to prefer happier songs, even though more and more unhappy songs are being released each year，” the researchers wrote.
Apart from the emotional trends, researchers discovered that dances and pop were the most successful styles of music and that there was a “clear downward” trend, with the popularity of rock beginning in the early 2000s. “So it looks like, while the overall mood is becoming less happy, people seem to want to forget it all and dance，” Komarova wrote in an email.
It was also found that the “maleness” of songs—the frequency of male singers in popular music—had decreased during the last 30 years. “Successful songs are characterised by a larger percentage of female artists compared to all songs，” they wrote.
This discovery appears at a time when the conversation around sex equality in the music industry is at its height, with more male artists and songwriters.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了流行音乐表达的情绪的变化趋势。
1．The researchers examined lots of songs to ________．
A．find songs for dances and parties
B．choose songs for a journal
C．release more songs
D．know better about songs
D 解析：推理判断题。本文第二段介绍了加州大学的研究者们调查了成千上万的歌曲并把它们按情绪分类，紧接着得出歌曲分类的结果，可见他们调查歌曲的目的是想对歌曲有更多的了解，故选D。A、C两项曲解文意；B项无中生有。
2．Whose music style tends to bring you more happiness?
A．Natalia L．Komarova’s.
B．Sam Smith’s.
C．Gorgon City’s.
D．Bruce Springsteen’s.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However, tracks from 1984 like Glory Days by Bruce Springsteen...had a ‘high happiness’ trend.”可知D项正确。Natalia L．Komarova为报道的合著者，而非歌手；Sam Smith、Gorgon City所演唱的歌曲有让人开心感降低的趋势，故排除。
3．What do we know about songs over the past three decades?
A．Rock became popular in the early 2000s.
B．Fewer unhappy songs came to light every year.
C．Male singers were better at performing pop music.
D．Female artists were less skilled in writing songs.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“with the popularity of rock beginning in the early 2000s”可知，摇滚乐在21世纪初开始流行，故A项正确。其余三个选项的内容均与文意不符。
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Pop Music Is Getting Sadder
B．Music Calls for Sex Equality
C．Pop Music Has a Long History
D．Music Industry Is Going Down
A 解析：标题归纳题。根据本文首段总述及后续段落的描述可知，全文重点介绍了流行音乐正变得越来越伤感，故选A项。B项仅是本文中提到的一个细节；C项不是本文的重点；D项扩大外延，属过度概括，故排除。
B
(2020·成都高三摸底)As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energyconsuming brains? The dominant hypothesis(假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology(生态)．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding? This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems?
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios(可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a humansized brain.
Will the human brain expand further? The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，人类大脑的大小是由生态环境和文化知识积累的共同作用决定的；大脑并非越大越好，如果大脑过大，则人类将无法适应社交活动。
5．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains?
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force.”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社交活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。
6．What’s the problem of the common approach?
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。
7．Why don’t many animals have large brains?
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Why don’t they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow.”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会影响人类特定大小的大脑。据此可推知，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。
8．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising?
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size.”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2020·长沙统一模拟)It is not as simple as opening the door and hitting the track in winter. There are a few things you can do to ensure you are getting the most out of your run and, importantly, not doing more harm than good.
Warm up, cool down
1．________. Your muscles need some time to warm up when it’s cold, so take it easy when you set off and do a few stretches once you’re finished.
Drink water
You might not feel hot, but that’s because sweat evaporates(蒸发) more quickly into the chilly, dry air. So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts. 2.________. A belt bottle conveniently attaches to your waist so you don’t have to carry it and can have a drink whenever you feel like it.
3．________
Running in cotton is a bad idea. Wear thin, breathable layers of synthetic(合成的) clothing that help protect you from the wind and snow, but still let out heat and moisture. Thirty percent of your body heat escapes through your hands and forty percent through your head. Wear a hat, or beanie(无檐小便帽), and gloves so your circulatory system can distribute warm blood to the rest of your body. 4.________．
Run into the wind
5．________. Obviously, it will be an easier passage home with some extra help from Mother Nature. But, more importantly, you won’t have the wind in your face for the second half of your run, when you are more likely to be sweating and catch a chill.
