【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题12 阅读理解之说明文-试卷

这是一份【热点题型归纳+演变】2024年高考英语专题训练 专题12 阅读理解之说明文-试卷，文件包含专题12阅读理解之说明文-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用原卷版docx、专题12阅读理解之说明文-2024年高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练新高考通用解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共36页， 欢迎下载使用。


说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
最近五年高考题中，说明文考查很多，变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题、高科技领域的科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由易到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常放在C或D篇。阅读理解试题的考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握，而说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明)等。
题型归纳
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(ly), secnd(ly), third(ly), finally, nt nly, but als, then, in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as, such as, fr example, fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
【典例1】(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
Animal appear t predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air — the first study t find reliable evidence f the phenmenn has shwn.
Cameras revealed an “amazing” drp in the number f animals up t 23 days befre a majr quake hit their rainfrest hme at Yanachaga Natinal Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, frm Anglia Ruskin University, said, “The results shwed that just befre the earthquake, animals’ activity drpped right dwn.”
On a nrmal day the cameras placed arund Yanachaga Natinal Park recrd between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days befre the earthquake, the number f animals drpped t five r fewer per day. N animals were phtgraphed at all n five f the seven days immediately befre the quake.
Anther study shwed that animal activity remained nrmal in the park ver a different perid when seismic (地震的) activity was lw. C-authr, prfessr Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were lcated at an altitude f 900 meters. If air inizatin ccurred, the animals wuld escape t the valley belw, where there were fewer psitive ins (离子). With their ability t sense their envirnment, animals can help us understand small changes that ccur befre majr earthquakes.”
Other evidence suggested that befre the earthquake, the air arund the high muntain sites filled with psitive ins that can be prduced when rcks are placed under stress. Psitive ins have been knwn t cause ill effects in humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made t feel uncmfrtable by the psitive ins, leading them t avid the area. They are thught t have escaped t lwer grund, where the air was less inized. The findings may help experts develp better shrt-term seismic frecasts.
16. Hw did scientists cnduct the study?
A. By cmparing different animals’ habits.B. By bserving animals in high muntains.
C. By explaining the psitive in phenmenn.D. By analyzing images f animals they btained.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a nrmal day the cameras placed arund Yanachaga Natinal Park recrd between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days befre the earthquake, the number f animals drpped t five r fewer per day. N animals were phtgraphed at all n five f the seven days immediately befre the quake. (在平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这项研究的。故选D。
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t … 或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
【典例2】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Anyne can be late a handful f times, but t be the persn wh is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art. Or, a side effect f yur persnality, scientists have fund.
S what is it that causes sme peple t cnstantly miss trains, make it t the wedding just after the bride’s shwn up and regularly anny their friends? And why is it s hard fr us t fix it? “There are all srts f punishments fr being late, but we are still late even when thse punishments and cnsequences exist.” said Justin Kruger, a scial psychlgist at New Yrk University.
One f the cmmnest reasns why peple are frequently late is that-they fail t accurately judge hw lng a task will take—smething knwn as the planning fallacy. Research has shwn that peple n average underestimate the tune t cmplete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, frever-late-cmers are mre likely t be multitaskers. A 2023 study fund that ut f 181subway peratrs in New Yrk City, thse wh preferred multitasking were mre ften late fr their jb. This is because multitasking makes it harder t have the awareness f what yu’re ding. It’s als discvered there is a persnality type that’s mre likely t be late. While highly nervus, achievement-riented Type A individuals arc mre pssible t be punctual, Type B individuals, hwever, wh are calmer and mre relaxed, have a higher chance t be late.
Admittedly, knwing all f this desn’t necessarily help fix the prblem. But scientists are starting t wrk n strategies that can slwly imprve ur punctuality. Fr peple wh cnstantly underestimate tasks, breaking dwn an activity int detailed steps can help peple estimate hw lng smething will take mre accurately. As fr yur persnality type, unfrtunately, there isn’t much yu can d t change that. But accepting that yu need t struggle fr it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step t change.
