2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：8.2



[话题单词]
1．argument n． 争论
2．ban n．& v． 禁止
3．advantage n． 优点
disadvantage n． 缺点
4．reasonable adj. 合乎情理的
5．affect v． 影响
6．disagree v． 不同意
7．complain v． 抱怨；投诉
8．conflict n． 冲突
9．differ vi. 不同；发生分歧
10．serious adj. 严重的
11．effect n． 影响
12．boycott vt./n. (联合)抵制；拒绝参与
13．conversation n． 对话
14．spiritual adj. 心灵的，精神的
15．teamwork n． 协力，配合
[话题短语]
1．hot topic热点话题
2．heated discussion热烈的讨论
3．object to/be against反对
4．agree/be for/in favor of同意/赞成
5．have an effect/impact/influence on对……有影响
6．be worth considering值得考虑
7．be concerned about关心
8．in terms of从……角度
9．a sound attitude正确的态度
10．contribute to solving the problem of有助于……问题的解决
11．medical breakthrough医学上的突破
12．science and technology科学技术
13．test out the theory by experiment用实验检验理论
14．turn out结果是……
15．be faced with varied pressures面对各种压力
16．have something/much/little/nothing to do with
与……有点/有很大/没有关系
[话题佳句]
1．Think twice before you do.三思而后行。
2．We should weigh the advantages and disadvantages.
我们应该权衡利弊。
3．Nowadays many countries do research on cloning.
现在许多国家研究克隆。
4．People’s ideas of cloning differ.
人们对克隆有不同的看法。
5．Some feel cast down because they think that it is not morally reasonable and should be forbidden.
有些人很沮丧，他们认为这在伦理上是不合理的，应该被禁止。
6．Actually many countries undertake it and obtain great breakthroughs，and therefore we are unable to resist it.
实际上许多国家从事这个课题并获得重大的突破，所以我们无法抗拒它。
[佳作背诵]
目前，科技的发展如此之快已超出了我们的想象，克隆技术成为世界上最先进的技术之一。针对这一技术，有人支持，有人却反对。根据下面的表格，用英语写一篇文章，并阐述自己的态度和看法。
支持
1.制造器官挽救生命(如：治愈癌症)。
2．帮助不能生育的人拥有孩子。
3．帮助想克隆自己去世的亲人的人。
反对
1.对人的生命不尊重，生命将不再唯一。
2．在动物界创造出更多的疾病。
3．使地球人口激增。
你的看法
……
Science is developing so fast that it is beyond our imagination.Cloning is one of the most advanced technologies.Is it good or bad？Different people have different opinions.
Some people are in favour of cloning technology.They think the technology is of great benefit.Firstly，it can be used to produce valuable tissues and organs that could be used to cure diseases like cancer.Secondly，it can help those who are unable to have a baby but want a baby genetically related to themselves.Besides，it can help those who want to clone their dead relatives.
However，a few people object to it.They believe cloning shows no respect for human life，and human life would no longer be unique.More seriously，it would create more diseases in the animal world and cause Earth’s population to increase fast.
In my opinion，although the technique is beneficial to mankind in many aspects，cloning human beings will be at the cost of the existence of mankind itself.

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①cast vt.扔；投；掷
②retire vi.退休；离开
③obtain vt.获得；赢得
④merely adv.仅仅；只不过
⑤vain adj.虚荣的；自负的；徒劳的
⑥attain vt.获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)
⑦owe vt.欠(账、钱、人情等)；归功于……
⑧forbid (forbade/forbad，forbidden) vt.禁止；不准
⑨strike (struck/struck) vi.& vt.& n．打；撞击；罢工
⑩retire vi.退休；离开→ retirement n．退休
⑪exact adj.精确的；准确的→ exactly adv.精确地，准确地
⑫cast vt.扔；投；掷 →cast /cast (过去式/过去分词)
⑬differ vi.不同；相异→ different adj.不同的→ difference n．不同；不同之处
⑭bother vt.打扰 vi.操心 n．烦扰 →bothersome adj.引起麻烦的，困扰人的
2．阅读单词
①claw n．爪；脚爪
②opera n．歌剧
③turkey n. 火鸡
④hatch v. (鸟、鸡)孵蛋
⑤adore vt.崇拜；爱慕；喜爱
⑥correction n. 改正，纠正
⑦chorus n．合唱；合唱队
⑧initial adj. 开始的，最初的
⑨procedure n．程序；步骤；手续
⑩accumulate vt.& vi.积累；聚积
⑪drawback n．缺点，不利条件
⑫reasonable adj. 合乎情理的
⑬breakthrough n. 重大进展， 突破
⑭constitution n. 宪法， 章程， 体质
⑮commercial adj.商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的
⑯arbitrary adj. 随心所欲的，独裁的，专断的