A．Dress right
B．Keep warm
C．Don’t go too fast, too soon
D．Start and finish in the same way
E．Don’t wait to drink water until you feel thirsty
F．Head out into the wind and come home with it at your back
G．On really cold days, wear a mask or scarf over your mouth to protect your face
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了冬季室外跑步的一些注意事项，包括做好热身运动、注意饮水以及穿合适的衣物等。
1．C 解析：根据该段小标题Warm up, cool down以及空后的“Your muscles need some time to warm up”可知，C项符合语境。
2．E 解析：根据段落小标题Drink water并结合空前一句“So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts.”可知，E项“不要等到你感到口渴的时候才喝水”符合语境，衔接上文。
3．A 解析：根据空处所在位置以及文章结构可知，空处为段落小标题；通读该段可知，本段主要是讲跑步时的穿着，故选A项。
4．G 解析：空处所在段讲的是冬季室外跑步的着装要求，故G项与此处匹配。
5．F 解析：根据本段的小标题Run into the wind并结合空后一句可知，跑步回家时顺着风，让风在背后推着你走，故F项符合语境。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·陕西部分学校摸底检测) Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1.____________(find) a deeper appreciation for this season.
The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2.____________ the love of fall. Each tree reacts 3.____________(different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing; however, other 4.____________(tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect 5.____________(call) the flightorfight response.
Fall is a time of 6.____________(reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7.____________ 18yearold boy in the final year of high school and my life is a work in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8.____________(move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.
The meaning of fall is different for each person. I encourage you 9.____________(go) out to follow some path or sidewalk and discover 10.____________ fall means to you.
【解题导语】 作者喜欢秋天这个季节，它是作者反思和准备未来的时刻，让作者保持前进。
1．found 解析：考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“Last weekend”和“went outdoors”可知，此处叙述发生在过去的事，故填found。
2．for 解析：考查介词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处用固定搭配the reason for...意为“……的原因”，故填介词for。
3．differently 解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处用副词修饰动词reacts，故填differently。
4．trees 解析：考查名词的单复数。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处other修饰名词复数，且谓语动词为复数，故填trees。
5．is called 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，call和主语This effect是被动关系，且此处描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is called。
6．reflection 解析：考查词性转换。of是介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词作宾语，再结合空后的preparation可知，此处应填reflection。
7．an 解析：考查冠词。此处泛指一个18岁的男孩，且所修饰单词的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
8．moving 解析：考查非谓语动词。keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事，继续做某事”，为固定用法，故填moving。
9．to go 解析：考查非谓语动词。encourage sb.to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定用法，故填to go。
10．what 解析：考查宾语从句。根据语境且分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作宾语，表示“什么”，故填what。
一、语基必备知识
(一)重点词汇——分类记忆
Ⅰ.阅读词汇——在不认识的词汇前划√
sophisticated adj. rhythm n.
emerge v. boom v.
friction n. virtue n.
consensus n. budget v.
consultant n. pace n.
tight adj. schedule n.
deadline n. super adj.
yell v. pension n.
pioneer n. migrant n.
