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2019年高考英语（人教版）一轮总复习教师用书：第二部分专题六 非谓语动词
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专题六 非谓语动词
[全国卷考情分析]
题型分类
典题试做
命题解读
语法填空
1.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
2．(2017年全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends，16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting(rest)．
3．(2016年全国卷Ⅲ)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to_create(create) special designs.
1.考查非谓语动词的句法功能(状语、定语、宾语、补语、主语和表语等)；
2．考查固定搭配中的非谓语动词。
短文改错
1.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ) The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning→Turn left！”
2．(2017年全国卷Ⅱ) When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
3．(2016年全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take→taking a trip.
1.谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用；
2．过去分词与现在分词的错用；
3．不定式符号to的多余或缺失；
4．to是介词还是不定式符号的误判。
(对应学生用书第252页)
非谓语动词的形式及意义
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2015年天津高考) Having_worked(work) for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
2．Henry can't attend the party being_held(hold) at Tom's house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party to_be_held(hold) at Marie's house tomorrow.
3．(重庆高考)The engine just won't start.Something seems to_have_gone(go)wrong with it.
[再解读要点]
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be
done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be
doing
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have
done
to have
been done
表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
现在分词/动名词
完成式
having
done
having been done
表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
(2017年江苏高考)Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.
很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京高考)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。
非谓语动词作状语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年北京高考)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to_save(save) their valuable time.
2．(2017年天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，allowing(allow) more patients to be treated.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2017年北京高考)The national park has a large collection of wildlife，ranged from butterflies to elephants.ranged→ranging
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/ in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。
(2016年北京高考)To make it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
为了便于联系我们，你最好将这张卡片放在身边。
(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do(足够做……)；too...to do...(太……而不能……)；so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous，surprised，astonished，delighted，disappointed 等。
(辽宁高考)We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
易错警示
语法填空和短文改错中常考查 “主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
2．分词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2016年北京高考)Ordered over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。
(2015年重庆高考)Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.
像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
[名师点津]
部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有：located (坐落于)，lost(迷路的)，seated(坐着的)，hidden(躲着的)，lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦的)，faced with(面对着)。
(2015年天津高考)Absorbed in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking，talking of，speaking of，judging from/by，taking everything into consideration，compared to/with，to be frank，to tell(you)the truth，to be honest，to make things worse 等。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
非谓语动词作定语
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2017年北京高考)Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time spent(spend)with his students.
2．(2017年山东重点中学一联)The name “cheongsam” meaning(mean) simply “long dress” entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China's Guangdong Province.
3．(2017年天津高考)I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train to_catch(catch)．
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。
(辽宁高考)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
(湖南高考)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
(4)当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
Have you got anything to buy?
你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)
I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought？我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者)
2．分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
(2016年浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.
为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
(北京高考)Last night，there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
[名师点津]
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
非谓语动词作宾语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年山西名校联考)Life isn't a match.It's a journey.If you spend that journey always trying(try) to impress others，you're wasting your life.
2．Nervous and anxious，Jill failed to_make(make) a good impression at the job interview.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2016年浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.
knowing→know
【导学号：65670184】
[再解读要点]
1．只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，expect，fail (未能)，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen (碰巧)等。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2．只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit，avoid，consider，escape(避开)，imagine，mind，miss，practise，suggest，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
(陕西高考)It's quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim?
今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：
I remembered to lock the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。
—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.
——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。
—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.
——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。
(2016年上海高考)Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the groceries if I found out?
她是担忧如果我发现这件事情我的反应还是担忧我不再给她买食品杂货呢？
易错警示
(1)动词want，need，require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn，decide，know，wonder，show，tell，understand，explain，teach，advise，find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how，what，whether，where，when，who 等。
(3)介词后一般要接v.ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。
非谓语动词作宾补
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年湖北四地七校联考)Do you find yourself easily becoming(become)
impatient or annoyed with people over unimportant things?
2．(四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed(develop) after great effort.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2015年浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.felt→feel
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on等。
(山东高考)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
(江西高考)Having finished her project，she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
(1)有些动词，如think，consider，believe，suppose，feel，find，understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。
(江西高考)He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
2．分词作宾补
(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel)，使役动词(have，get)，find，leave，keep，catch等。
(湖南高考)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？
(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel)，使役动词(have，make，let，get)，find，leave，keep等。
(2015年陕西高考)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。
(3)使役动词have，get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth.done＝get sth.done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth.doing让……一直做某事；get sth./sb.doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb.do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事。
(四川高考)Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car washed.