27. What des the underlined wrd “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3?
A. A reasnable argument.B. A mistaken belief.
C. A mdest expectatin.D. A realistic idea.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中“One f the cmmnest reasns why peple are frequently late is that-they fail t accurately judge hw lng a task will take”（人们经常迟到的一个最常见的原因是——他们不能准确地判断一项任务需要多长时间）以及“Research has shwn that peple n average underestimate the tune t cmplete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人们平均低估了完成一项任务所需时间的40%。）由此可知，此处为这就是所谓的计划谬误。故可猜测划线单词fallacy为“谬论”的意思，结合选项B项A mistaken belief“错误的信念”意思一致。故选B项。
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks abut ____. What is the main idea f the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks abut …
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
【典例3】(2023上·广东汕头·高三金山中学校考阶段练习)
Whenever yu read text, yur brain prcesses the visual stimuli (刺激物) t create meaning and understand the cntent. Chances are, yu dn’t pay much attentin t the way the infrmatin is presented- particularly the fnt (字体) chice. That’s because yur main target is reading cmprehensin, nt aesthetics.
Althugh typgraphy (排印) is missed by mst f us, it’s essential in making texts legible, readable and appealing fr audiences. Beynd the visual aspect, research shws that fnts play a significant rle in the mental prcesses f understanding that happen while we read. A fnt’s impact n the way yu learn and memrize infrmatin might be hard t ntice cnsciusly, but yur brain is certainly tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-t-read fnts such as Bdni, Cmic Sans, r Mntype Crsiva are better fr memrizing infrmatin than fnts like Arial r Times New Rman, accrding t sme studies.
“Difficulty can functin as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challenging and will require mental effrt,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a prfessr f psychlgy at Carnegie Melln University and ne f a 2010 study authrs, “Additinally, slwing dwn the reading speed t deal with the disfluency may increase the prbability f sptting errrs in a text.”
Fnt characteristics such as style, size and clr play a rle in infrmatin retentin memry r recall as well, says Stephen Banham, a typgraphy lecturer at RMIT University in Melburne, Australia. Experiments have prved a U-shape relatinship between fnt size and memry: Large-fnt items may predict higher recall regardless f style, but very small fnt sizes can als intrduce a desirable difficulty.
A dcument’s specific methd f frmatting infrmatin als makes an impact. Using fnt styles like bld r italics t indicate significance can als imprve memry. That’s because peple are better able t remember infrmatin they cnsider imprtant, says Oppenheimer. Researchers fund that blded text has a higher recall than text in italic r regular styles, regardless f the fnt size. Hwever, if an entire dcument is blded, the emphasis is lst, and readers can n lnger spt vital passages.
26. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. What Fnts Make Reading EasyB. What Fnts Make Memry Lasting
C. Why Fnts Impact Retentin and RecallD. Hw Fnts Affect Learning and Memry
【答案】D
【答案】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ Beynd the visual aspect, research shws that fnts play a significant rle in the mental prcesses f understanding that happen while we read. A fnt’s impact n the way yu learn and memrize infrmatin might be hard t ntice cnsciusly, but yur brain is certainly tuned in.(除了视觉方面，研究表明，字体在我们阅读时的心理理解过程中起着重要作用。字体对你学习和记忆信息的影响可能很难有意识地注意到，但你的大脑肯定会注意到。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述的是字体选择在阅读理解、记忆和信息提取过程中的重要性以及产生的影响。D选项“Hw Fnts Affect Learning and Memry(字体如何影响学习和记忆)”概括全文，符合文章标题。故选D。
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the authr’s attitude twards
2. The passage is intended t ...
3. The authr suggests that ...
4. The stry implies that…
5. Which pint f view may the authr agree t?
6. Frm the passage we can cnclude that...
7. The purpse f the passage is t...。
解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，把握作者的言外之意。
【典例4】(2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中)
With the availability f easy-t-use at-hme kits, DNA testing fr dgs has becme increasingly ppular amng dg wners in recent years. It can prvide invaluable insights int a dg’s breed, health risks, and even behavirs.
DNA testing typically wrks by analyzing the genetic material fund in a sample f cells taken frm the inside f yur dg’s cheek. This sample is then cmpared t a database f knwn breeds and genetic markers assciated with certain traits r health cnditins.
The first step in btaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type yu want. Mst cmpanies ffer several different types f tests that vary in cst and cmplexity. Fr instance, sme tests just analyze yur dg’s breed cmpsitin, while thers can assess additinal genetic markers assciated with certain diseases r behavirs.
Then it’s time t cllect yur dg’s sample using the prvided swab (拭子) kit r saliva-cllectin tube included with mst kits. The swab shuld be gently rubbed inside yur pet’s cheek accrding t the kit’s directins befre being placed int the cllectin cntainer prvided by the cmpany. After cllecting the sample, it shuld be mailed back t the labratry fr prcessing accrding t instructins given by the cmpany prviding the service. Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks fr results t be prcessed and sent back via email r mail. Results will vary depending n which type f test was purchased, but they generally include detailed infrmatin abut yur pet’s breed cmpsitin as well as any ptential health risks r behaviral traits assciated with their genetics that culd affect their verall well-being and quality f life.