Ⅱ.核心词汇——写其形
1．movement n. 运动
2．approach n. 方法；步骤 v．走近，靠近
3．decline n. 衰退；下降；减少 v．衰退；下降
4．arise v. (由……)引起(产生)
5．vain adj. 自负的，自视过高的
6．parttime adj. 部分时间的，兼职的
7．quit v. 离开，辞去
8．protest n. 抗议
Ⅲ.拓展词汇——通其变
1．technique n．技巧；手法→technical adj.技术的
2．touch v．触动；感动；使动心→touched adj.感激的；受感动的→touching adj.令人感动的
3．harmony n．融洽，一致→harmonious adj.和谐的；融洽的
4．convention n．惯例→conventional adj.按惯例的；因袭的；传统的
5．devote v．为……付出时间/努力/金钱等→devotion n．热爱→devoted adj.忠诚的；挚爱的
6．beg v．请求，恳求→beggar n．乞丐
7．humor n．幽默→humorous adj.幽默的
1.ous结尾形容词一览
①humorous 诙谐的，幽默的
②curious 好奇的
③ambitious 野心勃勃的
④generous 慷慨的，大方的
2.“方法，步骤”名词大集合
①approach 方法；步骤
②method 方法，办法
③means 方法，手段
④process 步骤，程序
3.“减少；下降”真不少
①decline v． 衰退
②drop v. 下降
③decrease v. 减少
④fall v. 下降
⑤go down 下降
(二)重点短语——记牢用活
1．side__by__side 并排；并肩
2．be__bored__with 厌烦
3．take__advantage__of 利用
4．rather__than 而不是
5．in__order 有序地
6．try__out 尝试
7．be__blessed__with 有幸
8．come__out 出版
9．far__from 完全不
10．be__devoted__to 对……专一，专注
11．beg__for 乞求，请求
12．make__an__impression__on__sb. 给某人留下印象
1.“take＋n.＋prep.”短语大荟萃
①take advantage of 利用
②take care of 照顾
③take charge of 掌管
④take possession of 拥有
⑤take the place of 代替
⑥take an interest in 产生兴趣
2.“v.＋out”短语万花筒
①try out 尝试
②run out 用完
③work out 算出；解决；锻炼
④figure out 算出；理解
⑤leave out 省略；遗漏；不考虑
⑥pick out 挑选；区别出
3.come短语集锦
①come out 出版；结果是
②come across 偶遇；被理解
③come about 发生
④come to 苏醒；总计；达到
⑤come up 走进；发芽；被提出
⑥come up with 提出，想出
(三)重点句式——背熟巧用
句型公式
教材原句
句型1：the moment引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”
“The__moment__I__heard__it，” he said，“I knew it was a completely new kind of music.” 他说，“我一听到它，就知道这是一种全新的音乐。”
句型2：It doesn’t matter(to sb.)＋从句……没有关系/不重要
My message is that it__doesn’t__matter__if you’re black, white, fat, thin, old and young... 我想告诉大家的是，不管你是黑人还是白人，肥胖还是瘦小，年长还是年幼，这些都不重要……
二、语境强化训练
Ⅰ.语境填词——根据提示写出该词的适当形式
A．根据汉语提示写出下列单词
1．Knowing basic firstaid techniques(技巧) will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
2．To forgive is a virtue(美德), but no one has ever said it is easy.
3．The man quarreled with his boss about the pay and quitted(放弃) the job.
4．We had intended to do everything according to the schedule(日程表), but it didn’t go on as planned.
5．Time is running out. It’s likely that we’ll miss the deadline(最后期限)．
B．根据所给单词写出适当形式
6．We will be exploring different approaches(approach) to gathering information.
7．At break, Mr. Connor got down to dealing with the matters arising(arise) from his class.
8．She declined(decline) to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn’t feeling well.
9．Devoting(devote) all his time to his business, he had little time taking care of his family.
10．Look! The family are living in perfect harmony. The neighbors all admire the harmonious atmosphere.(harmony)
Ⅱ.语境品词——写出加黑词汇在语境中的意义
1．a.(2019·天津卷)If a child approaches him, he will pause to give that child his undivided attention.走近；靠近
b．(陕西卷)The staff soon found the new manager easy to approach.与……打交道
c．(北京卷)With great enthusiasm, he talked about how he finds issues and approaches them.处理
2．(2019·北京卷)The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team’s performance begins to decline.下降
Ⅲ.选词成篇
rather than; get/be bored with; try out; come out; make a(n)．..impression on sb.; side by side
I sat near the window 1.side__by__side with my friend, reading a book. The book which 2.came__out last month has 3.made__a deep impression__on me. The author 4.tried__out an amazing writing style 5.rather__than those traditional ones to share his views. Personally, I would never 6.get/be__bored__with the book.
take advantage of; in order; far from; beg for; be devoted to; be blessed with
To be honest, I 7.am__blessed__with a roommate who is always keeping everything 8.in__order. Besides, he 9.is not only devoted__to his study but also he 10.takes__advantage__of every minute to help others in need. His home is 11.far__from the school and his family is not rich, but he has never 12.begged__for others’ help.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我一听到这个音乐，就立刻兴奋起来。
The__moment__I__heard__the__music,__I got excited immediately.
