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【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题10 阅读理解之应用文-试卷
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这是一份【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题10 阅读理解之应用文-试卷，文件包含专题10阅读理解之应用文-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用原卷版docx、专题10阅读理解之应用文-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共34页， 欢迎下载使用。
应用文主要设题类型及特点
1. 细节理解题：针对应用文体裁的阅读训练多出现细节理解题。应用文不同于一般的文章，应用文的措辞简洁明了、直截了当，在阅读时须重点注意细节信息，最好采取跳读这种阅读方法。如：活动的具体时间和地点是什么？音乐会的具体举办时间是什么？所倡议的活动是针对哪些人展开的？
2. 主旨大意题：应用文强调实用性，无论是信件、广告、通知，还是倡议书、海报等，在阅读时都应该快速掌握其主旨大意。如：海报介绍的那部电影？通知的是哪个活动？邀请哪些人参加什么活动？这些都是主旨大意题考查的内容。常见的主旨大意题的题干表达方式有“The pster intrduces us t _______.” “The e-mail mainly tells us abut _______.”
3. 观点态度题：作者往往通过海报、广告等形式的应用文表明自己对于某事的态度，也可以通过通知、倡议书、邀请函等形式暗示自己对某次活动的看法和态度。常见的观点态度题的题干表达方式有“What is the authr’s attitude twards...” “What des the authr think f ”
高考英语阅读理解题中，应用文具有以下一些特点：
1. 题材多样、注重实用
广告题材涉及美食之旅、职业从业者、自行车租赁、旅游观光等方面，题材十分丰富，而且与实际生活联系紧密。
2. 语言地道、简洁明了
①简单句多，复杂句少。广告所用语言较简洁，多采用简单句，句型结构较为复杂的长、难句很少，因此读上去比较容易。
②多采用短语、省略句。广告多采用非完整句，短语、省略很常见，更加有效地传达信息。例如：
3. 设题灵活、筛选信息。广告的设题方式主要有：
1)理解写作意图：这样的题目要求考生能理解作者的写作目的、主旨大意以及广告的体裁特点。
2)获取文中信息：有关广告的阅读试题大部分为这类题目，要求考生读懂文中的关键信息。
3)理解深层含义：这类题目要求考生理解某一句话的深层含义，也就是透过字里行间，读懂它的言外之意。
题型归纳
题型01 “寻找共同点”题
【题型诠释】
寻找共同点命题规律探究：1.“找共同点题”试题大多出现在应用文最后—题或第一题；2.属于复杂细节理解题，可能会涉及阅读材料多处；3.常见命题形式：What d the fur... have in cmmn?
1.结构法：如果属于“总分总”结构，多从“总处”找依据；
2.排除法：可以运用排除法，只要一项不合要求就应该排除；
3.关键词法：依据题干划出关键词语，据此知道答案。
【典例1】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Inspired by his mentr Luis Sullivan, an influential figure in the wrld f mdernist architecture, Frank Llyd Wright cined the term “rganic architecture” arund 1908.
Rather than imitating nature r rganic elements within the natural wrld, rganic architecture is mre cncerned with re-interpretatin f nature and harmny between the rganic and the built envirnment. It ensures that the individual elements within buildings are put tgether t reflect the rder within nature. Here are fur f the mst striking examples.
Casa Milà
Lcatin: Barcelna, Spain
Year f cmpletin: 1910
Architect: Antni Caudi
Cnsidered the greatest master f Catalan Mdernism, Antni Gaudi was devted t nature and the Cathlic religin. While he riginally intended this rganic building t have a religius purpse, it is nw an apartment building. True t the rganic style, it features hney shapes that seemingly emerge frm the earth.
Learning Hub at Nanyang Technlgical University (NTU)
Lcatin: Singapre
Year f cmpletin: 2015
Architect: Thmas Heatherwick
Earning the nicknames “dim sum basket building” and “the Hive”, the Learning Hub cnsists f 12 eight-strey twers arranged arund a public atrium (天井). The rganic nature f the building extends t its interir with features like gardens that are intended t encurage scial interactins and study amng students.
Falling Water
Lcatin: Mill Run, Pennsylvania
Year f cmpletin:1939
Architect: Frank Llyd Wright
A classic f mdernism and rganic architecture, Falling Water sits n tp f a waterfall. Frank Llyd Wright designed it fr the Kaufmann family wh—thugh they had riginally hped fr a view f the waterfall-came t lve the hme.
East Beach Café
Lcatin: Littlehamptn, UK
Year f cmpletin: 2007
Architect: Thmas Heatherwick
Lcated in a seaside area with an industrial histry, East Beach Café resembles a piece f driftwd. Frty meters lng, seven meters wide and five meters high, it initially plarized lcals, but has since been well-received by the whle cmmunity. It was the first building fr Thmas Heatherwick wh previusly was better knwn as a sculptr.
6. What d we knw abut the fur buildings in the text?
A. They are architectural classics f mdernism.
B. They feature imitatins f animals r elements in nature.
C. East Beach Café was nt welcmed by all the lcals initially.
D. The designer f Learning Hub at NTU invented’ the cncept “rganic architecture”.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据East Beach Café部分“Frty meters lng, seven meters wide and five meters high, it initially plarized lcals, but has since been well-received by the whle cmmunity.” (它长40米，宽7米，高5米，最初在当地引起了两极分化，但后来受到了整个社区的欢迎。)可知，这个咖啡厅在建立之初并不受到所有当地人的欢迎。故选C。
题型02 “文章出处”题
【题型诠释】
“推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处：
研究报告类文章 (a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章 (a bk review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
广告英语类文章 (an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
科普杂志类文章 (a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
教材课本类文章 (a gegraphy textbk)：此类文章内容比较正式，语言规范，往往涉及到学科术语、专业性词汇、概念、理论等。
课件展示类文章 (a class presentatin)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章 (an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如Fr mre infrmatin, please click here.
