2020高考英语大一轮精讲练人教版讲义：8.5



[话题单词]
1．primitive adj. 原始的
2．civilization n． 文明
3．ancient adj. 古代的
4．dynasty n． 朝代
5．historian n． 历史学家
6．ruins n． 废墟
7．racial adj. 种族的
8．hardship n． 苦难
9．ancestor n． 祖先
10．replace v． 取代
[话题短语]
1．cultural relics文化遗产
2．in history历史上
3．ignore the tradition忽视传统
4．historic relics历史遗产
5．cultural differences/gap文化差异
6．live on继续存在
7．date back to/date from追溯到
8．have/possess a history of有……的历史
9．treasure every moment you have珍惜你拥有的每一刻
10．cherish today珍视今天
[话题佳句]
1．We human beings have a common ancestor.
我们人类拥有一个共同的祖先。
2．Some records of ancient civilization were discovered recently.
最近发现了一些古代文明的纪录。
3．From ancient times our forefathers have laboured，lived and multiplied on this land.
自古以来，我们的祖先就劳动、生息、繁衍在这块土地上。
[佳作背诵]
假如你是Joe，你的美国朋友Chris目前在北京学习汉语，他对中国传统文化非常感兴趣。本周五下午你校将要举办一个文化讲座，请你根据以下提示给他写一封电子邮件，邀请他来参加。
1．农业大学张教授讲解中国茶文化的历史和传播；
2．讲座后有交流和品茶活动；
3．你将陪同Chris并帮其翻译讲解。
Hi Chris，
Good news！There will be a lecture in our school this Friday afternoon.Professor Zhang from University of Agriculture will tell us about the history and spread of Chinese tea.This will be followed by a tea party and you can taste different kinds of tea while chatting with teachers and students of our school.I wonder if you want to participate in it.Don’t worry about the language.I’ll be with you and explain what you don’t understand.
If you do not have any prior appointment then，I am looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Joe

识记·思考·运用
1．核心单词
①wrinkle n. 皱纹
②spit v. 吐唾沫；吐痰
③quilt n．被子；被状物
④onion n．洋葱；洋葱头
⑤kindergarten n．幼儿园
⑥beast n. 野兽；牲畜
⑦applaud v．&n.鼓掌；赞许，赞赏
⑧album n. 相册， 影集， 集邮簿
⑨arrest vt.逮捕；吸引 n．逮捕；拘留
⑩pulse n．脉搏，(光、能量、波等的)脉动，搏动
⑪starvation n．挨饿；饿死→ starve vi.挨饿；饿死
⑫significance n．意义；重要性 significant adj.重要的
⑬interrupt vt.&vi.打断……讲话；打岔→ interruption n．中断；打扰
⑭significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义→ significant adj.有重大意义的
⑮accuracy n．精确；准确→ accurate adj.精确的；准确的→ accurately adv.准确无误地
⑯alternative n．可能的选择 adj.供选择的；其他的→ alternatively adv.两者选一地
2．阅读单词
①mat n．垫子
②delete v. 删去
③watermelon n. 西瓜
④hammer n. 锤子， 锣锤
⑤spear n. 矛， 枪， 梭镖
⑥receptionist n．接待员
⑦accelerate vi. & vt.加速；促进
⑧yogurt n．酸奶；酸乳酪
⑨howl vi. 嚎叫， 嚎哭
⑩category n．种类；类别；范畴
⑪punctuation n．标点符号
⑫arrest vt.逮捕；吸引 n．逮捕；拘留
⑬somehow adv.以……方式；不知怎么地
⑭dizzy adj. 晕眩的；使人发晕或困惑的
⑮systematic adj.系统的，有条理的
⑯primitive adj. 原始的，远古的
⑰scratch n. 擦，刮；刮擦声；搔痕 v. 擦，刮；擦伤；抓破
⑱botany n．植物学 botanical adj. 植物学的
⑲ messy adj.凌乱的；脏的→ mess n．凌乱，脏
⑳gay adj.快乐的；欢快的→ gaily adv.快乐地；轻松地
assume vt.假定；设想→ assumption n．假设；假定
radioactive adj. 放射性的；有辐射的→ radioactivity n．放射性
ample adj.足够的；充足的；富裕的→ rich/enough/abundant adj.(同义词)
division n．分割；分配；分界线→ divide v．分割；划分；分配
academy n．学院；学会→academic adj.学术的，教学的 n．大学教师，学者
sharp adj.尖的；锋利的→ sharpen vt.(使)锋利；清晰→ sharpener n．磨具；削具
analysis n．分析→analyses (pl)．→analyse vt.分析→analyst n．分析者，化验员→analytic (al) adj.分析的，解析的
用上面所给单词的适当形式填空
1．With the teacher's help，I analysed the data of this experiment.The teacher considered my analysis is reasonable.(analyse)
2．The scientists think his invention is of great significance，because it is significant to cure the patients of deadly disease.(significant)