2．你失败多少次都不要紧；要紧的是你有多少次站起来并再次尝试。
It__doesn’t__matter__how__many__times__you__fail;__what matters is how many times you stand up and try again.
decline vi.下降；衰落；婉拒 n．下降；减少；衰退
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·江苏卷)More efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline, and many other species appear headed toward extinction.
②(山东卷)In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to__visit(visit) Oxford.
③a.(2019·浙江卷6月)The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46，000 square miles of California forests.
b．The number of the students in our school has declined to 2，500 since three years ago.
(1)be in decline 处于下降、衰退中
on the decline 在下坡路上；在衰退(减少)
(2)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事
decline by/to 下降了/到……
[佳句背诵] I have no alternative but to decline your invitation, because I am occupied in preparing for my final exam. 我只得谢绝你的邀请，因为我忙于准备期末考试。
[名师点津] 表示增加或减少的幅度通常用介词by; 表示“增加到”或“减少到”则要用介词to。
harmony n．协调；融洽；一致
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(福建卷)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.
②Only when we realize the importance of helping each other can we be devoted to building a harmonious(harmony) society.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③你昨天的所作所为与我们的计划不一致。(harmony n．) What you did yesterday was out__of__harmony__with our plan.
(1)in harmony with sb./sth.
与某人/某事协调；与某人/某事相配
out of harmony with sb./sth. 与某人/某事不协调
live/work in harmony 生活/工作得很融洽
(2)harmonious adj. 和谐的；协调的；和睦的
[佳句背诵] A successful apology can turn hate into harmony. 一个成功的道歉能化干戈为玉帛。(江苏卷)
devote v．为……付出时间/努力/金钱等
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·浙江卷6月)I still remember what you have devoted to improving(improve) my oral English and English writing.
②a.(湖南卷)You will never gain success unless you are fully devoted(devote) to your work.
b．We expressed our gratitude to the people devoted(devote) to protecting the ecology in the area.
c．(2017·天津卷)He is a devoted(devote) father because he was strict with his daughter and encouraged her when she was in trouble.
③A teacher’s devotion(devote) to education deserves great respect of the whole public because it brings benefits to the development of society.
[能力提升]——完成句子/句式升级
④(普通表达)Jane devotes__herself__to__teaching(致力于教育) the deaf children and she has little time to care for her own daughter.
⑤(高级表达)Devoting__herself__to__teaching__the__deaf__children,__Jane has little time to care for her own daughter.(现在分词短语作状语)
⑥(高级表达)Devoted__to__teaching__the__deaf__children,__Jane has little time to care for her own daughter.(过去分词短语作状语)
(1)devote...to (doing) sth.
把……献给；把……致力于
devote oneself to 致力于；献身于；专心于
(2)devoted adj. 挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的
be devoted to (doing) sth.
献身于(做)某事；专心致志于(做)某事
(3)devotion n. 深爱；奉献
[佳句背诵] I could only devote two hours a day to the work.
我一天只能在这个工作上花两个小时。
[名师点津] 表示“专注于， 致力于”的表达还有： be absorbed in, be lost in, be buried in, be occupied in, focus on, concentrate on等。
[词块助记]
devote one’s energies to a job致力于一项工作
devote all one’s life to medical work for Chinese women and children为中国的妇女儿童医疗事业贡献毕生精力
rather than 而不是
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing(focus) on Chinese traditions.
②Rather than discuss all of these questions at length, we prefer to__focus(focus) on the impact of the heavy snow.
③Mary, rather than you, is(be) to blame for not finishing the work on time.