做这类阅读理解题时，切不可凭自己的主观印象，或根据所谓的经验，想当然地确定答案。对待任何一个选项同，都应该在原文中找到相关线索，这就如同破译密码一样。解题人的思维过程和出题人的思维过程恰好相反，出题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，而解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。
【典例2】（2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习）
New Yrk Bradway Shw: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant yur wish t see the Disney classic live n Bradway!
Prvider: Tiqets Internatinal B. V.
Duratin: 2h 30mins
Ticket Inf:
A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin
B. Smartphne tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Descriptin
Rll ut the magic carpet and get ready fr a whle new wrld. The prducer f The Lin King brings the timeless stry f Aladdin t the New Yrk stage in a musical spectacular fr the whle family.
Frm the prducer f The Lin King, this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre!
Cme t the New Amsterdam Theatre and step int “A Whle New Wrld”!
Instructins
Yur tickets will be sent t yu via email. Please shw yur ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance fr the time and date f yur shw.
Seating starts 30 minutes prir t shwtime, but there may be a wait t enter the theatre due t the security check. Please give yur grup plenty f time t get t the theatre and find their seats. Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance.
Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy.
Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket.
Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket.
1. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A Disney brchure.B. A travel blg.
C. A ticketing website.D. A Bradway intrductin.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“t see the Disney classic live n Bradway (在百老汇现场观看迪士尼经典电影)”、“Ticket Inf(票务信息)”部分的“A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin (91.20美元阿拉丁门票)、B. Smartphne tickets accepted (接受智能手机票)、C. Instant ticket delivery (即时送票)”以及“Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy (重新安排和取消政策)”部分的“Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket. ( 这张票不能退款) 、Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket (此票无法重新安排)”可知，本文主要介绍了一部即将演出的剧目的订票信息，最有可能来自于订票网站上，故选C项。
题型03 “数字计算”题
【题型诠释】
细节理解之数字计算题考点是高考中的必考点。数字计算题考点主要在广告信息类文章中考，锁定题干直接找相关的文章内容，提取相关信息，进行简单的计算，就可以得出正确答案。预测在2024高考中，数字计算题会在广告信息文章中和说明文中的部分试题中呈现。
我们在看文章、读报纸时，我们最重要的目的就是获取直接信息，通过阅读广告信息，我们能做我们要做的事，这就是学以致用，在用中学的重要思想。因此，细节理解题一直是高考命题的重点，它要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些答案考生可以直接从文中找到明确的线索，但有些则需要考生在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。
数字计算题最常用的解题方法：1.仔细理解题干中的信息要求；2.从文章中定位计算需要的信息；3.通过简单的计算得出答案。
【典例3】(2023上·四川成都·高三成都市锦江区嘉祥外国语高级中学校考期中)
A reusable bttle will save yu mney in the lng run while helping yu reach yur hydratin gals. Let’s check ut these reusable water bttles in 2019!
Klean Kanteen Reflect Bttle (Stainless steel), $31, Amazn
This shiny, stainless steel bttle is lightweight and easy t grasp, s it’s perfectly prtable when yu’re n-the-g, whether hiking up a muntain r ding business arund twn. The single-walled stainless steel cnstructin keeps yur drink cld fr hurs, and a stylish cap made f sustainably harvested bamb tps it ff.
CamelBak Eddy Water Bttle (Plastic), $20 (Nrmally $28), Amazn
If yu find mre f yur drink ends up in yur bag — r n yur pants — than in yur muth, Camelbak’s spill-prf water bttle cap is a must-have. The newly redesigned “bite-and-sip” cap lets mre liquid flw thrugh than previus versins, letting yu stay hydrated withut having t wrry abut spills. It’s als dishwasher-safe, unlike ther water bttles, s it’s simple t keep clean and germ-free.
Yuanfeng Cllapsible Water Bttle, $10, Amazn
Fr adventurers n-the-g, this space-saving water cntainer is a must-have. The sft, BPA-free bttle flds up t be nly 4.5 inches tall when it’s empty, but stres up t 500 ml liquid when yu fill it up! Available in six bright clrs, this handy bttle is the perfect travel cmpanin fr yur next biking, hiking, r camping trip.
Cupture White Fruit Infuser Water Bttle, $9, Amazn
Kick up the flavr with this genius infuser bttle that allws yu t add in extra flavr t yur water. Fill the remvable infuser basket with lemns, berries, tea bags, r anything else yu’re fnd f, and yu’ll be able t create yur wn deliciusly flavred water. Yu can take ut the infuser whenever yu need a regular water bttle t.
2. Hw much can yu save if yu buy a plastic bttle?
A. $15.B. $13.C. $10.D. $8.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个小标题CamelBak Eddy Water Bttle (Plastic), $20 (Nrmally $28), Amazn可知如果你买一个塑料瓶，你能省八美元。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 “寻找共同点”题
(2023年高考英语·全国甲卷A篇)
Where t Eat in Bangkk
Bangkk is a highly desirable destinatin fr fd lvers. It has a seemingly bttmless well f dining ptins. Here are sme suggestins n where t start yur Bangkk eating adventure.
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining. Nahm prvides the best f Bangkk culinary (烹饪的) experiences. It’s the nly Thai restaurant that ranks amng the tp 10 f the wrld’s 50 best restaurants list. Head Chef David Thmpsn, wh received a Michelin star fr his Lndn-based Thai restaurant f the same name, pened this branch in the Metrplitan Htel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is internatinally knwn Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkk restaurant. The menu in this beautiful clnial huse includes traditinal Thai cuisine cmbined with mdern cking methds.