3．I have been so busy that I have no time to clean the mess，so the house looks very messy.(mess)
4．The old man was starved to death.People felt pity for his starvation.(starve)
5．The boy needs a pencil sharpener to sharpen his pencil，because the sharpener he has isn't sharp. (sharpen)
6．While working out the problem，you should pay more attention to the accuracy.You must measure the length accurately in order to get the accurate number.(accurate)
7．It was first assumed that he was the murderer，but later it turned out to be a false assumption.(assume)
8．“Give her a big round of applause！” said the monitor，applauding the famous singer excitedly.(applaud)
9．You don't need an identity，and all you need is proper identification so that the guards can identify you.(identify)
10．The famous professor made an inspiring academic speech in the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.(academy)

1．－cy名词后缀(表示“……的性质；……的状态”)高频词速记
①accuracy 正确，准确(度)；精确
②efficiency 效率；效能
③emergency 紧急情况
④fluency 流畅，流利
⑤frequency 屡次，频率，频繁
⑥privacy 隐退，隐避，隐居
⑦tendency 倾向，趋势
2．情感态度族群
①relief 解除，减轻
②relieve 使脱离，解脱
③relax 放松
④relaxed 放松的
⑤mood 心情
⑥hesitate 犹豫
⑦exhausting 使筋疲力尽的
⑧guilty 有罪的，犯了错误的
⑨calm 平静的，使平静
⑩envy 羡慕，忌妒
⑪jealous 妒忌的，吃醋的
⑫sympathy 同情
⑬take it easy 不要紧张
3．condemn 相关词荟萃
①condemn vt.谴责
②accuse/charge vt.起诉
③scold vt.责骂
④criticize vt.批评
⑤punish vt.惩罚
4．“comfort”家族
①comfort n．舒适
②comfortable adj.舒适的
③comfortably adv.舒适地
④uncomfortable adj.不舒服的
⑤uncomfortably adv.不舒服地
5．fortune 相关词一览
(1)①fortune n．运气
②fortunate adj.幸运的
③fortunately adv.幸运地
④unfortunate adj.不幸的
⑤unfortunately adv.不幸地
(2)①luck n．运气
②lucky adj.幸运的
③luckily adv.幸运地
④unlucky adj.不幸的
⑤unluckily adv.不幸地
识记·思考·运用
1．动词短语
①cut up 切碎
②look ahead 向前看；为将来打算
③date back to 追溯到……
④keep out 关在门外；不准入内
⑤be fed up with 受够了；饱受；厌烦
⑥be aware of 知道
⑦scare away 把……吓跑
2．其他形式
①regardless of 不管；不顾
②at most 至多；最多
③with/in relief轻松地；如释重负地
用左栏所给短语的适当形式填空
1．He serves the public whole-heartedly，regardless of his personal gain or loss.
2．I wouldn’t like to work together with him，I am fed up with his laziness and carelessness.
3．Whenever we are in trouble，we must look ahead and encourage ourselves.
4．Chinese currency can date back to two thousand years ago.
5．Cut up the meat before you put them into the pot.

1．“厌烦，讨厌”一族速记
①be tired of 厌烦于
②be bored of 厌倦于
③be sick of 讨厌
④disgust 使厌烦
⑤annoying 厌烦的
⑥troublesome 厌烦的
2．“be＋adj.＋to”结构小结
①be superior to 比……优越/年长
②be senior to...比……年长/资历深
③be junior to...比……年轻/资历浅
④be inferior to...次于……；不如……
⑤be similar to 与……相似
⑥be familiar to 为……所熟悉
在解读中学懂，在仿写中学通
背原句
学句型
练仿写
1.Yes，indeed，as the botanical analyses have shown us，all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
很对。正如植物学的分析结果已经告诉我们的，这儿四周曾是一个很大浅水湖的一部分。
句中as引导非限制性定语从句，as指代整个主句的内容，意为“正如”。
正如古训所说“人不可貌相，海水不可斗量”。
“You can’t judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.
2.If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
此句用了虚拟语气。if only...意为“要是……就好了”。
今年春节全家能团圆就好了！
If only the whole family could be united during the Spring Festival this year！
3.Abruptly she sat down，only to be scooped up by her laughing，shouting sister，Luna.