If yu’re lking fr an easy way t learn mre abut yur pup’s backgrund withut spending t much mney, then DNA testing might just be right up yur alley.
11. What is the text?
A. A dg advertisement.B. A dg DNA experiment.
C. A dg DNA testing survey.D. A dg DNA test kit prmtin.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“With the availability f easy-t-use at-hme kits, DNA testing fr dgs has becme increasingly ppular amng dg wners in recent years. It can prvide invaluable insights int a dg’s breed, health risks, and even behavirs. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”和最后一段“If yu’re lking fr an easy way t learn mre abut yur pup’s backgrund withut spending t much mney, then DNA testing might just be right up yur alley. (如果你正在寻找一种简单的方法，在不花太多钱的情况下了解更多关于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA检测可能正是你的选择。)”可知，这篇文章主要是售卖狗DNA检测试剂盒，所以它是一场促销活动。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 细节理解题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷C篇)
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abur learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their mssages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jstein Gaarder的《 Sphie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jstein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
题型02 语意猜测题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语C篇)
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
29. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
【答案】A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
题型03 主旨大意题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn. (这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
题型04 判断推理题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviusly, if precautins aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
名校模拟
A
(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
New Yrk Bradway Shw: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant yur wish t see the Disney classic live n Bradway!
Prvider: Tiqets Internatinal B. V.
Duratin: 2h 30mins
Ticket Inf:
A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin
B. Smartphne tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Descriptin
Rll ut the magic carpet and get ready fr a whle new wrld. The prducer f The Lin King brings the timeless stry f Aladdin t the New Yrk stage in a musical spectacular fr the whle family.
Frm the prducer f The Lin King, this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre!
Cme t the New Amsterdam Theatre and step int “A Whle New Wrld”!
Instructins
Yur tickets will be sent t yu via email. Please shw yur ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance fr the time and date f yur shw.
Seating starts 30 minutes prir t shwtime, but there may be a wait t enter the theatre due t the security check. Please give yur grup plenty f time t get t the theatre and find their seats. Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance.
Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy
Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket.
Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket.
1. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A Disney brchure.B. A travel blg.C. A ticketing website.D. A Bradway intrductin.
2. What is the feature f the Bradway shw Aladdin?
A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam.B. It is adapted frm The Lin King.
C. It is an animated classic frm Disney.D. It is a magical musical with many sngs.
3. If yu arrive late, yu will __________.
A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break.B. be turned away and the refund is impssible.
C. be rescheduled fr the earliest available shw.D. be admitted immediately after the security check.
B
(2023·山东潍坊·潍坊一中校考模拟预测) One man’s trash is anther man’s treasure is abslutely the case in Turkey where garbage cllectrs started cllecting bks that have been thrwn away and ended up pening a library.
It started when garbage man Dursn Ipek fund a bag f abandned bks when he was wrking and then it snwballed frm there. Ipek and ther garbage men started gathering the bks they fund n the streets that were ready fr landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their cllectin started t grw, s did wrd f muth. Sn, lcal residents started dnating bks directly. The library was initially available nly t the garbage emplyees and their families t use but as the cllectin grew, s did public interest and the library was pened t the public in 2017.
“On the ne hand, there were thse wh were leaving these bks n the streets. On the ther hand, thers were lking fr these bks,” Ankaya mayr Alper Tasdelen tld CNN. “We started t discuss the idea f creating a library frm these bks. When everyne supprted it, this prject happened.”
All the bks that are fund are srted and checked fr cnditin. If they pass, they g n the shelves. Tday, the library has ver 6,000 bks that range frm fictin t nnfictin and there’s a very ppular children’s sectin that even has a cllectin f cmic bks. An entire sectin is devted t scientific research and there are als bks available in English and French. The cllectin has grwn s large that the library lans bks t schls and educatinal prgrams.
“Village schl teachers frm all ver Turkey are requesting bks,” Tasdelen tld CNN. The gvernment has t hire a full-time emplyee t manage the library.
This library is incredibly ppular. It is frequently filled with the children f the city’s wrkers and students frm nearby schls. There is a waiting rm set up fr readers and chess bards fr the peple wh visit the library. Yu can even enjy a cup f tea in the waiting rm.
4. What des the underlined wrd “snwballed” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Declined quickly.B. Grew slwly.C. Develped rapidly.D. Wrsened steadily.