[能力提升]——完成句子
④我在星期五晚上很晚见到了他，更确切地说是在星期六早晨早些时候。
I met him very late on Friday night, or__rather,__early Saturday morning.
⑤除你本人之外还有别人知道这件事吗？
Does anybody other__than__yourself know this？
（1）
宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
（2）or rather 更确切地说
other than 除……之外
more than 很，非常；超过，不仅仅
[名师点津] (1)rather than用于连接两个并列成分，后接名词、代词、介词(短语)、形容词、副词、v.ing形式或不定式(rather than之后的并列不定式可省略to)；
(2)rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与它前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
far from 远不，完全不
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Far from helping(help) the situation, you have just made it even worse.
②Britain is by far the__largest(large) importer of tea in the world.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③这个表演绝不是一件失败的事情，而是一个很大的成功。
The show was far__from__a__failure;__it was a great success.
(1)far from n．/(being＋)adj. 根本不； 远非
far from doing sth. 绝不会做某事
(2)so far 到目前为止
as far as 远到，直到
by far (修饰比较级、最高级)
……得多，最……
[佳句背诵] Your results are far from satisfactory.It’s time for you to double your effort.
你的成绩令人非常不满意，是你加倍努力的时候了。
It doesn’t matter (to sb.)＋从句……没有关系/不重要
(教材原句)My message is that it doesn’t matter if you’re black, white, fat, thin, old and young—we’re all the same，it’s a great world and you can do something with your life.
我想告诉大家的是：不管你是黑人还是白人，肥胖还是瘦小，年长还是年幼，这些都不重要——我们都是一样的，这是一个美妙的世界，你可以在有生之年做些事情。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(湖南卷)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter whether you have lived there for a short or a long time.
②(朗文辞典)The car had broken down, and to make matters worse(bad), it was beginning to rain.
[能力提升]——完成句子
③你是否参加她的生日晚会非常重要。
It__matters__a__lot/a__great__deal__whether you will take part in her birthday party or not.
(1)It doesn’t matter (to sb.)＋从句， 表示“……(对某人来说)没有关系/不重要”；
It matters a lot/a great deal/much＋从句，表示“……非常重要”。
(2)as a matter of fact 实际上；事实上
to make matters worse 使情况更糟的是
[佳句背诵] As a matter of fact, it doesn’t matter that we make mistakes. What matters is that we draw a lesson from them.
实际上，我们犯错不要紧，重要的是我们要从中吸取教训。
维度一 在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式
1．My advice is that you should quit drinking(drink) coffee, for it may affect your sleeping.
2．Misunderstanding arising(arise) from lack of social communication, unless handled properly, may lead to serious problems.
3．The problem is far from being__settled(settle), so it will be discussed again.
4．The traditional approach to dealing(deal) with complex problems in our studies is to break them down into smaller，more easily managed problems.
5．The police believed that the man driving the car rather than the boys was(be) to blame for the accident that happened yesterday.
维度二 在空白处填入1个适当的单词
1．(山东卷)It doesn’t matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
2．On entering the room, I found that the children were sitting side by side on the sofa watching television.
3．Concept cars are a way for designers to try out their ideas on the public with complete freedom.
4．What makes the parents happy is that the kid has already got his toys in order.
5．In the north of China, the monthly roses usually come out once a month.
维度三 派生词练习
1．People’s life here is full of harmony and at the same time, humans and nature make a harmonious picture.(harmony)
2．The old scientist is devoted to studying space, and the spirit of devotion deserves learning from. He said he would go on devoting himself to the science field.(devote)
3．He has a good sense of humor and always acts in a humorous way.(humor)
4．The touching scene in this film touched my heart deeply and I was touched to tears at last.(touch)
5．The beggar who was also a blind man begged for money from passersby.(beg)
维度四 易错混用
1．If you notice yourself getting boring with what you’re saying, stop talking.boring→bored
2．His new book about generation gap will be come out next week.删除be
3．The moment when he said it he knew that he had made a mistake.删除when
4．As well as collect money for the local charity, the company provides necessary help for those in need as well.collect→collecting
5．People are so bored with the quality of many TV programs that the number of audience is on decline.on→in或在decline前加the
提能一 语段填空(短文中黑体部分为本模块核心知识点，请补全短文，并背诵体会黑体部分用法)
My parents take advantage of all the 1.chances(chance) to develop my ability to adapt to the new life. They think 2.what matters most is my success in the future. All their free time 3.is__devoted(devote) to educating me. In the past I 4.protested(protest) against their being strict with me but later I understood them. In fact, far from 5.forcing(force) me to study, they encourage me to live 6.independently(independent) and ask me to live 7.in harmony with people. Whenever a problem 8.arises(arise) in my life, they will encourage me to find 9.a proper approach to solving it rather than do it for me. I am 10.touched(touch) and thankful to their devotion to my growth.