她突然坐了下来，结果被爱吵闹的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。
only to do sth.“不料；结果……”，动词不定式作结果状语，表示意料不到的情况。
他匆匆忙忙地赶往剧院，结果被告知票已卖完。
He hurried to the theatre，only to be told that the tickets had been sold out.
3500词汇语境篇——先练后背，事半功倍
A Sly Murder
When giving a lecture about the significance of punctuation，the academic professor 1.was interrupted (interrupt) and arrested by the police for murdering his wife，a receptionist of a kindergarten.The police found some photos he deleted from their e-album(电子相册) 2.showing (show) that they used to have a gay life.But，fed up 3.with her wrinkled face，he murdered her instead of divorcing her to avoid fortune division.He cut up a kind of seashell with a 4.sharpened (sharpen) knife，and hammered it into powder on a skateboard，and made at most one gram,5which was enough to accelerate one's pulse until he or she dies.This kind of poison can date back to 10,000 BC 6.when people rubbed it on spears to kill beasts.The professor mixed the poison with onion，watermelon and yogurt for his wife.Howling and scratching her chest，she felt dizzy and died soon.
After 7.tentative (tentatively) examination，the police assumed she died of heart disease.But systematic botanical analyses showed that the watermelon spit on the messy mat and the quilt was poisonous.Regardless of 8.exhaustion (exhaust) and starvation，the acute and skilful policemen used radioactive equipment to make sure 9.the category of the poison.Primitive and not ample as their alternative equipment was，they got perfect 10.accuracy (accurate) somehow.
People applauded the police and the woman's family can look ahead with relief now.
Note：tentatively /'tentətɪvlɪ/ adv.试验性地，暂时地


alternative n．可供选择的事物；可能的选择
adj.可供选择的；其他的；非传统的；另类的
(教材原句)Can you think of the alternatives we would use today？你能想到我们今天可以利用的选择吗？
拓展词：alternatively adv.可供选择地；或者
an alternative to...……的替代品
have no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事
have the alternative of doing sth.有做某事的选择
There is no alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做某事。
(2)alternative energy替代能源；新能源
alternative fuel代用燃料；可替代燃料
alternative method替代的方法
[联想记忆]
“别无选择只好做某事”的其他表达方式：do nothing but do sth...，have nothing to do but do sth.，have no choice but to do sth.，can not choose but do sth.。(1)The more alternatives(alternative)，the more difficult the choice.选择越多，越难抉择。
(2)写作能力提升
①He had no alternative but to admit(admit)that he was wrong.
②He had no choice but to admit(admit)that he was wrong.
③He could do nothing but admit(admit)that he was wrong.
④He could not choose but admit(admit)that he was wrong.
⑤He could not help but admit(admit)that he was wrong.
他除了承认他错了别无选择。
assume vt.假定；设想；假装；承担；认为
(教材原句)So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
拓展词：assumption n．假定；设想；担任；采取
assuming adj.自负的；傲慢的；过分自信的
assumed adj.假装的，假的；假定的，设想的
(1)assume sb./sth. to be...认为某人(事)……
assuming(that)．.. 假设……(引导条件状语从句)
It is assumed that... 人们认为……
(2)make an assumption 认为；假定
on the assumption that... 假定……
[联想记忆]
在英语中，有些看上去是现在分词或过去分词的词，实际上可直接用作介词或连词。这一类单词有：
(1)supposing conj.假设；如果；
(2)provided/providing conj.假设；如果；
(3)given prep.鉴于；考虑到；
(4)considering prep.&conj.鉴于；考虑到；
(5)concerning prep.关于；
(6)including prep.包括；包含
(1)Even a fool can assume(assumption)．The point is to understand.
连傻瓜都会假设。重点是得理解。
(2)We assumed(assume) him to be the best writer of our time.
我们认为他是这个时代最好的作家。
(3)单句语法填空
①It is assumed that mental health is related to physical health.
②A lot of people make the assumption(assume)that poverty only exists in the third world.
③I hope to go to college next year，assuming(assume) that I pass the exam.
(4)能力提升
①If there wasn't the hard work of the dustman，what can you imagine our environment will be like？(用assuming that...改写)
Assuming that there wasn't the hard work of the dustman，what can you imagine our environment will be like?