5. What des paragraph 4 mainly tell us abut the library?
A. Its great ppularity.B. Its ptential significance.
C. Its huge cllectin f bks.D. Its wide variety f readers.
6. Why did the gvernment hire a full-time emplyee?
A. T raise peple’s awareness f recycling.B. T classify and check the dnated bks.
C. T expand the scial influence f the library.D. T meet the huge demand frm rural teachers.
7. What can be inferred abut the library frm the last paragraph?
A. It’s an excellent place t enjy tea.B. It’s crwded with readers every day.
C. It needs t imprve its management.D. It prvides a very cnsiderate service.
C
(2023·山东济南·山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made bth physical and scial cnnectins a tuch mre difficult t maintain. Fr Stanfrd University student Millie Salvat, being apart frm her friend n the ppsite cast has prved challenging. Smetimes a text r vide call is nt enugh, and peple in Salvat’s situatin ften lng fr a way t send a cmfrting hug frm afar. In a new study detailed in IEEE Transactins n Haptics, she and her clleagues demnstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human tuch and cnvey scial messages sent electrnically.
Salvat and her team measured hw 37 participants expressed scial messages in different situatins. In each test, ne persn wre a pressure-sensing device n an arm, and anther tuched it t respnd t six different scenes: attentin seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, lve and sadness. After cllecting 661 tuch mvements, Salvat and her clleagues mapped the lcatin and pressure f each. Next, they used a machine-learning algrithm (算法) t select the mvements that were mst reliably part f each respnse. Finally, they prgrammed a wearable sleeve t simulate these mvements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electrnically signaled. “The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reprted.
Even with n training, the participants crrectly matched the simulated tuches t the six scenes 45 percent f the time. Fr cmparisn, a previus study fund participants culd match scenes fr tuches frm real human hands 55 percent f the time.
Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. But the study was small and needs t cver far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which are the mst desirable respnses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjy great ppularity nce launched n the market.
8. What were participants asked t d during the study?
A. Pick up reliable respnses.B. Mdel n electrnic tuches.
C. Respnd t different situatins.D. Mark ut prgrammed mvements.
9. What des the underlined wrd “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Alarm.B. Shake.C. Shine.D. Infrm.
10. What des Gerling suggest accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Cvering mre scenes.B. Launching n the market.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Interviewing the participants.
11. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A. Electrnic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual Tuch
B. New Technlgy Imprving Scial Cnnectins
C. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical Tuches
D. Electrnic Sleeves Respnding t Different Situatins
D
(2023·山东济宁·济宁一中统考三模) Thusands f years have passed since humans discvered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses fr this remarkable material. Nw researchers say it culd help tackle a grwing envirnmental and health cncern: Micr-plastics.
Micr-plastics that are nw fund wrldwide are increasingly recgnized as a serius pllutin threat, and have been fund in the bldstream f animals and peple. Sme f these micr plastics are intentinally added t a variety f prducts t generally prtect sme specific active cmpnents frm being degraded by expsure t air. Fr example, vitamins are ften delivered in the frm f micr capsules packed int a pill r capsule,and herbicides (除草剂) are similarly envelped. But the materials used tday fr such micr-encapsulatin are plastics that stay in the envirnment fr a lng time. T date, there has been n practical, ecnmical alternative available that wuld bidegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy and chemical cmpany BASF develped a silk-based bidegradable alternative t these capsules.
Silk is recgnized as safe fr fd r medical use, as it degrades naturally in the bdy. The silk prtein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be disslved (溶解), lead researcher Benedett Marelli says. Besides, the prcessing is s simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted t wrk n existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing nn-bidegradable micr-capsules with silk might nt wrk in every case,but given the current and future challenges related t fd insecurity, agricultural prductin, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is f great imprtance. Prducts using silk-based micr-capsules are expected t be cmmercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active cmpnents that culd require a different manufacturing apprach, such as thse that must remain in liquid r gas frms.