B.lan
B.lan has been making waves in Bangkk’s culinary scene since it pened in 2009. Serving hard-t-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmsphere, the restaurant is true t Thai cuisine’s rts, yet still manages t add a special twist. This place is gd fr a candle-lit dinner r a wrk meeting with clleagues wh appreciate fine fd. Fr thse extremely hungry, there’s a large set menu.
Gaggan
Earning first place n the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list, prgressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is ne f the mst exciting venues (场所) t arrive in Bangkk in recent years. The best table in this tw-stry clnial Thai hme ffers a windw right int the kitchen, where yu can see chef Gaggan and his staff in actin. Culinary theater at its best.
1. What d Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in cmmn?
A. They adpt mdern cking methds.B. They have branches in Lndn.
C. They have tp-class chefs.D. They are based in htels.
题型02 “文章出处”题
(2021年高考英语·全国甲卷A篇）
A Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Phtgrapher f the Year Award, was the idea f Charlie Waite, ne f tday’s mst respected landscape phtgraphers. Each year, the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all cmers f the UK and beynd.
23. Where can the text be fund?
A. In a histry bk.B. In a nvel.C. In an art magazine.D. In a bigraphy.
题型03 “数字计算”题
(2023年·新高考全国Ⅰ卷A篇)
Bike rental & guided turs
Welcme t Amsterdam, welcme t MacBike. Yu see much mre frm the seat f a bike! Cycling is the mst ecnmical, sustainable and fun way t explre the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and cuntless lights. Yu can als bike alng lvely landscapes utside f Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been arund fr almst 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental cmpany in Amsterdam. With ver 2,500 bikes stred in ur five rental shps at strategic lcatins, we make sure there is always a bike available fr yu. We ffer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with ft brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Guided City Turs
The 2.5-hur tur cvers the Gyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much mre. The tur departs frm Dam Square every hur n the hur, starting at 1:00 pm every day. Yu can buy yur ticket in a MacBike shp r bk nline.
22. Hw much d yu pay fr renting a bike with hand brake and three gears fr tw days?
A. 15.75.B. 19.50.C. 22.75.D. 29.50.
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖北武汉·高三武汉市洪山高级中学校考阶段练习) Des yur child lve high-tech, writing r specialty arts? Attending a summer camp with this fcus is a perfect way fr them t explre and t experience. Lk thrugh ur selectin and find the perfect fit fr yur child.
ID Tech Summer Camps
We’re trusted and hsted by the wrld’s tp learning rganizatins. The right instructr changes everything. With persnalized learning, yur child will prgress at their wn pace. Yur child can level up t Grade 10, standing ut t clleges and future wrk. We can’t wait t welcme yur child t ur cmmunity f 500,000+ students.
Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams
Summer is the perfect time fr pre-cllege students t explre their career interests. Our prgrams prvide pprtunities fr students t experience cllege life while expanding their knwledge and explring their interests. There are many pprtunities including vernight camps.
Independent Lake Camp
It is an vernight summer camp ffering impressive activities due t ur quality facilities (设备), and talented staff. Started as a nn-traditinal summer camp, we fcus n prmting creativity within each camper and the cmmunity and develping individual grwth with ur persnalized scheduling — each camper chses their wn activities.
Virtual Live Creative Writing Camp
Creative writing is taught live nline by experienced teachers. Great fr ages 7+ and divided int age-based grups, this camp has a limited class size s students can learn fun new skills. Vides will als be made available t all creative writing campers. S, with flexible classes t chse, yur child will never miss a beat!
1. Wh will be interested in Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams?
A. Graduates lking fr jbs.B. High schlers expecting cllege life.
C. Cllege students seeking mre credits.D. Cllege students needing scial practice.
2. What d ID Tech Summer Camps and Independent Lake Camp have in cmmn?
A. They make arrangements fr wrk.B. They include vernight activities.
C. They ffer persnalized learning.D. They imprve persnal creativity.
3. Which camp best suits children with busy summer schedules?
A. ID Tech Summer Camp.B. Independent Lake Camp.
C. Virtual Live Creative Writing Camp.D. Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams.
B
(2023上·湖北·高三荆州中学校联考期中) One day in Brnx, a first-grade teacher sat dwn in a barbershp fr a haircut and ne f his students walked in, sat dwn, and started lking antsy. He thught t himself that it was a perfect pprtunity t practice reading, a thught that changed Alvin Irby’s life, and he’s filling many barbershps arund the US with free bks t trim back childhd illiteracy (文盲). His nn-prfit, Barbershp Bks, has delivered 50,000 free bks t mre than 200 barbershps in mainly black neighbrhds in 24 states, cnsidering the fact that in Black American cmmunities, barbershps are like cmmunity centers where peple gather naturally.
“S many kids assciate reading with smething yu d in r fr schl,” he said. “If the nly place a kid practices the pian is during a lessn, the prgress will be slw. Our prgram is abut getting kids t say three wrds: ‘I’m a reader.’”
Irby’s prgram may seem straightfrward but there’s a lt f thught behind it. He puts a clrful, kid-sized bkshelf in each shp, making it inviting t children. The bks displayed are all carefully chsen based n recmmendatins frm his target audience. The bkshelves display the cvers f the bks rather than the spines, helping kids wh may be interested in reading seize the pprtunity fr themselves, whether they’re in the barber’s chair r they’re waiting n their dad r friend. And Irby invlves the barbers in his missin — training them t engage kids abut reading. “We want them t encurage kids t use the reading spaces,” he said. “Then they can talk t them abut hw they like reading, hw funny a bk was r tell them abut anther bk anther kid was reading.”
