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考点16 非限制定语从句 高考重点词汇积累 长难句分析-2024年新高二英语暑假培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）
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这是一份考点16 非限制定语从句 高考重点词汇积累 长难句分析-2024年新高二英语暑假培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共23页。试卷主要包含了高考重点词汇积累，高考阅读理解长难句分析，汉译英，阅读理解等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点16 非限制定语从句+高考重点词汇积累+长难句分析
核心考点梳理
一、高考重点词汇积累
核心单词
1.resist v. 抵抗；挡开
2.respect vt.& n. 尊敬，尊重
3.respond v. 回答，回应，作出反应
4.responsibility n. 责任，责任心；职责，义务
5.restrict v. 限制
6.reward n. 报答；奖赏；酬劳
v. 报答；奖赏
7.ridiculous adj. 荒谬的，愚蠢的
8.risk n.& v. 风险；冒险
9.rough adj. 艰苦的；粗糙的；粗略的
10.routine n. 程序；日常工作；例行公事
adj. 日常的；例行的
11.rubbish n. 垃圾； 废物
12.ruin v. (使)毁坏；(使) 毁灭
n. (复) 废墟；遗迹
13.sacrifice v. 牺牲，供奉，祭祀
n. 牺牲，供奉
14.satisfaction n. 满意
15.scarcely adv. 几乎不，简直不
16.scenery n. 风景，自然景色；舞台布景
17.schedule n. 时刻表，日程安排表；清单，明细表
vt. 安排，预定
18.science n. 科学，自然科学
19.security n. 安全，平安
20.select vt. 选择，挑选；选拔
21.senior adj. 级别高的；资格较老的；年长的
n. 较年长者；上司
22.sensitive adj. 敏感的，感觉敏锐的；神经过敏的
23.separation n. 分离；隔离
24.service n. 招待；服务；公共事业
25.severe adj. 严厉的；严格的；严重的；严峻的
重点短语
1.mind your own business 少管闲事
make up one’s mind to do sth 决心做某事
never mind 不要紧；没关系
keep/bear sth in mind 记住……
take a load off one’s mind 解除某人的思想负担；使某人如释重负
2.more than 多于；不仅仅；十分，很
rather than 而不是
other than 除了
or rather 更确切地说
二、高考阅读理解长难句分析
71. He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.
【句式翻译】 他发现小的雾区实际上是像我们自己的星系一样的星系，离我们有几百万光年之远，这一发现证明了宇宙比我们以前想象的要大得多。
【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，which were in fact…修饰先行词small areas of mist; which proved that…修饰前面整个句子。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句which were in fact …修饰先行词small areas of mist; 定语从句which proved that …修饰前面整个句子;which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：
It sounded like a train which was going under my house.
那响声听起来就像一列火车在我的房子底下开过似的。
He was very rude to the customs officer, which, of course, made things even worse.
他对海关官员非常无理，这当然使得事情更糟糕了。
72. It is a language without words that consists of gestures, facial expressions and body movements that greatly add to -- and sometimes even replace -- spoken language.
【句式翻译】 它是一种没有字词，由手势、面部表情和身体动作组成的语言，它极大地丰富了—后悔有时甚至取代了—口头语言。
【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that consists of …修饰先行词a language; that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements。
【词语点拨】1)consist of 由……组成
Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times. 生活中不仅有阳光，还有艰难困苦。
2）add to 增加
Colorful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets.
各色阳伞给夏日街头增添了活泼的气氛。
3) replace vt替换，更换；把……放回原处
We’d be happy to replace the radio for you. 我们愿意为您更换这个录音机。
He suggested that we should replace the magazines after reading. 他建议我们阅读完杂志后放回原处。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that consists of …修饰先行词a language; 定语从句that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：
The number of people that has lost homes reached as many as 250,000. 无家可归的人数达到25万。
The purpose of the trip was to record the wildlife and plants that we could find in the forest.
这次行动的目的是把我们在森林里发现的野生动植物都一一做好记录。
73. However, instead of showing real, existing structures, he used photographs to make up imaginary structures that best represented the different architectural styles.
【句式翻译】然而，他并没有展现真实存在的建筑结构，而是用照片聚合成一个想象中的最能代表不同建筑风格的结构图。
【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。
【词语点拨】1)instead of 代替，而不是
I worried that instead of making money, I would end up owing it. 我担心我最终会欠债而不会赚钱。
2）represent vt. 代表，象征
He is the ideal person to represent our class. 他是代表我们班的理想人选。
The word “love” is often represented by a heart. “爱”这个词常以心形来表示。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。
74. One reason why we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down.
【句式翻译】我们不喜欢读自己著作的一个原因是：当读它的时候，我们往往会感到失望，因为我们脑海中丰富的想法在初稿中却显得苍白无力。
【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，why we may dislike…修饰先行词one reason。
【词语点拨】plain adj.简朴的，简单的；清楚的，明白的
She used to wear a plain but elegant dress. 她过去常穿朴素淡雅的连衣裙。
He made it plain to us that he didn’t wish to continue. 他向我们明白的表示他不想继续下去了。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句why we may dislike…修饰先行词reason。why作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作原因状语。如：
The reason why we haven’t seen her these days is that she has been in hospital.
我们近些天没有见到她的原因是她住院了。
75. According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway, Eric the Red was forced
to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder, for which he got into trouble.