12. What can be inferred frm paragraph 2?
A. Remving plastic pllutin is a piece f cake.
B. Micr-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.
C. Micr-plastics have becme a severe pllutin threat.
D. Develping an alternative fr micr-plastics is urgent.
13. What’s the majr cncern f researchers chsing silk as an alternative?
A. It is ecnmical.B. It is bidegradable.C. It is widely available.D. It is skin-friendly.
14. What’s the last paragraph mainly abut cncerning the silk-based material?
A. Its prmising future.B. Its marketing methd.
C. Its existing limitatins.D. Its making apprach.
15. In which part f a magazine can the passage prbably be fund?
A. Climate.B. Agriculture.C. Technlgy Advances.D. Health Guidelines.
参考答案与解析
A篇
1. C 2. D 3. A
【导语】这是一篇应用文。本文主要介绍了在纽约百老汇演出的剧目《阿拉丁》的票务信息。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“t see the Disney classic live n Bradway (在百老汇现场观看迪士尼经典电影)”、“Ticket Inf(票务信息)”部分的“A. $91.20 Admissin t Aladdin (91.20美元阿拉丁门票)、B. Smartphne tickets accepted (接受智能手机票)、C. Instant ticket delivery (即时送票)”以及“Reschedule and Cancellatin Plicy (重新安排和取消政策)”部分的“Refunds are nt pssible fr this ticket. ( 这张票不能退款) 、Rescheduling is nt pssible fr this ticket (此票无法重新安排)”可知，本文主要介绍了一部即将演出的剧目的订票信息，最有可能来自于订票网站上，故选C项。
2. 细节理解题。根据“Highlights & Descriptin (亮点和描述)”部分的“in a musical spectacular fr the whle family (为全家带来了一场壮观的音乐盛宴)”以及“this magical spectacle is packed with all yur favrite sngs, frm the Disney animated classic Aladdin, and mre (这个神奇的奇观充满了你最喜欢的迪士尼经典动画《阿拉丁》中的歌曲，等等)”可知，这部剧是一部有许多歌曲的神奇音乐剧，故选D项。
3. 细节理解题。根据“Instructins (说明书)”部分的“Latecmers will be accmmdated during the first apprpriate break in the perfrmance. ( 迟到者将在演出的第一个适当休息时间得到安排)”可知，迟到者的就座安排要一直等到第一次合适的休息时间，故选A项。
B篇
4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了垃圾收集者收集丢弃书籍并建造了一家图书馆的故事。文章旨在引导学生关注环境问题，树立废物循环利用的环保意识。
4. 词句猜测题。根据画线单词所在句中的“It started when garbage man Dursn Ipek fund a bag f abandned bks”可知，刚开始Dursn Ipek只是发现了一袋被丢弃的书；再结合第二段第二句中的“as their cllectin started t grw, s did wrd f muth.”可知，图书馆收藏的书越来越多，并且口碑也越来越好。由此可以推断出，画线单词“snwballed”应指图书馆的快速发展。故选C。
5. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“All the bks that are fund are srted and checked fr cnditin. If they pass, they g n the shelves. Tday, the library has ver 6,000 bks that range frm fictin t nnfictin and there’s a very ppular children’s sectin that even has a cllectin f cmic bks. An entire sectin is devted t scientific research and there are als bks available in English and French. The cllectin has grwn s large that the library lans bks t schls and educatinal prgrams. (所有找到的书都经过分类和检查。如果通过，就会被摆上货架。今天，图书馆有超过6000本书，从小说到非小说，有一个非常受欢迎的儿童读物区，甚至收藏了漫画书。整个部分专门用于科学研究，也有英语和法语的书籍。藏书越来越多，以至于图书馆把书借给学校和教育项目)”可知，第四段主要介绍了该图书馆收藏了大量的书籍。故选C。
6. 推理判断题。根据第五段““Village schl teachers frm all ver Turkey are requesting bks,” Tasdelen tld CNN. The gvernment has t hire a full-time emplyee t manage the library. (塔斯德伦告诉CNN：“来自土耳其各地的乡村学校老师都在索要书籍。”政府必须雇用一名全职雇员来管理图书馆)”可推知，乡村学校的教师经常会前往图书馆借书，因此，政府不得不雇用一位全职员工来管理图书馆，以满足教师对书籍的需求。故选D。
7. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“There is a waiting rm set up fr readers and chess bards fr the peple wh visit the library. Yu can even enjy a cup f tea in the waiting rm. (图书馆为读者设置了一个候诊室，为参观图书馆的人设置了棋盘。你甚至可以在等候室喝杯茶)”可推知，该图书馆为读者提供了非常周到的服务。故选D。
C篇
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了斯坦福大学的学生Millie Salvat研究出了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人类的触摸并传达电子发送的社交信息。