Denny Me was the first barber t wrk with Irby. Me had previusly ffered vide games at his Harlem shp, t bring in extra incme, but he was willing t quit that t help the cmmunity. “I decided t pay it frward by getting rid f the vide games, putting bks in here, just t get the kids’ minds ging,” he said. “Yu want t make an impact.”
“These bks, I wuld say, have pwer,” 8-year-ld by Chance said. That’s what keeps Irby mtivated. “I’m just excited that we get t create a safe space fr bys t d smething that’s really life changing,” he said. “That’s what I really believe reading is. It unlcks ptential.”
4. What des the underlined wrd in paragraph 1 mst prbably mean?
A. Restless.B. Serius.C. Relieved.D. Jyful.
5. Why des the prgram appeal t children?
A. Because it expresses children’s requirements.B. Because it shws children’s characteristics.
C. Because it prtects children’s security.D. Because it cnsiders children’s preferences.
6. What made Denny Me give up the vide games finally?
A. That he wanted t attract mre custmers.B. That he wanted t make a difference.
C. That he wanted t bring in mre mney.D. That he wanted t meet different demands.
7. What is the best title fr this passage?
A. Black Kids, Ptential Big ReadersB. Free Bks, Gd Way t Pay Back
C. Clurful Cvers, Nice Try t Attract KidsD. Small Barbershps, Treasure Huse t Start Reading
C
(2023上·湖北·高三荆州中学校联考期中) Wmen in pst-pregnancy tend t respnd slwer t the utside wrld than they did befre. In the West, this phenmenn is called “pregnancy brain”. In China, peple describe it as “wmen are slwer and less sharp fr three years after giving birth.” Hwever, studies shwed that they are nt less sharp. Rather, their brains are becming better wired fr parenting at the cst f memry.
In their 2016 research, Elseline Hekzema and her team frm the Netherlands scanned 25 wmen’s brains befre and during pregnancy. The MRI results shwed that there was a decrease in the amunt f expectant mthers’ grey matter in their brains, which is respnsible fr multiple functins, including muscle cntrl, emtins, speech and memry.
The decrease in grey matter isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Hekzema cmpared it with the drp in the grey matter f teenagers during puberty (青春期). Accrding t a previus study, during puberty, teenagers’ hrmnes cause a reductin in unnecessary synapses (突触), the cnnectins between nerve cells. This prcess makes the brain wrk mre efficiently. Likewise, the reductin f grey matter in new mthers’ brains might lead t greater parenting abilities.
The changes in the regin f grey matter affected by pregnancy are knwn t play a rle in scial cgnitin (认知). This change might help a new mther better understand and decde her baby’s facial expressins and needs. Based n the results, scientists believed that the female brain experiences changes t help them better prepare fr mtherhd.
In a recent study led by Jnny Khl frm Lndn’s Francis Crick Institute, experiments n the brains f pregnant mice prvide cncrete evidence that specific hrmnes imprved cnnectins between neurns (神经元) assciated with parenting behavirs. While cnducted n mice, this brain remdeling agrees with previus human studies, suggesting shared mechanisms, Newsweek reprted.
Hwever, this imprvement in parenting-related skills might cme at a cst. A 2010 study shwed pregnant wmen have prer memry skills than nn-pregnant wmen, particularly cncerning spatial recgnitin memry. This explains why many pregnant wmen smetimes lse their way n familiar rutes.
And accrding t Hekzema, the changes in wmen’s brains are lng-lasting. S, next time yur mm gets lst in a familiar place, be patient and kind t her. After all, her brain changed t bring yu int the wrld!
8. During pregnancy, what happens t wmen’s brains?
A. They increase in amunt.B. They becme mre cmplex.
C. They generate new neur cells.D. They lse sme grey matter.
9. Hw might the changes in wmen’s brains during pregnancy benefit them?
A. By imprving their wrk efficiency.B. By bsting their muscle cntrl.
C. By strengthening their scial cgnitin.D. By adjusting their emtinal state.
10. What d we knw abut Jnny Khl’s study?
A. It cnflicted with Hekzema’s team’s findings.
B. It cmpared pregnant mice with nn-pregnant nes.
C. It explred the link between hrmne changes and parenting behavirs.
D. It cnfirmed the lng-lasting effects f pregnancy n wmen’s brains.
11. What is ne ptential disadvantage f brain changes in pregnant wmen?
A. Prer cmmunicatin skills.B. A weaker sense f directin.
C. A shrter length f attentin.D. Decreased prblem-slving abilities.
D
(2023上·湖北荆州·高三荆州中学校考期中) As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
12. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
13. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
14. What des Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
15. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
项目
年份 卷别
语篇类型
题型
应用文
记叙文
说明文
议论文
细节理解
推理判断
主旨要义
词义猜测
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全国甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全国乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全国甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全国乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全国甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全国乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全国I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全国Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2
Mike Shepherd (2011)
Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England
It was an extremely cld winter’s evening and freezing fg hung in the air. I climbed t the tp f a small rise and realised that the mist was little mre than a few feet deep, and thugh it was nly a shrt climb, I fund myself cmpletely abve it and lking at a wnderfully clear view f Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated frm my cllege days spent in the darkrm int Phtshp, t achieve the black—and—white image (图像).
Timthy Smith (2014)
Macclesfield Frest Cheshire, England
I was back in my hme twn f Macclesfield t take sme winter images. Walking up a path thrugh the frest twards Shutlingsle. a lcal high pint, I came acrss a small clearing and immediately nticed the dead yellw grasses set against the fresh snw. The small pine added t the interest and I placed it centrally t take the view frm the fregrund right thrugh int the frest.