②People assume that what they do has little effect on the environment.(用it作形式主语改写)
It is assumed that what they do has little effect on the environment.
significance n．意义；意思；重要性；重要意义
(教材原句)His university was aware of the significance of his work.他所在的大学知道他的工作的重要性。
拓展词：significant adj.重要的；明显的；重要的；有重要意义的
(1)be of great significance to＝be significant to对……有重要性；意义重大
be of no/little significance没有意义/意义不大
attach(great)significance/importance to认为……(非常)有意义/重要
(2)be significant for对……是重要的
It is significant that...很明显……
[联想记忆]
常见“be＋of＋抽象名词”的短语有：
(1)be of significance＝be significant
(2)be of importance＝be important
(3)be of value＝be valuable
(4)be of help＝be helpful
(5)be of use＝be useful
(1)Your success today may be significant for your whole future.你今天的成功对你的整个未来来说可能是重要的。
(2)At time going by，I attach more great significance(significant) to doing what I am doing now.
随着时间的推移，我更加重视我现在所做的了。
(3)单句语法填空
①From the story，I am firmly convinced of the significance (significant) of honesty.
②The Internet is a wonderful discovery，which I think is of great significance to people's lives.
③It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys.
(4)单句语法填空
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa，small color choices bring with them the significant(significance) benefit of being easily changeable.

regardless of不管；不顾(侧重指不计后果和代价)
(教材原句)So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.
因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。
(1)regardless of 不顾；不管
regardless of the fact that...不顾……的事实
in spite of＝despite虽然，尽管
(2)as regards＝regarding＝in/with regard to关于，至于
(3)regard...as...把……当作……
[要点释疑]
(1)regardless of...强调“不认为……重要”，从而不加以重视或考虑，而despite和in spite of有“尽管……但是”之意。
(2)regardless of后可跟whether、what引导的从句，而in spite of和despite后不可接从句。
(1)Regardless of what happened yesterday and what may or may not happen tomorrow，the present moment is where we are.不管昨天发生了什么，也不管明天可能发生或者不会发生什么，现在才是我们关注的所在。
(2)单句语法填空
①Davis had very little to say regarding (regard) the accident.
②Please give my regards (regard) to your family.
③I have something to say with regard to his behavior.
④In addition，the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient，regardless of time and space.
⑤This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism.
(3)写作能力提升
我们把他看作我们最好的朋友。
①We regard/treat/consider him as our best friend.(regard/treat/consider)
②We think of him as our best friend.(think of)
③We look on him as our best friend.(look on)
date back to追溯到……；始于……
(教材原句)All the objects are from the same excavation site in Sanxingdui and can be dated back to between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago.所有的这些物品都来自于三星堆发掘现场，时间可以追溯到3 000至5 000年前之间。
(1)date back to＝date from追溯到；始于
date with sb.与某人约会
(2)to date迄今为止
up to date最新的；现代的
out of date过时的；废弃的
make/have a date with sb.与某人约定某个时间；与某人约会
set/fix a date(for sth.)确定一个日期(子)
[要点释疑]
(1)date back to/date from追溯到，不能用于被动语态和过去时，多用于现在时。
(2)out of date/up to date作表语；out-of-date/up-to-date作定语。
(1)Suddenly she felt old and out of date.
她猛然觉得自己老了，跟不上时代了。
(2)This is a historic building that dates back to the 17th century.这是一座有历史意义的建筑，可追溯到17世纪。
(3)The temple has a long history dating/which dates back to the early period of the Tang Dynasty.
这座寺庙历史悠久，可追溯到初唐时期。
(4)用date相关短语的适当形式填空
①The car is a beauty and quite up to date.
②On the top of the hill stands an old temple dating back to 700 years ago.
③The church dates from the 18th century.
(5)写作能力提升
这是一座始于14世纪的古老建筑。
①This is an old building dating back to the 14th century.
②This is an old building dating from the 14th century.
fed up with受够了；饱受；厌烦
(教材原句)Well，I'm fed up with all the attention and...噢，我厌烦了这么多关注……
(1)feed sb./sth.on/with sth.用……喂……
fed up吃得过饱，极其厌倦
feed sth.to sb./sth.喂……给……
feed on sth.(动物)以……为食，靠……活
feed up养肥；使厌倦
(2)be tired of厌烦……
(1)People get fed up with anyone who talks big in the office all the time.
人们对那些总爱在办公室吹牛的人反感透了。
(2)You look fed(feed)up.What's the matter?
你满脸不高兴的样子，怎么啦？
(3)语境活用
Usually we feed children on/with milk.That’s to say，we often feed milk to our children.At last this makes them fed (feed)up with it.我们通常用牛奶来喂养孩子。也就是说，我们经常给孩子们牛奶喝。最终这使他们厌倦了牛奶。
(4)写作能力提升
①David was fed up with his job in London，so he asked for a transfer to the Paris office.(并列句)
②Fed up with his job in London，David asked for a transfer to the Paris office.(分词作状语)
戴维厌烦了在伦敦的工作，所以他请求转到巴黎的办公室。

　If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year！她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！
此句用了虚拟语气。if only...意为“要是……就好/但愿……”。
(1)if only...could/would/might＋do...表示对将来事情的愿望(不用should)
(2)if only...did...表示与目前或现在事实相反的愿望
(3)if only...had done...表示与过去事实相反的愿望
(1)If only the whole family could be united during the Spring Festival！春节全家能团圆就好了！
(2)If only we had come(come)a few minutes earlier!