8. 细节理解题。根据第二段“In each test, ne persn wre a pressure-sensing device n an arm, and anther tuched it t respnd t six different scenes: attentin seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, lve and sadness. (在每次测试中，一个人在手臂上佩戴压力感应装置，另一个人触摸它，以应对六个不同的场景：寻求关注、感激、幸福、平静、爱和悲伤)”可知，研究中被试要求对不同的情境做出回应，故选C项。
9. 词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词的下文“The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning (它一收到信号，我就能感觉到触摸，并确定它的意图)”可推理出划线词的含义为“摇动；震动”，故选B项。
10. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. But the study was small and needs t cver far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which are the mst desirable respnses. (哈佛大学触摸研究人员Gerling没有参与这项研究，他说这项发明真的很令人惊讶。但这项研究规模较小，需要覆盖更大的人群，以确定哪些是最理想的反应)”可推理出Gerling建议做更深入的研究，故选C项。
11. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“she and her clleagues demnstrated a wearable sleeve that can simulate (模拟) human tuch and cnvey scial messages sent electrnically (她和她的同事展示了一种可穿戴的袖子，它可以模拟人的触摸并通过电子方式传递社交信息)”、第二段““The instant it received signals, I culd feel the tuch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reprted. (一位参与者报告说：“它一收到信号，我就能感觉到触摸，并识别出它的意图”)”以及最后一段“Gerling, a tuch researcher at Harvard wh was nt invlved in the study, said the inventin was really surprising. (哈佛大学触摸研究人员Gerling没有参与这项研究，他说这项发明真的很令人惊讶)”可知本文主要讲的是电子套袖有助于感受虚拟触感，故选A项。
D篇
12. D 13. B 14. A 15. C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。人类发现丝绸已经过去了几千年了，但是科学家们仍然在寻找这种非凡材料的新用途。现在，研究人员说，它可以帮助解决日益增长的环境和健康问题：微塑料。文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。
12. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Micr-plastics that are nw fund wrldwide are increasingly recgnized as a serius pllutin threat, and have been fund in the bldstream f animals and peple. Sme f these micr plastics are intentinally added t a variety f prducts t generally prtect sme specific active cmpnents frm being degraded by expsure t T date, there has been n practical, ecnmical alternative available that wuld bidegrade naturally.(现在在世界各地发现的微型塑料越来越被认为是一种严重的污染威胁，并且已经在动物和人的血液中发现。其中一些微型塑料被有意添加到各种产品中，以通常保护一些特定的活性成分不因暴露于空气中而降解……到目前为止，还没有实际的、经济的、可以自然降解的替代品。)”可推知，开发微塑料的替代品迫在眉睫。故选D。
13. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“The silk prtein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be disslved(溶解), lead researcher Benedett Marelli says.(首席研究员Benedett Marelli说，在这种新替代材料中使用的丝蛋白质可以广泛获得，而且价格低廉，丝纤维可以简单地溶解。)”可知，研究人员选择丝绸作为可替代品的主要关注点是，它是可生物降解的。故选B。
14. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Replacing nn-bidegradable micr-capsules with silk might nt wrk in every case, but given the current and future challenges related t fd insecurity, agricultural prductin, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is f great imprtance.(用丝绸代替不可生物降解的微胶囊可能不是在每种情况下都有效，但是考虑到当前和未来与粮食不安全、农业生产和气候变化有关的挑战，丝质材料是非常重要的。)”可知，最后一段主要介绍了丝绸材料的光明前途，故选A。
15. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy and chemical cmpany BASF develped a silk-based bidegradable alternative t these capsules.(麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。)”可推知，文章主要介绍了麻省理工学院和巴斯夫化学公司的研究人员开发了一种丝质生物降解胶囊替代品。这是一种新的技术，由此可推知，这篇文章可能在杂志的技术前沿部分找到，故选C。 项目
年份 卷别
语篇类型
题型
应用文
记叙文
说明文
议论文
细节理解
推理判断
主旨要义
词义猜测
2023
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
7
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
8
3
3
1
全国甲卷
A
B
C/D
9
5
1
全国乙卷
B
A/C
D
5
8
1
1
2022
新高考I卷
A
C
D
B
10
3
1
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
7
5
1
2
全国甲卷
A
C/D
B
8
3
3
1
全国乙卷
A
C/D
B
11
2
1
1
2021
新高考I卷
A
B
C/D
6
6
2
1
新高考Ⅱ卷
A
B
C/D
9
4
1
1
全国甲卷
A
C
B
D
6
7
1
1
全国乙卷
A/B/C/D
4
8
2
1
2020
新高考I卷
A
B/C
D
7
5
1
2
全国I卷
A
C/D
B
4
8
2
1
全国Ⅱ卷
A
D
B/C
8
2
3
2