Hand Brake, Three Gears
Ft Brake, N Gears
1 hur
€7.50
€5.00
3 hurs
€11.00
€7.50
1 day (24 hurs)
€14.75
€9.75
Each additinal day
€8.00
€6.00
应用文主要设题类型及特点
1. 细节理解题：针对应用文体裁的阅读训练多出现细节理解题。应用文不同于一般的文章，应用文的措辞简洁明了、直截了当，在阅读时须重点注意细节信息，最好采取跳读这种阅读方法。如：活动的具体时间和地点是什么？音乐会的具体举办时间是什么？所倡议的活动是针对哪些人展开的？
2. 主旨大意题：应用文强调实用性，无论是信件、广告、通知，还是倡议书、海报等，在阅读时都应该快速掌握其主旨大意。如：海报介绍的那部电影？通知的是哪个活动？邀请哪些人参加什么活动？这些都是主旨大意题考查的内容。常见的主旨大意题的题干表达方式有“The pster intrduces us t _______.” “The e-mail mainly tells us abut _______.”
3. 观点态度题：作者往往通过海报、广告等形式的应用文表明自己对于某事的态度，也可以通过通知、倡议书、邀请函等形式暗示自己对某次活动的看法和态度。常见的观点态度题的题干表达方式有“What is the authr’s attitude twards...” “What des the authr think f ”
高考英语阅读理解题中，应用文具有以下一些特点：
1. 题材多样、注重实用
广告题材涉及美食之旅、职业从业者、自行车租赁、旅游观光等方面，题材十分丰富，而且与实际生活联系紧密。
2. 语言地道、简洁明了
①简单句多，复杂句少。广告所用语言较简洁，多采用简单句，句型结构较为复杂的长、难句很少，因此读上去比较容易。
②多采用短语、省略句。广告多采用非完整句，短语、省略很常见，更加有效地传达信息。例如：
3. 设题灵活、筛选信息。广告的设题方式主要有：
1)理解写作意图：这样的题目要求考生能理解作者的写作目的、主旨大意以及广告的体裁特点。
2)获取文中信息：有关广告的阅读试题大部分为这类题目，要求考生读懂文中的关键信息。
3)理解深层含义：这类题目要求考生理解某一句话的深层含义，也就是透过字里行间，读懂它的言外之意。
题型归纳
题型01 “寻找共同点”题
【题型诠释】
寻找共同点命题规律探究：1.“找共同点题”试题大多出现在应用文最后—题或第一题；2.属于复杂细节理解题，可能会涉及阅读材料多处；3.常见命题形式：What d the fur... have in cmmn?
1.结构法：如果属于“总分总”结构，多从“总处”找依据；
2.排除法：可以运用排除法，只要一项不合要求就应该排除；
3.关键词法：依据题干划出关键词语，据此知道答案。
【典例1】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Inspired by his mentr Luis Sullivan, an influential figure in the wrld f mdernist architecture, Frank Llyd Wright cined the term “rganic architecture” arund 1908.
Rather than imitating nature r rganic elements within the natural wrld, rganic architecture is mre cncerned with re-interpretatin f nature and harmny between the rganic and the built envirnment. It ensures that the individual elements within buildings are put tgether t reflect the rder within nature. Here are fur f the mst striking examples.
Casa Milà
Lcatin: Barcelna, Spain
Year f cmpletin: 1910
Architect: Antni Caudi
Cnsidered the greatest master f Catalan Mdernism, Antni Gaudi was devted t nature and the Cathlic religin. While he riginally intended this rganic building t have a religius purpse, it is nw an apartment building. True t the rganic style, it features hney shapes that seemingly emerge frm the earth.
Learning Hub at Nanyang Technlgical University (NTU)
Lcatin: Singapre
Year f cmpletin: 2015
Architect: Thmas Heatherwick
Earning the nicknames “dim sum basket building” and “the Hive”, the Learning Hub cnsists f 12 eight-strey twers arranged arund a public atrium (天井). The rganic nature f the building extends t its interir with features like gardens that are intended t encurage scial interactins and study amng students.
Falling Water
Lcatin: Mill Run, Pennsylvania
Year f cmpletin:1939
Architect: Frank Llyd Wright
A classic f mdernism and rganic architecture, Falling Water sits n tp f a waterfall. Frank Llyd Wright designed it fr the Kaufmann family wh—thugh they had riginally hped fr a view f the waterfall-came t lve the hme.
East Beach Café
Lcatin: Littlehamptn, UK
Year f cmpletin: 2007
Architect: Thmas Heatherwick
Lcated in a seaside area with an industrial histry, East Beach Café resembles a piece f driftwd. Frty meters lng, seven meters wide and five meters high, it initially plarized lcals, but has since been well-received by the whle cmmunity. It was the first building fr Thmas Heatherwick wh previusly was better knwn as a sculptr.
6. What d we knw abut the fur buildings in the text?
A. They are architectural classics f mdernism.
B. They feature imitatins f animals r elements in nature.
C. East Beach Café was nt welcmed by all the lcals initially.
D. The designer f Learning Hub at NTU invented’ the cncept “rganic architecture”.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据East Beach Café部分“Frty meters lng, seven meters wide and five meters high, it initially plarized lcals, but has since been well-received by the whle cmmunity.” (它长40米，宽7米，高5米，最初在当地引起了两极分化，但后来受到了整个社区的欢迎。)可知，这个咖啡厅在建立之初并不受到所有当地人的欢迎。故选C。
题型02 “文章出处”题
【题型诠释】
“推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处：
研究报告类文章 (a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章 (a bk review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
广告英语类文章 (an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
科普杂志类文章 (a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
教材课本类文章 (a gegraphy textbk)：此类文章内容比较正式，语言规范，往往涉及到学科术语、专业性词汇、概念、理论等。
课件展示类文章 (a class presentatin)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章 (an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如Fr mre infrmatin, please click here.