⑰straightforward adj. 简单的，坦率的
⑱undertake (undertook；undertaken) vt.着手；从事；承担
⑲conservative adj. 保守的，守旧的；保守主义的；谨慎的 n．保守的人，保守主义
⑳compulsory n．(花样滑冰、竞技体操等的)规定动作adj.义务的；必修的；被强制的
medium n. 媒介；手段；工具 pl. Media
decorate v．装饰；布置→ decoration n. 装饰；装修
commercial adj.商业的；贸易的→ commerce n．商业；贸易
moral adj.道德(上)的；伦理的→ morally adv.道德上地；伦理上地
accumulate vt.&vi.积累；聚积→ accumulation n．积累；聚积
assumption n．假定；设想→ assume v．以为；设想；承担；呈现
regulation n．规则，规章；法规→ regulate v．规范；调节→ regular adj.定期的，有规律的；正规的
resist vt.抵抗；对抗→resistance n．抵抗；对抗→resistant adj.有抵抗力的；抵制的
object vi.反对；不赞成→objection n．不赞成；反对；异议→objective adj.真实的；客观的；无偏见的
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．I didn't say that I wanted to buy it but merely(mere)asked for the price.
2．His explanation was not reasonable(reason)，so all of us didn't accept it.
3．Jackie Chan enjoys great popularity(popular) both in Hong Kong and inland.
4．The purpose of education is not only the accumulation of knowledge.And it also means accumulating intelligence as well as abilities.(accumulate)
5．From the appearance，we can not tell the differences between the twins，though they always have some different ideas.And as for this phenomenon，ideas differ among many people.(differ)
6．Grey decided to move to the countryside and his mother made no objection to it，while his father objected to it.(object)
7．Don't assume that you are a princess and stop living in assumptions any more.(assume)
8．Nowadays few people can resist the temptation of money，whoever is resistant to it is bound to achieve a lot in their life.(resist)
9．He retired from the post as a manager.After his retirement，he settled down in a remote village.(retire)
10．When you set up your passwords on the Internet，you'd better complicate them，because the more complicated your passwords are，the safer your Internet becomes.(complicate)

1．“完全地”全掌握
①altogether 总共；完全地
②entirely 彻底地，完全地
③completely 完全地；圆满地，全面地
④totally 完全地；总共
2．快速掌握“获得”家族
①receive 收到，得到(信、命令、请帖等)；接受(欢迎，请愿等)
②get 获得；赚得；赢得
③obtain 得到，获得；达到(目的)
④acquire 获得；招致；学得；养成(习惯等)
⑤gain 获得；赢得，打胜(战争、官司)
⑥be available 可以得到的，可以买到的
3．“职场经历”的高频词速记
①apply vt.& vi.申请
②appoint vt.任命；委派
③dismiss vt.免……的职；解雇；开除
④fire vt.开除；解雇
⑤interview vt.接见；采访；面试
⑥promote vt.提升；晋升
⑦resign vi.辞职 vt.辞去
⑧retire vi.退休；离开
4．带后缀－ology的相关词汇集锦
①sociology n．社会学
②technology n．技术；工艺
③zoology n．动物学
④archaeology n．考古学
5．resist形容词集锦
①resist v．抵抗
②insist v．坚持
③assist v．协助
④assistant n．助手
⑤consist vi.由……组成
⑥consistent adj.始终如一的
识记·思考·运用
1．动词＋介词(副词)
①pay off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
②cast down 沮丧；不愉快
③object to 反对
④owe...to...把……归功于……
2．in＋名词(＋of)
①in favour of 赞成；支持
②in vain 白费力气；枉费心机
③in good/poor condition 状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏
3．其他形式
①(be) bound to (do)．..一定或注定(做)……
②strike...into one’s heart 使……刻骨铭心
③from time to time 不时；偶尔
④bring back to life 使复生；使复活
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．The house really is in poor condition—it would cost far too much to repair.
2．The doctor did all he could to bring him back to life.
3．We are bound to meet with difficulties in carrying out this research.
4．Frank won the first prize in the national English competition，and his efforts at last paid off.
5．I have told her about our plan，and she is in favour of it.
6．He was cast down because he was scolded.
7．Traffic accidents happen from time to time on this road.
8．Mountain Tai struck its beauty into her heart and she decided to visit it again the next year.