要是我们早来几分钟就好了！
(3)You can make progress only if you are(be)modest.
虚心使人进步。
[易混辨析]
if only
表示“但愿，要是……就好了”，句子用虚拟语气，表达强烈的愿望或遗憾
only if
表示“只有”，引导条件状语从句，不用虚拟语气。若其引导的从句置于句首，且与主语间没有逗号隔开，则主句用倒装语序
(4)单句语法填空
①Only if a teacher has given permission is (be) a student allowed to enter this room.
②Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.
③Look at the trouble I am in！If only I had followed(follow)your advice.
④If only he had arrived(arrive) in time，he would not have been punished.
⑤If only I had (have) more money！I could buy some new clothes.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He was arrested(逮捕)for spreading rumors on the Internet.
2．It is urgent that we should carry out the alternative (供选择的)plan.
3．We must try every means to ripen(使成熟)the late crops more rapidly.
4．I was mistakenly assumed (设想)to be an Englishman because of my fluent English.
5．The bell indicated the end of the period rang，interrupting (打断)our heated discussion.
6．There's ample (足够的)evidence that the lawyer knew exactly what she was doing.
7．With three goals in the first period they had a promising victory，but somehow (不知怎么地)they lost.
8．The driver stepped on the gas and accelerated (加速) the car.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Every day a number of tourists take pictures in front of the building，which dated back to as early as 800 years ago.dated→dates
2．—I didn't see you at the concert last week.What a pity!
—If only I afforded the time.afforded前加had
3．I'm fed up this weather；it's time we had some sunshine.up后加with
4．We must assume of him to be innocent until he is proved guilty.去掉of
5．I'm very sorry to interrupt with you，but I have something very important to tell you.去掉with
6．The significance attaching to a national day is very different from country to country.attaching→attached
7．There were so many cars held up by the heavy rain on the road that we had no alternative but waited.waited→to wait
8．He insisted on doing it that way，regardless for our suggestions.for→of
Ⅲ.教材与语法填空
A group of students from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves 1.for a visit.2.An archaeologist is showing them round.The archaeologists have been excavating here for many years.After 3.finding (find) human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects，they think 4.it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.They discovered fireplaces in the center of the caves 5where they made fires.Some evidence suggests that our ancestors did wear clothes 6.made (make) from animal skins.The archaeologist also shows the students a primitive necklace preserved quite well.Indeed，7.as the botanical analyses have shown，all the fields around here 8.used (use) to be part of a large shallow lake.Perhaps 9.there was trade between early peoples 10.or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys.
Ⅳ.教材与短文改错
Worrying about the preparations for her feast，Lala quickly came back to home with her collection of nuts and fruit.It was a time that family groups gathered again.They reunited as they follow the animal herds across the grasslands.If only it can be just like last year！Then she was so happy when Dahu chose her like the future mother of his children.It was great honor to be chosen.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choices.It turned out just as wonderfully as last year.She smiled to herself and went out to welcome his friends and neighbors.
答案：
about the preparations for her feast，Lala quickly came back to home with her collection of nuts and fruit.It was a time family groups gathered again.They reunited as they the animal herds across the grasslands.If only it be just like last year！Then she was so happy when Dahu chose her the future mother of his children.It was great honor to he chosen.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his .It turned out just as as last year.She smiled to herself and went out to welcome friends and neighbors.
Ⅴ.话题微写作
1．我们非常有幸到周口店洞穴参观。
2．从中我们知道了最早人类的生活环境。
3．我们不仅了解了在寒冬御寒的方法，还了解到人类是怎样做成兽皮衣服的。
4．从他们所戴的项链来判断，他们的确很在乎外貌。
5．周口店一行，让我们进一步接触了民族和文化遗产。
It’s a great honor for us to pay a visit to the Zhoukoudian caves.During the visit，we are aware of the earliest people who lived in the part of the world.What’s more，not only are we aware of some ways of keeping the cold out during the freezing winter，but also we know their clothes made of animal skins.Judging by their necklaces，indeed，they cared about their appearance.In a word，the visit to the Zhoukoudian caves lets us get close to people and cultural heritage.