做这类阅读理解题时，切不可凭自己的主观印象，或根据所谓的经验，想当然地确定答案。对待任何一个选项同，都应该在原文中找到相关线索，这就如同破译密码一样。解题人的思维过程和出题人的思维过程恰好相反，出题人先找好线索，然后设计问题和选项，而解题人根据问题，再去文中找相关线索。
【典例2】（2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习）
New Yrk Bradway Shw: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant yur wish t see the Disney classic live n Bradway!
Prvider: Tiqets Internatinal B. V.
Duratin: 2h 30mins
Ticket Inf:
A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin
B. Smartphne tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Descriptin
Rll ut the magic carpet and get ready fr a whle new wrld. The prducer f The Lin King brings the timeless stry f Aladdin t the New Yrk stage in a musical spectacular fr the whle family.
Frm the prducer f The Lin King, this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre!
Cme t the New Amsterdam Theatre and step int “A Whle New Wrld”!
Instructins
Yur tickets will be sent t yu via email. Please shw yur ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance fr the time and date f yur shw.
Seating starts 30 minutes prir t shwtime, but there may be a wait t enter the theatre due t the security check. Please give yur grup plenty f time t get t the theatre and find their seats. Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance.
Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy.
Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket.
Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket.
1. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A Disney brchure.B. A travel blg.
C. A ticketing website.D. A Bradway intrductin.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“t see the Disney classic live n Bradway (在百老汇现场观看迪士尼经典电影)”、“Ticket Inf(票务信息)”部分的“A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin (91.20美元阿拉丁门票)、B. Smartphne tickets accepted (接受智能手机票)、C. Instant ticket delivery (即时送票)”以及“Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy (重新安排和取消政策)”部分的“Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket. ( 这张票不能退款) 、Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket (此票无法重新安排)”可知，本文主要介绍了一部即将演出的剧目的订票信息，最有可能来自于订票网站上，故选C项。
题型03 “数字计算”题
【题型诠释】
细节理解之数字计算题考点是高考中的必考点。数字计算题考点主要在广告信息类文章中考，锁定题干直接找相关的文章内容，提取相关信息，进行简单的计算，就可以得出正确答案。预测在2024高考中，数字计算题会在广告信息文章中和说明文中的部分试题中呈现。
我们在看文章、读报纸时，我们最重要的目的就是获取直接信息，通过阅读广告信息，我们能做我们要做的事，这就是学以致用，在用中学的重要思想。因此，细节理解题一直是高考命题的重点，它要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些答案考生可以直接从文中找到明确的线索，但有些则需要考生在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。
数字计算题最常用的解题方法：1.仔细理解题干中的信息要求；2.从文章中定位计算需要的信息；3.通过简单的计算得出答案。
【典例3】(2023上·四川成都·高三成都市锦江区嘉祥外国语高级中学校考期中)
A reusable bttle will save yu mney in the lng run while helping yu reach yur hydratin gals. Let’s check ut these reusable water bttles in 2019!
Klean Kanteen Reflect Bttle (Stainless steel), $31, Amazn
This shiny, stainless steel bttle is lightweight and easy t grasp, s it’s perfectly prtable when yu’re n-the-g, whether hiking up a muntain r ding business arund twn. The single-walled stainless steel cnstructin keeps yur drink cld fr hurs, and a stylish cap made f sustainably harvested bamb tps it ff.
CamelBak Eddy Water Bttle (Plastic), $20 (Nrmally $28), Amazn
If yu find mre f yur drink ends up in yur bag — r n yur pants — than in yur muth, Camelbak’s spill-prf water bttle cap is a must-have. The newly redesigned “bite-and-sip” cap lets mre liquid flw thrugh than previus versins, letting yu stay hydrated withut having t wrry abut spills. It’s als dishwasher-safe, unlike ther water bttles, s it’s simple t keep clean and germ-free.
Yuanfeng Cllapsible Water Bttle, $10, Amazn
Fr adventurers n-the-g, this space-saving water cntainer is a must-have. The sft, BPA-free bttle flds up t be nly 4.5 inches tall when it’s empty, but stres up t 500 ml liquid when yu fill it up! Available in six bright clrs, this handy bttle is the perfect travel cmpanin fr yur next biking, hiking, r camping trip.
Cupture White Fruit Infuser Water Bttle, $9, Amazn
Kick up the flavr with this genius infuser bttle that allws yu t add in extra flavr t yur water. Fill the remvable infuser basket with lemns, berries, tea bags, r anything else yu’re fnd f, and yu’ll be able t create yur wn deliciusly flavred water. Yu can take ut the infuser whenever yu need a regular water bttle t.
2. Hw much can yu save if yu buy a plastic bttle?
A. $15.B. $13.C. $10.D. $8.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个小标题CamelBak Eddy Water Bttle (Plastic), $20 (Nrmally $28), Amazn可知如果你买一个塑料瓶，你能省八美元。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 “寻找共同点”题
(2023年高考英语·全国甲卷A篇)
Where t Eat in Bangkk
Bangkk is a highly desirable destinatin fr fd lvers. It has a seemingly bttmless well f dining ptins. Here are sme suggestins n where t start yur Bangkk eating adventure.
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining. Nahm prvides the best f Bangkk culinary (烹饪的) experiences. It’s the nly Thai restaurant that ranks amng the tp 10 f the wrld’s 50 best restaurants list. Head Chef David Thmpsn, wh received a Michelin star fr his Lndn-based Thai restaurant f the same name, pened this branch in the Metrplitan Htel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is internatinally knwn Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkk restaurant. The menu in this beautiful clnial huse includes traditinal Thai cuisine cmbined with mdern cking methds.
B.lan
B.lan has been making waves in Bangkk’s culinary scene since it pened in 2009. Serving hard-t-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmsphere, the restaurant is true t Thai cuisine’s rts, yet still manages t add a special twist. This place is gd fr a candle-lit dinner r a wrk meeting with clleagues wh appreciate fine fd. Fr thse extremely hungry, there’s a large set menu.