1．“动词＋副词”回顾再记
①break down 坏掉；分解；垮下来
②break up 打碎；分解
③bring down 使降低，使下降
④come out 出现，出版，结果是
⑤cut down 砍倒；削减
⑥get over 克服
⑦make out 辨认出
⑧put away 收起；储存
⑨set aside 拨出；置于一旁
⑩set off 出发，引爆
2．“in＋名词＋of”常用搭配
①in honor of 为纪念……
②in charge of 负责，掌管
③in terms of 依据，根据
④in praise of 赞扬
⑤in favor of 支持，赞同
⑥in need of 需要
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。
then位于句首，句子用全部倒装语序。that引导同位语从句。
接着传来了屠呦呦，一位女科学家，获得诺贝尔奖的令人兴奋的消息。
Then came the exciting news that Tu Youyou，a woman scientist，won the Nobel Prize.
2.What do you think is the writer’s point of view in this reading passage?
你认为这篇阅读材料中作者的观点是什么？
本句结构为“疑问词＋插入语＋其他部分”。
这本书中你认为哪一部分最有趣？
Which part of this book do you think is the most interesting？
3.The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die....
其优点是如果发生某种新的疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死掉……。
The advantage is that...“其优点是……”，that引导表语从句。
骑自行车上班的优势是我们可以过一种低碳生活。
The advantage of cycling to work is that we can live a low－carbon life.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
Be Careful about Cloning
After a series of initial experiments and corrections，the scientist's hard work paid 1.off when the twin clone turkeys were hatched with normal feather and claws.This breakthrough 2.possibly (possible) enabled people to bring their adored pets back to life.However，it bothered him from time to time that their health was in poor condition because they were unable to resist 3.illnesses (ill)．This drawback cast him down.Merely 2 weeks later，the clones and their carrier died,4.which struck frustration into his heart.He retired before he attained his ambition and became a member of an opera chorus to relieve his 5depression(depress)．
Shortly afterwards，6.the media published a conservative argument objecting to cloning owing to moral problems，and suggested the constitution include compulsory regulations 7.to forbid ( forbid) obtaining commercial profits from cloning.
When interviewed，the scientist stared at the 8.decorations ( decorate) on the ceiling，thinking for a while，and then said，“I'm not in favour of any arbitrary assumption，but 9.undertaking (undertake) cloning does differ from the straightforward procedure of making loafs out of flour.Until we accumulate enough exact knowledge，any practice is in vain and is bound to fail.Altogether，being more careful is reasonable 10.or we may walk into a side road.”


undertake vt.(undertook，undertaken)着手；从事；承担；负责
undertake sth. 着手/从事/承担某事
undertake an attack发动进攻
undertake to do sth.答应，同意做某事
undertake for...为……负责
undertake that-clause保证……
undertake responsibility/a task/a project承担责任/任务/工程
(1)If you undertake(undertake) the project，you are bound to meet with difficulties.
如果你承接这项工程的话，免不了会遇到许多困难。
(2)He undertook to deliver(deliver) us at the airport at ten next morning.他担保第二天上午十点把我们送到机场。
(3)单句语法填空
①The police are said to be undertaking (undertake) detailed investigations into the case at present.
②Cooking，traditionally undertaken (undertake) by mothers，has been often taken over by fathers nowadays.
③Whether or not the construction of the bridge will be undertaken (undertake) by our company remains to be seen.
objection n．不赞成；反对；异议
(教材原句)On the other hand，Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。
拓展词：object n．物体；目标 vi.反对；不赞成
objective adj.真实的；客观的；无偏见的
(1)raise an objection to sth.对某事提出异议
make/take/have an objection to(doing)sth.反对(做)某事
(2)object to sb./sth.反对某人/某事
object to doing sth.反对做某事
object that...反对……
[要点释疑]
(1)object to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。
(2)object表示“反对”，为不及物动词，接宾语需加介词to；oppose表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语不需加介词。be opposed to...表示“反对……，和……相反”。
(1)He raised a strong objection to(＝strongly objected to) the plan because he thought it would be too expensive.
他强烈反对这个计划，因为他认为这个计划代价太高。
(2)The match was cancelled because most of the members objected(object) to having a match without a standard court.
因为大多数成员反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛，所以比赛取消了。
(3)单句语法填空
①I have no objection to your going，but you must promise to come back before ten.
②As long as you can guarantee safety and low cost，we haven't any slightest objection(object)．
③Do you have any objection to changing (change)your working hours?