提能二 话题写作(用本模块词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文)
假设你是李华，在学校音乐节来临之际，请你写一篇短文向校报英文版投稿，介绍你所熟悉的一名嘻哈音乐家。写作要点如下：①音乐家的风格和他努力的过程；②他的音乐给听众的感受。
1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本模块所学词汇)
①作为嘻哈音乐的创始人，这位音乐家大半生都致力于音乐创作。
As the pioneer of hip hop, this musician has devoted__most__of__his__life__to__music__creation．
②他幽默的演唱风格令人耳目一新，给人们留下了深刻的印象。
His humorous singing style was so__refreshing__that__it__made__a__deep__impression__on people.
③这种音乐刚开始出现时没有打动观众，结果远不能令人满意。
When it emerged first, this kind of music didn’t touch the audience and it was far__from__satisfactory/satisfying．
④他利用不同的表演方法，进行了不断地尝试，使得这种音乐开始逐渐繁荣。
He took__advantage__of__different__performing__approaches and tried__it__out continuously, which made the music begin to boom gradually.
⑤你一听他的音乐，就不会再对你的生活感到厌烦。
The__moment__you__listen__to__his__music,__you will never get__bored__with__your__life．
2．升级平淡句
⑥用倒装句升级句②
So__refreshing__was__his__humorous__singing__style__that__it__made__a__deep__impression__on__people.
3．衔接成美文(注意用适当的过渡衔接词汇： however，then)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
As the pioneer of hip hop, this musician has devoted most of his life to music creation. So refreshing was his humorous singing style that it made a deep impression on people. However, when it emerged first, this kind of music didn’t touch the audience and it was far from satisfactory/satisfying. Then he took advantage of different performing approaches and tried it out continuously, which made the music begin to boom gradually. The moment you listen to his music, you will never get bored with your life.
(建议用时：35分钟)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2020·昆明摸底调研)A study of 500，000 songs released(发行) in the UK between 1985 and 2015 showed that pop music had decreased in happiness and increased in sadness.
In a report published in the journal Royal Society Open Science, researchers at the University of California examined hundreds of thousands of songs and classified them by their mood. “‘Happiness’ is going down, ‘sadness’ is going up, and at the same time, the songs are becoming more ‘danceable’ and more ‘partylike’，” coauthor Natalia L．Komarova told The Associated Press.
The study found songs in 2014 like Stay with Me by Sam Smith, Whispers by Passenger and Unmissable by Gorgon City have a “low happiness” trend. However, tracks from 1984 like Glory Days by Bruce Springsteen, Would I Lie to You? by Eurythmics and Freedom by Wham! had a “high happiness” trend. “The public seems to prefer happier songs, even though more and more unhappy songs are being released each year，” the researchers wrote.
Apart from the emotional trends, researchers discovered that dances and pop were the most successful styles of music and that there was a “clear downward” trend, with the popularity of rock beginning in the early 2000s. “So it looks like, while the overall mood is becoming less happy, people seem to want to forget it all and dance，” Komarova wrote in an email.
It was also found that the “maleness” of songs—the frequency of male singers in popular music—had decreased during the last 30 years. “Successful songs are characterised by a larger percentage of female artists compared to all songs，” they wrote.