在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。
(4)with的复合结构为：①with＋宾语＋doing表示主动说明动作正在发生或经常发生；②with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成；③with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。
(辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。
With such a short time left before the deadline，it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.
截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。
With a lot of work to do，she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。
非谓语动词作主语和表语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
Take care！Being_exposed(expose) to frequent smog does great harm to your health.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017年江西上饶联考)My task is get the rest of us to finish the remaining part of the project.
在get前加to
2．(湖南高考)Understanding your own needs and styles of communication are as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
are→is
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。
(2)不定式作表语时，①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim，purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing...；It's no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...；There is no doing...等中。
(浙江高考)Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。
It's no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job)．
我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
(3)remain作连系动词时，意为“仍然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词时，意为“尚待……；留待……”时，后常接to be done。
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
(陕西高考)It remains to be seen whether the newlyformed committee's policy can be put into practice.
新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。
易错警示
不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中常考的语法点。
[技法点拨]
非谓语动词与语法填空
非谓语动词与短文改错
1.对非谓语动词类考题，解题时首先要通过句子结构判断所给提示词是否要用其非谓语动词。再通过分析句子成分判断应使用哪种非谓语动词，如：作主语、宾语用动名词或不定式；作目的状语常用不定式，作伴随状语常用现在分词等。
2．确定要用非谓语动词后，再根据非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的主动、被动关系、动作发生的时间以及句意，判断出该使用何种非谓语动词形式。
1.检查谓语动词后是否该有不定式符号to；
2．检查介词后的非谓语动词是否正确；
3．检查并列结构中非谓语动词形式是否一致；
4．检查作主语和宾语的非谓语动词形式是否合适；
5．检查分词作状语是主动还是被动。
[全国卷考情分析]
题型分类
典题试做
命题解读
语法填空
1.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
2．(2017年全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends，16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting(rest)．
3．(2016年全国卷Ⅲ)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to_create(create) special designs.
1.考查非谓语动词的句法功能(状语、定语、宾语、补语、主语和表语等)；
2．考查固定搭配中的非谓语动词。
短文改错
1.(2017年全国卷Ⅰ) The instructor kept repeating the words，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning→Turn left！”
2．(2017年全国卷Ⅱ) When summer comes，they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
3．(2016年全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take→taking a trip.
1.谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用；
2．过去分词与现在分词的错用；
3．不定式符号to的多余或缺失；
4．to是介词还是不定式符号的误判。
(对应学生用书第252页)
非谓语动词的形式及意义
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2015年天津高考) Having_worked(work) for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
2．Henry can't attend the party being_held(hold) at Tom's house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party to_be_held(hold) at Marie's house tomorrow.
3．(重庆高考)The engine just won't start.Something seems to_have_gone(go)wrong with it.
[再解读要点]
非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
意义
不定式
一般式
to do
to be
done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式
to be
doing
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式
to have
done
to have
been done
表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/动名词
一般式
doing
being done
表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
现在分词/动名词
完成式
having
done
having been done
表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词
一般式
done
与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
(2017年江苏高考)Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.
很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京高考)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。
非谓语动词作状语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年北京高考)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online to_save(save) their valuable time.
2．(2017年天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，allowing(allow) more patients to be treated.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2017年北京高考)The national park has a large collection of wildlife，ranged from butterflies to elephants.ranged→ranging
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/ in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。
(2016年北京高考)To make it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
为了便于联系我们，你最好将这张卡片放在身边。
(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do；enough to do(足够做……)；too...to do...(太……而不能……)；so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，cheap，expensive，fit，comfortable，heavy，good，important，impossible，dangerous，surprised，astonished，delighted，disappointed 等。
(辽宁高考)We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
易错警示
语法填空和短文改错中常考查 “主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
2．分词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2016年北京高考)Ordered over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。
(2015年重庆高考)Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.
像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
[名师点津]
部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有：located (坐落于)，lost(迷路的)，seated(坐着的)，hidden(躲着的)，lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦的)，faced with(面对着)。
(2015年天津高考)Absorbed in painting，John didn't notice evening approaching.
由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
3．独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking，talking of，speaking of，judging from/by，taking everything into consideration，compared to/with，to be frank，to tell(you)the truth，to be honest，to make things worse 等。
Judging from his accent，he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth，I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
4．独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成：①名词/代词＋分词；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
非谓语动词作定语
[先试做题组]
单句语法填空
1．(2017年北京高考)Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time spent(spend)with his students.
2．(2017年山东重点中学一联)The name “cheongsam” meaning(mean) simply “long dress” entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China's Guangdong Province.