(4)写作能力提升
一些同学反对这个方案。
①Some students object to the plan.(object)
②Some students raise an objection to或have/make an objection to/against the plan.(objection)
③Some students are against the plan.(against)
④Some students oppose the plan.(oppose)
⑤Some students are opposed to the plan.(opposed)
forbid vt.(forbade/forbad，forbidden)禁止；不准
(教材原句)Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning...有些政府开始改革他们的法律制度，禁止进行克隆人的研究……
forbid doing sth.禁止做某事
forbid sb.to do sth.＝forbid sb.from doing sth.禁止某人做某事
be forbidden to do sth.被禁止做某事
forbid that...禁止……(从句中常用should＋动词原形)
It is forbidden to do sth.做某事是禁止的
forbid后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语，而是跟动名词作宾语，但可以用forbid sb.to do sth.。
[要点释疑]
类似动词结构：
allow/permit/advise/want sb.to do sth.
allow/permit/advise/admit doing sth.
(1)As far as I can remember，this place used to forbid(forbid) parking cars and bikes.
在我的记忆中，这个地方曾经禁止停放汽车和自行车。
(2)Alcohol acts on the brain，so drivers are forbidden(forbid) to drink it when they drive a car.
酒精对大脑有影响，因此司机开车时禁止饮酒。
(3)语境活用
He forbade (forbid) me from smoking in the office.He said the law forbids smoking (smoke) in public places.He also said he would forbid me to leave (leave) unless I apologized for what I had done.
他禁止我在办公室里抽烟。他说法律禁止在公共场所吸烟。他还说如果我不为所做的事情道歉的话他就不许我离开。
(4)写作能力提升
We are forbidden to play on the lawn belonging to him.(用it作形式主语改写)
→It's forbidden for us to play on the lawn belonging to him.
resist vt. 抵抗；对抗；抵制；忍耐
拓展词：resistance n. 抗拒；反对
resistant adj.抵抗的，反抗的
(1)resist sb./sth. 抵抗/抵制某人/某物
resist doing sth. 抵制做某事
can't/couldn't resist doing sth.禁不住做某事
(2)be resistant to 对……有抵抗力
(1)They resisted(resist) my proposal because they thought the plan would cost too much money.他们反对我提出的计划，因为他们认为这个计划花钱太多。
(2)As the coat was a bargain at such a low price，I couldn't resist(resist) the temptation to buy it.
因为这件外套售价实在便宜，我抵不住诱惑买了下来。
(3)The public are strongly resistant(resist) to(＝strongly resist) the new law before it comes into use.
这项新法规还未实施就已经遭遇公众的强烈抵制。
(4)单句语法填空
①This disease is surprisingly difficult to catch as most people have a natural resistance to it.
②We came up against a great deal of resistance (resist)in dealing with the case.
③The body may be less resistant (resist)if it is cold.
④I couldn't resist laughing (laugh)when I heard the joke.

pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清
(教材原句)But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough—the cloning of Dolly the sheep.
但是，科学家们的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。
pay sth.off全部偿还；偿清(债务)
pay sb.off(给工资后)解雇；打发走
pay back偿还(欠款)；报复；回报
pay for sth.付某物的钱；为某事物付出代价
pay sb.for sth.因某事物给某人报酬；为……付钱给某人
pay a visit to参观；拜访
pay attention to注意；留心
(1)I also hope that the great effort I am making will pay off.
我也希望我付出的努力能得到回报。
(2)Sandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid(pay) off.
桑德拉决心成为医生，她的坚持取得了成功。
(3)写出下列句子中pay off的汉语意思
①It would take him the rest of his life to pay off that loan.偿清
②Two hundred workers have been paid off.解雇
③All those weeks of studying will pay off when you take the exam.成功；带来好结果
(4)单句语法填空
①That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.
②He had to work part-time so as to pay for his education.
③The efforts made by Jack and his parents paid off.
④Would you like to pay a visit to us when you are free?
(5)单句语法填空
(2018·北京卷)To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight when he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in
in good/poor condition状况很好/坏；情况很好/坏
(教材原句)The dodo became extinct fairly recently so its DNA is still in good condition.
渡渡鸟是近期才灭绝的动物，因此它的DNA仍保存完好。
拓展词：conditional adj.有条件的；以……为条件的
unconditional adj.无条件的；绝对的
out of condition健康状况欠佳
meet the conditions满足条件
on no condition无论如何都不；决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装语序)
on condition that...只要；如果；条件是……
working/living/studying conditions工作/生活/学习环境
(1)Peace is a necessary condition for economic growth.
和平是经济增长的必要条件。
(2)I would consider studying abroad，on the condition that I get a scholarship.倘若获得奖学金，我会考虑出国学习。
(3)用condition的相关短语的适当形式填空
①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be in poor condition.