This discovery appears at a time when the conversation around sex equality in the music industry is at its height, with more male artists and songwriters.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了流行音乐表达的情绪的变化趋势。
1．The researchers examined lots of songs to ________．
A．find songs for dances and parties
B．choose songs for a journal
C．release more songs
D．know better about songs
D 解析：推理判断题。本文第二段介绍了加州大学的研究者们调查了成千上万的歌曲并把它们按情绪分类，紧接着得出歌曲分类的结果，可见他们调查歌曲的目的是想对歌曲有更多的了解，故选D。A、C两项曲解文意；B项无中生有。
2．Whose music style tends to bring you more happiness?
A．Natalia L．Komarova’s.
B．Sam Smith’s.
C．Gorgon City’s.
D．Bruce Springsteen’s.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“However, tracks from 1984 like Glory Days by Bruce Springsteen...had a ‘high happiness’ trend.”可知D项正确。Natalia L．Komarova为报道的合著者，而非歌手；Sam Smith、Gorgon City所演唱的歌曲有让人开心感降低的趋势，故排除。
3．What do we know about songs over the past three decades?
A．Rock became popular in the early 2000s.
B．Fewer unhappy songs came to light every year.
C．Male singers were better at performing pop music.
D．Female artists were less skilled in writing songs.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“with the popularity of rock beginning in the early 2000s”可知，摇滚乐在21世纪初开始流行，故A项正确。其余三个选项的内容均与文意不符。
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Pop Music Is Getting Sadder
B．Music Calls for Sex Equality
C．Pop Music Has a Long History
D．Music Industry Is Going Down
A 解析：标题归纳题。根据本文首段总述及后续段落的描述可知，全文重点介绍了流行音乐正变得越来越伤感，故选A项。B项仅是本文中提到的一个细节；C项不是本文的重点；D项扩大外延，属过度概括，故排除。
B
(2020·成都高三摸底)As evolution tends to remove waste, how come we evolved such large, energyconsuming brains? The dominant hypothesis(假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force. But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology(生态)．
Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before. The common approach is to look at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems. For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding? This would indicate an ecological origin. Or do they live in large groups where they face lots of social problems?
While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem. It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.
To find out the causes of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios(可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model. We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans. But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains. In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size. But you need both factors to get the brain size we see today—if there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life. Bigger isn’t necessarily better.
But many animals face hard ecological problems. Why don’t they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow. So our results and those of others’ suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cultural knowledge could act together to produce a humansized brain.
Will the human brain expand further? The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，人类大脑的大小是由生态环境和文化知识积累的共同作用决定的；大脑并非越大越好，如果大脑过大，则人类将无法适应社交活动。
5．In most people’s view, what makes human evolve large brains?
A．Social challenges.
B．Social and ecological challenges.
C．Ecological challenges.
D．Competition with other large animals.
A 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis(假设)suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force.”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社交活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故A项正确。
6．What’s the problem of the common approach?
A．Its model is not reliable enough.
B．It doesn’t tell the cause and effect clearly.
C．Its hypothesis cannot be proved effectively.
D．It doesn’t find brain size is connected with problems.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problems.”可知，传统的研究方法无法解释清楚大脑进化的原因和影响，故B项正确。
7．Why don’t many animals have large brains?
A．They don’t learn from each other.
B．They don’t face hard ecological problems.
C．They don’t need to cooperate with each other.
D．They don’t keep learning tough skills as they grow.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“Why don’t they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow.”可知，只有当个体在成长过程中不断学习艰难的技能时，生态环境才会影响人类特定大小的大脑。据此可推知，动物在成长过程中并没有持续学习艰难的技能，所以动物没有大的大脑，故D项正确。
8．Which of the following do the researchers find most surprising?
A．Animals don’t have large brains.
B．Social challenges decrease brain size.
C．Ecological challenges increase brain size.
D．It’s unclear whether human brains will expand further.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第四句“In contrast to the dominant view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size.”可知，与主流观点及我们自己的预期相反，我们发现社会挑战导致大脑变小。据此可知，社会挑战导致大脑变小是令人惊讶的发现，故B项正确。
Ⅱ.七选五
(2020·长沙统一模拟)It is not as simple as opening the door and hitting the track in winter. There are a few things you can do to ensure you are getting the most out of your run and, importantly, not doing more harm than good.