3．(2017年天津高考)I was watching the clock all through the meeting，as I had a train to_catch(catch)．
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last，the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way 等。
(辽宁高考)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
(湖南高考)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
(4)当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
Have you got anything to buy?
你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)
I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought？我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者)
2．分词作定语
(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
(2016年浙江高考)To return to the problem of water pollution，I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.
为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
(北京高考)Last night，there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
[名师点津]
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
非谓语动词作宾语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年山西名校联考)Life isn't a match.It's a journey.If you spend that journey always trying(try) to impress others，you're wasting your life.
2．Nervous and anxious，Jill failed to_make(make) a good impression at the job interview.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2016年浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us.
knowing→know
【导学号：65670184】
[再解读要点]
1．只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree，intend，plan，demand，promise，prepare，decide，refuse，choose，wish，hope，expect，fail (未能)，pretend，manage，determine，beg，arrange，threaten，claim，hesitate，wait，happen (碰巧)等。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
2．只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit，avoid，consider，escape(避开)，imagine，mind，miss，practise，suggest，feel like，give up，put off，object to，look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
(陕西高考)It's quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim?
今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：
I remembered to lock the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。
—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.
——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。
—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.
——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。
(2016年上海高考)Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the groceries if I found out?
她是担忧如果我发现这件事情我的反应还是担忧我不再给她买食品杂货呢？
易错警示
(1)动词want，need，require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn，decide，know，wonder，show，tell，understand，explain，teach，advise，find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how，what，whether，where，when，who 等。
(3)介词后一般要接v.ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。
非谓语动词作宾补
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017年湖北四地七校联考)Do you find yourself easily becoming(become)
impatient or annoyed with people over unimportant things?
2．(四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products developed(develop) after great effort.
Ⅱ.单句改错
(2015年浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.felt→feel
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，intend，invite，order，persuade，prefer，require，remind，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on等。
(山东高考)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。
(江西高考)Having finished her project，she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
(1)有些动词，如think，consider，believe，suppose，feel，find，understand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
(2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。
(江西高考)He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
2．分词作宾补
(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel)，使役动词(have，get)，find，leave，keep，catch等。
(湖南高考)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？
(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see，watch，observe，notice，hear，listen，feel)，使役动词(have，make，let，get)，find，leave，keep等。
(2015年陕西高考)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。
(3)使役动词have，get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：①have sth.done＝get sth.done让别人做某事；②have sb./sth.doing让……一直做某事；get sth./sb.doing 使……开始做某事；③have sb.do sth.＝get sb.to do sth.让某人做某事。
(四川高考)Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car washed.
在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。
(4)with的复合结构为：①with＋宾语＋doing表示主动说明动作正在发生或经常发生；②with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成；③with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。
(辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。
With such a short time left before the deadline，it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.
截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。
With a lot of work to do，she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。
非谓语动词作主语和表语
[先试做题组]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
Take care！Being_exposed(expose) to frequent smog does great harm to your health.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017年江西上饶联考)My task is get the rest of us to finish the remaining part of the project.
在get前加to
2．(湖南高考)Understanding your own needs and styles of communication are as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
are→is
[再解读要点]
1．不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
(浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are，there are times when it's better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。
(2)不定式作表语时，①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim，purpose，idea，plan，wish，decision，choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
2．动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It's a waste of time doing...；It's no use/good doing...；It is useless doing...；There is no doing...等中。
(浙江高考)Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。
It's no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job)．
我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
(3)remain作连系动词时，意为“仍然是”时，后可接现在分词或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词时，意为“尚待……；留待……”时，后常接to be done。
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
(陕西高考)It remains to be seen whether the newlyformed committee's policy can be put into practice.
新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。
易错警示
不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数，这是短文改错中常考的语法点。
[技法点拨]
非谓语动词与语法填空
非谓语动词与短文改错
1.对非谓语动词类考题，解题时首先要通过句子结构判断所给提示词是否要用其非谓语动词。再通过分析句子成分判断应使用哪种非谓语动词，如：作主语、宾语用动名词或不定式；作目的状语常用不定式，作伴随状语常用现在分词等。
2．确定要用非谓语动词后，再根据非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的主动、被动关系、动作发生的时间以及句意，判断出该使用何种非谓语动词形式。
1.检查谓语动词后是否该有不定式符号to；
2．检查介词后的非谓语动词是否正确；
3．检查并列结构中非谓语动词形式是否一致；
4．检查作主语和宾语的非谓语动词形式是否合适；
5．检查分词作状语是主动还是被动。
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