②On no condition can we deny that the Diaoyu Islands have been an integral part of China's territory for centuries.
③They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.
(4)写作能力提升
You should tell him what has happened on no condition.(改为倒装句)
→On no condition should you tell him what has happened.

　The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
看来多莉是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。
本句是由that引导的一个同位语从句，用于解释和说明fact的内容。引导词that不能省略。经常跟同位语从句的名词有fact，news，message，doubt，possibility，idea，reason，belief，hope，thought，promise，suggestion，question等。引导词有：连词that，whether；连接代词who，which，what；连接副词where，when，why，how等。
[要点释疑]
(1)一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等)的后面，用于说明该名词所表达的具体内容。有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，这在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
(2)在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议，要求，命令”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should＋动词原形”，句中的should可以省略。
(1)I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them on the telephone.
我羡慕他经常在课外与学生聊天或通过电话与学生聊天。
(2)I have no idea when the meeting will be held.
我不知道这次会议何时举行。
(3)单句语法填空
①The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
②We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
③The news that our football team had won the match was encouraging.
④The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule(should)be adopted.
(4)单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)That is only evidence that traditions once existed.
②(2018·北京卷)I think the faith that everyone has shown in him has touched him.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．When asked about the secret of his success，he owed (归功于)it to his parents.
2．He undertook (着手)to improve the working conditions and the workers were expecting it.
3．Nowadays many graduates are looking forward to obtaining(获得)employment in big cities.
4．I was impressed by his straightforward (坦率的)intelligent manner.
5．Moral (道德的)science is taught as a subject in most schools but with little effect.
6．He was in poor health，so the doctor forbade (不准) him to drink wine.
7．Hearing the bad news，he struck (撞击)the table a heavy blow with his fist.
8．Had I realized you were busy，I wouldn't have bothered (打扰)you with my questions.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．You can go swimming in condition that you don't go too far from the river bank.in→on
2．Some rules should be made to forbid students of smoking.of→from
3．It suddenly struck to me that we ought to make a new plan.去掉第一个to或struck→occurred
4．Mother made a promise if I passed the College Entrance Examination，she would buy me a mobile phone.promise后加that
5．Owe to a lack of funds，the project will not continue next year.Owe→Owing
6．John is strongly convinced that extra time spent studying now will pay for in the future.for→off
7．Sometimes，some students object the idea that English classes are taught in English.object后加to
8．The boy couldn't resist show off his being praised by the teacher on arriving home.show→showing
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
Cloning is a way of making an exact copy of 1.another animal or plant.2.It has two major uses.One is that gardeners use it to produce commercial quantities of plants.The other is that it is 3.valuable (value) for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals.However，the process of cloning is difficult 4.to undertake (undertake)．
The first successful clone，Dolly the sheep,5made (make) the whole scientific world follow its process，though it had 6.more (many) problems than the normal sheep.But on the other hand，Dolly’s 7.appearance (appear) raised a storm of objections and had a great impact 8.on the media and public imagination.Different people have different opinions on it.9.However，scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and 10.where it is leading us.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals have always excited film makers.And they are not the only one.The popularity of the film Jurassic Park proves how interesting ordinary people are in the subject.It is a film in that a scientist clones several kind of extinct dinosaurs.In fact，we are long way from being able to clone extinct animals.From time to time people suggested that the animals that have disappeared from the earth，can be brought back to the life through cloning.Unfortunately，based on what we know now，it is possible.So dinosaurs’ returned to the earth is merely a dream.
答案：
The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals always excited film makers.And they are not the only .The popularity of the film Jurassic Park proves how ordinary people are in the subject.It is a film in a scientist clones several of extinct dinosaurs.In fact，we are long way from being able to clone extinct animals.From time to time people that the animals that have disappeared from the earth，can be brought back to the life through cloning.Unfortunately，based on what we know now，it is .So dinosaurs’ to the earth is merely a dream.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．很多人反对克隆人，甚至有的国家禁止科学家对克隆人进行研究。
2．他们很沮丧，因为克隆人在道德上是不合理的。
3．然而，另外一些国家则不同，他们支持医学克隆。
4．事实上，很多国家都在进行医学克隆研究，积累了很多经验，并取得了很大突破。
5．每个事物都有两面性，所以我们也不能完全控制克隆。
Many people object to cloning humans，and some countries even forbid scientists to do research into human cloning.They feel cast down because it is not morally reasonable.However，other countries quite differ.They are in favour of medical cloning.Actually many countries are undertaking it，and they have accumulated much experience and obtained great breakthroughs.Everything has two sides，so we should not resist it completely.