Gaggan
Earning first place n the latest “Asia’s 50 best restaurants” list, prgressive Indian restaurant Gaggan is ne f the mst exciting venues (场所) t arrive in Bangkk in recent years. The best table in this tw-stry clnial Thai hme ffers a windw right int the kitchen, where yu can see chef Gaggan and his staff in actin. Culinary theater at its best.
1. What d Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in cmmn?
A. They adpt mdern cking methds.B. They have branches in Lndn.
C. They have tp-class chefs.D. They are based in htels.
题型02 “文章出处”题
(2021年高考英语·全国甲卷A篇）
A Take a view, the Landscape (风景) Phtgrapher f the Year Award, was the idea f Charlie Waite, ne f tday’s mst respected landscape phtgraphers. Each year, the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all cmers f the UK and beynd.
23. Where can the text be fund?
A. In a histry bk.B. In a nvel.C. In an art magazine.D. In a bigraphy.
题型03 “数字计算”题
(2023年·新高考全国Ⅰ卷A篇)
Bike rental & guided turs
Welcme t Amsterdam, welcme t MacBike. Yu see much mre frm the seat f a bike! Cycling is the mst ecnmical, sustainable and fun way t explre the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and cuntless lights. Yu can als bike alng lvely landscapes utside f Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been arund fr almst 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental cmpany in Amsterdam. With ver 2,500 bikes stred in ur five rental shps at strategic lcatins, we make sure there is always a bike available fr yu. We ffer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with ft brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Guided City Turs
The 2.5-hur tur cvers the Gyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much mre. The tur departs frm Dam Square every hur n the hur, starting at 1:00 pm every day. Yu can buy yur ticket in a MacBike shp r bk nline.
22. Hw much d yu pay fr renting a bike with hand brake and three gears fr tw days?
A. 15.75.B. 19.50.C. 22.75.D. 29.50.
名校模拟
A
(2023上·湖北武汉·高三武汉市洪山高级中学校考阶段练习) Des yur child lve high-tech, writing r specialty arts? Attending a summer camp with this fcus is a perfect way fr them t explre and t experience. Lk thrugh ur selectin and find the perfect fit fr yur child.
ID Tech Summer Camps
We’re trusted and hsted by the wrld’s tp learning rganizatins. The right instructr changes everything. With persnalized learning, yur child will prgress at their wn pace. Yur child can level up t Grade 10, standing ut t clleges and future wrk. We can’t wait t welcme yur child t ur cmmunity f 500,000+ students.
Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams
Summer is the perfect time fr pre-cllege students t explre their career interests. Our prgrams prvide pprtunities fr students t experience cllege life while expanding their knwledge and explring their interests. There are many pprtunities including vernight camps.
Independent Lake Camp
It is an vernight summer camp ffering impressive activities due t ur quality facilities (设备), and talented staff. Started as a nn-traditinal summer camp, we fcus n prmting creativity within each camper and the cmmunity and develping individual grwth with ur persnalized scheduling — each camper chses their wn activities.
Virtual Live Creative Writing Camp
Creative writing is taught live nline by experienced teachers. Great fr ages 7+ and divided int age-based grups, this camp has a limited class size s students can learn fun new skills. Vides will als be made available t all creative writing campers. S, with flexible classes t chse, yur child will never miss a beat!
1. Wh will be interested in Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams?
A. Graduates lking fr jbs.B. High schlers expecting cllege life.
C. Cllege students seeking mre credits.D. Cllege students needing scial practice.
2. What d ID Tech Summer Camps and Independent Lake Camp have in cmmn?
A. They make arrangements fr wrk.B. They include vernight activities.
C. They ffer persnalized learning.D. They imprve persnal creativity.
3. Which camp best suits children with busy summer schedules?
A. ID Tech Summer Camp.B. Independent Lake Camp.
C. Virtual Live Creative Writing Camp.D. Summer Academic Yuth Prgrams.
B
(2023上·湖北·高三荆州中学校联考期中) One day in Brnx, a first-grade teacher sat dwn in a barbershp fr a haircut and ne f his students walked in, sat dwn, and started lking antsy. He thught t himself that it was a perfect pprtunity t practice reading, a thught that changed Alvin Irby’s life, and he’s filling many barbershps arund the US with free bks t trim back childhd illiteracy (文盲). His nn-prfit, Barbershp Bks, has delivered 50,000 free bks t mre than 200 barbershps in mainly black neighbrhds in 24 states, cnsidering the fact that in Black American cmmunities, barbershps are like cmmunity centers where peple gather naturally.
“S many kids assciate reading with smething yu d in r fr schl,” he said. “If the nly place a kid practices the pian is during a lessn, the prgress will be slw. Our prgram is abut getting kids t say three wrds: ‘I’m a reader.’”
Irby’s prgram may seem straightfrward but there’s a lt f thught behind it. He puts a clrful, kid-sized bkshelf in each shp, making it inviting t children. The bks displayed are all carefully chsen based n recmmendatins frm his target audience. The bkshelves display the cvers f the bks rather than the spines, helping kids wh may be interested in reading seize the pprtunity fr themselves, whether they’re in the barber’s chair r they’re waiting n their dad r friend. And Irby invlves the barbers in his missin — training them t engage kids abut reading. “We want them t encurage kids t use the reading spaces,” he said. “Then they can talk t them abut hw they like reading, hw funny a bk was r tell them abut anther bk anther kid was reading.”
Denny Me was the first barber t wrk with Irby. Me had previusly ffered vide games at his Harlem shp, t bring in extra incme, but he was willing t quit that t help the cmmunity. “I decided t pay it frward by getting rid f the vide games, putting bks in here, just t get the kids’ minds ging,” he said. “Yu want t make an impact.”