Warm up, cool down
1．________. Your muscles need some time to warm up when it’s cold, so take it easy when you set off and do a few stretches once you’re finished.
Drink water
You might not feel hot, but that’s because sweat evaporates(蒸发) more quickly into the chilly, dry air. So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts. 2.________. A belt bottle conveniently attaches to your waist so you don’t have to carry it and can have a drink whenever you feel like it.
3．________
Running in cotton is a bad idea. Wear thin, breathable layers of synthetic(合成的) clothing that help protect you from the wind and snow, but still let out heat and moisture. Thirty percent of your body heat escapes through your hands and forty percent through your head. Wear a hat, or beanie(无檐小便帽), and gloves so your circulatory system can distribute warm blood to the rest of your body. 4.________．
Run into the wind
5．________. Obviously, it will be an easier passage home with some extra help from Mother Nature. But, more importantly, you won’t have the wind in your face for the second half of your run, when you are more likely to be sweating and catch a chill.
A．Dress right
B．Keep warm
C．Don’t go too fast, too soon
D．Start and finish in the same way
E．Don’t wait to drink water until you feel thirsty
F．Head out into the wind and come home with it at your back
G．On really cold days, wear a mask or scarf over your mouth to protect your face
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了冬季室外跑步的一些注意事项，包括做好热身运动、注意饮水以及穿合适的衣物等。
1．C 解析：根据该段小标题Warm up, cool down以及空后的“Your muscles need some time to warm up”可知，C项符合语境。
2．E 解析：根据段落小标题Drink water并结合空前一句“So be sure to drink water before, during and after coldweather workouts.”可知，E项“不要等到你感到口渴的时候才喝水”符合语境，衔接上文。
3．A 解析：根据空处所在位置以及文章结构可知，空处为段落小标题；通读该段可知，本段主要是讲跑步时的穿着，故选A项。
4．G 解析：空处所在段讲的是冬季室外跑步的着装要求，故G项与此处匹配。
5．F 解析：根据本段的小标题Run into the wind并结合空后一句可知，跑步回家时顺着风，让风在背后推着你走，故F项符合语境。
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2020·陕西部分学校摸底检测) Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1.____________(find) a deeper appreciation for this season.
The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2.____________ the love of fall. Each tree reacts 3.____________(different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing; however, other 4.____________(tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect 5.____________(call) the flightorfight response.
Fall is a time of 6.____________(reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7.____________ 18yearold boy in the final year of high school and my life is a work in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8.____________(move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.
The meaning of fall is different for each person. I encourage you 9.____________(go) out to follow some path or sidewalk and discover 10.____________ fall means to you.
【解题导语】 作者喜欢秋天这个季节，它是作者反思和准备未来的时刻，让作者保持前进。
1．found 解析：考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“Last weekend”和“went outdoors”可知，此处叙述发生在过去的事，故填found。
2．for 解析：考查介词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处用固定搭配the reason for...意为“……的原因”，故填介词for。
3．differently 解析：考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处用副词修饰动词reacts，故填differently。
4．trees 解析：考查名词的单复数。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处other修饰名词复数，且谓语动词为复数，故填trees。
5．is called 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，call和主语This effect是被动关系，且此处描述的是一种客观情况，应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is called。
6．reflection 解析：考查词性转换。of是介词，后面接名词、代词或者动名词作宾语，再结合空后的preparation可知，此处应填reflection。
7．an 解析：考查冠词。此处泛指一个18岁的男孩，且所修饰单词的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
8．moving 解析：考查非谓语动词。keep doing sth.意为“一直做某事，继续做某事”，为固定用法，故填moving。
9．to go 解析：考查非谓语动词。encourage sb.to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”，为固定用法，故填to go。
10．what 解析：考查宾语从句。根据语境且分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作宾语，表示“什么”，故填what。
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