“These bks, I wuld say, have pwer,” 8-year-ld by Chance said. That’s what keeps Irby mtivated. “I’m just excited that we get t create a safe space fr bys t d smething that’s really life changing,” he said. “That’s what I really believe reading is. It unlcks ptential.”
4. What des the underlined wrd in paragraph 1 mst prbably mean?
A. Restless.B. Serius.C. Relieved.D. Jyful.
5. Why des the prgram appeal t children?
A. Because it expresses children’s requirements.B. Because it shws children’s characteristics.
C. Because it prtects children’s security.D. Because it cnsiders children’s preferences.
6. What made Denny Me give up the vide games finally?
A. That he wanted t attract mre custmers.B. That he wanted t make a difference.
C. That he wanted t bring in mre mney.D. That he wanted t meet different demands.
7. What is the best title fr this passage?
A. Black Kids, Ptential Big ReadersB. Free Bks, Gd Way t Pay Back
C. Clurful Cvers, Nice Try t Attract KidsD. Small Barbershps, Treasure Huse t Start Reading
C
(2023上·湖北·高三荆州中学校联考期中) Wmen in pst-pregnancy tend t respnd slwer t the utside wrld than they did befre. In the West, this phenmenn is called “pregnancy brain”. In China, peple describe it as “wmen are slwer and less sharp fr three years after giving birth.” Hwever, studies shwed that they are nt less sharp. Rather, their brains are becming better wired fr parenting at the cst f memry.
In their 2016 research, Elseline Hekzema and her team frm the Netherlands scanned 25 wmen’s brains befre and during pregnancy. The MRI results shwed that there was a decrease in the amunt f expectant mthers’ grey matter in their brains, which is respnsible fr multiple functins, including muscle cntrl, emtins, speech and memry.
The decrease in grey matter isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Hekzema cmpared it with the drp in the grey matter f teenagers during puberty (青春期). Accrding t a previus study, during puberty, teenagers’ hrmnes cause a reductin in unnecessary synapses (突触), the cnnectins between nerve cells. This prcess makes the brain wrk mre efficiently. Likewise, the reductin f grey matter in new mthers’ brains might lead t greater parenting abilities.
The changes in the regin f grey matter affected by pregnancy are knwn t play a rle in scial cgnitin (认知). This change might help a new mther better understand and decde her baby’s facial expressins and needs. Based n the results, scientists believed that the female brain experiences changes t help them better prepare fr mtherhd.
In a recent study led by Jnny Khl frm Lndn’s Francis Crick Institute, experiments n the brains f pregnant mice prvide cncrete evidence that specific hrmnes imprved cnnectins between neurns (神经元) assciated with parenting behavirs. While cnducted n mice, this brain remdeling agrees with previus human studies, suggesting shared mechanisms, Newsweek reprted.
Hwever, this imprvement in parenting-related skills might cme at a cst. A 2010 study shwed pregnant wmen have prer memry skills than nn-pregnant wmen, particularly cncerning spatial recgnitin memry. This explains why many pregnant wmen smetimes lse their way n familiar rutes.
And accrding t Hekzema, the changes in wmen’s brains are lng-lasting. S, next time yur mm gets lst in a familiar place, be patient and kind t her. After all, her brain changed t bring yu int the wrld!
8. During pregnancy, what happens t wmen’s brains?
A. They increase in amunt.B. They becme mre cmplex.
C. They generate new neur cells.D. They lse sme grey matter.
9. Hw might the changes in wmen’s brains during pregnancy benefit them?
A. By imprving their wrk efficiency.B. By bsting their muscle cntrl.
C. By strengthening their scial cgnitin.D. By adjusting their emtinal state.
10. What d we knw abut Jnny Khl’s study?
A. It cnflicted with Hekzema’s team’s findings.
B. It cmpared pregnant mice with nn-pregnant nes.
C. It explred the link between hrmne changes and parenting behavirs.
D. It cnfirmed the lng-lasting effects f pregnancy n wmen’s brains.
11. What is ne ptential disadvantage f brain changes in pregnant wmen?
A. Prer cmmunicatin skills.B. A weaker sense f directin.
C. A shrter length f attentin.D. Decreased prblem-slving abilities.
D
(2023上·湖北荆州·高三荆州中学校考期中) As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
12. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
13. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
14. What des Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
15. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
项目
年份 卷别
语篇类型
题型
应用文
记叙文
说明文
议论文
细节理解
推理判断
主旨要义
词义猜测
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全国甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全国乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全国甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全国乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全国甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全国乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全国I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全国Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2
Mike Shepherd (2011)
Skiddaw in Winter Cumbria, England
It was an extremely cld winter’s evening and freezing fg hung in the air. I climbed t the tp f a small rise and realised that the mist was little mre than a few feet deep, and thugh it was nly a shrt climb, I fund myself cmpletely abve it and lking at a wnderfully clear view f Skiddaw with the sun setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated frm my cllege days spent in the darkrm int Phtshp, t achieve the black—and—white image (图像).
Timthy Smith (2014)
Macclesfield Frest Cheshire, England
I was back in my hme twn f Macclesfield t take sme winter images. Walking up a path thrugh the frest twards Shutlingsle. a lcal high pint, I came acrss a small clearing and immediately nticed the dead yellw grasses set against the fresh snw. The small pine added t the interest and I placed it centrally t take the view frm the fregrund right thrugh int the frest.
Hand Brake, Three Gears
Ft Brake, N Gears
1 hur
€7.50
€5.00
3 hurs
€11.00
€7.50
1 day (24 hurs)
€14.75
€9.75
Each additinal day
€8.00
€6.00
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