【句式翻译】根据冰岛和挪威的传说，埃里克·雷德因一起谋杀案而被迫离开冰岛。
【句式分析】本句包含一个介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，for which …修饰先行词a murder。
【词语点拨】 force vt.强迫，迫使；force sb to do/ into doing 强迫某人做某事
We forced the enemy to surrender/ into surrendering. 我们迫使敌人投降。
3) commit vt.犯（错误、罪行），干（坏事，傻事;使承担义务，作出保证
Smoking is committing suicide slowly. 吸烟等于慢性自杀。
Both sides committed themselves to settle the problem peacefully. 双方承诺和平解决问题。
二、非限制定语从句主要用法
1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
形式不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。
例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills．
许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句)
She heard a lovely song，which reminded her 0f her hometown．
她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句)
功能不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
例：I was the only person in our office that wag invited．
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整)
Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic．
汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整)
关系词不同
that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较：
例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made US very disappointed．(×)
He failed to attend the meeting，which made US very disappointed．(√)
他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。
He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday．
他没有出席上周日举行的会议。
2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用which。
例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected．
实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。
Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud．
汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。
【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。
例：As we all know，Taiwan has been mrt of China since ancient times．
众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。
As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．
正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。
3．用one of whom、some of which等引导的非限制性定语从句
可用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰先行词。
例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified．
我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。
Seven passengers were injured．n the car accident，two of whom were foreigners．
在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。
The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance．
这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。
当堂知识检测
一、单项选择
1．Some language experts do point out that language pollution must be done away with, ________ is an idea shared by myself and many others.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
2．Mary is more than a deskmate to me. She is also a close friend, ________ company I really enjoy.
A．that B．when C．who D．whose
3．My uncle, ________ has lived most of his life abroad is going to return to his hometown.
A．whom B．who C．which D．that
4．Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages ________ are only spoken by a tiny portion of people, in the presence of ________ world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful.
A．that; which B．as; which C．that; whom D．as; whose
5．Langping has contributed greatly to volleyball, ______ made her the most popular figure in China and the whole world.
A．what B．which C．that D．why
6．Alice received an invitation from her boss in London, ________ came as a surprise when she stayed in New York.
A．which B．who C．whose D．whom
7．I strongly suggest that you should commit yourself to ________English for one hour, ________will gradually improve your spoken English.
A．read; that B．read; which C．reading; what D．reading; which
8．Larry made a promise_______ once he changed jobs he would buy a new house for his parents, _____ made them _______.
A．that; which; delightful B．which; which; delighted
C．that; which; delighted D．if; which; delighted
9．The plan turned out to be very successful, ______ we all expected.
A．that B．as C．what D．where
10．________is reported, vaccines (疫苗) do an excellent job of preventing serious Covid-19 illness and deaths, but are less good at stopping infections, particularly since the emergence (出现) of the more infectious Delta variant.
A．It B．Which C．That D．As
11．– Madam, the two pairs of shoes are the new arrival of the season.
–Well, I want to try another pair, ________ fit my style.
A．both of which B．neither of which
C．either of them D．neither of them
12．She got the first prize for her composition in the contest, ________amazed her parents greatly.
A．which B．that C．who D．it
13． is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A．Which B．What C．As D．It
14．It was the fourth time that he had got first prize, __________ surprised all of us.
A．that B．which C．for which D．for that
15．From 1997, J.K. Rowling created the Harry Potter fantasy series, __________ she became internationally famous.
A．that B．which C．for which D．to which
16．_________ we expected, he lost the game in the end.
A．When B．That C．While D．As
17．The manager offered the job to Helen, _____was the most suitable for the position.
A．he believed B．who he believed
C．he believed she D．whom he believed
18．______ is mentioned above, the data was collected by a local company.
A．Which B．It C．As D．What
19．The benefits of globalization, ________ effect special parts of the traditions and cultures of some underdeveloped regions are suffering, seem to flow disproportionately to the developed countries.
A．of which B．whose C．of whom D．from whose
20．_____ Xi Jinping said on the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was essential that we _____ better tell China’s stories and make China’s voice heard.
A．As; must B．What; may C．As; should D．What; can
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
21．This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology has been awarded to Tu Youyou, ________ research led to the discovery of artemisinin. (用适当的词填空)
22．Some experts think reading is the basic skill, ________which school education depends. （用适当的词填空）
23．He bought a dozen eggs, three of ________ broke when he dropped the box. （用适当的词填空）
24．Elon Musk has founded high-tech and futuristic companies, almost half of ______ direct tomorrow’s world. (用适当的词填空)
25．My mother，________ guiding principle in life was doing right, had a consistent influence on me. （用适当的词填空）
26．______ is shown above, there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations.(用适当的词填空)
27．The gunman, ______ mask had slipped,fled.(用适当的词填空)
28．________is often the case, the fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of poor quality. （用适当的词填空）
29．Tall grasses and trees, dotted the plains, ________were alive with the African wildlife we had come to see. （用适当的词填空）
30．The fire has also left dozens of people injured, 5 of ________ are in a critical condition. (用适当的词填空)
31．________ it suggests, in baseball this means that a batter is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball. （用适当的词填空）
32．__________ the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a simple step.” (用适当的词填空)
33．She took the food to the refugee camp, in __________ she distributed it to the children. (用适当的词填空)
34．People today watch TV more than they buy books, ________ is the reason why they understand visual information far better than written information. (用适当的词填空)
35．The famous scientist made another wonderful discovery, ______ is of great importance to science. (用适当的词填空)
36．These are the papers to be reviewed, all of ____________ are intended for the coming exams. (用适当的词填空)
37．There is nothing we can to help Linda, ______ circumstances are beyond our control.(用适当的词填空)
38．I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, ______ was a big challenge for me.(用适当的词填空)
39．Li Bai is regarded as the greatest romantic poet of the Tang Dynasty, in ________ poetry, we can find his love of nature, of freedom, of the people, of his friends, in short, of truth, good, and beauty. (用适当的词填空)
40．It has been confirmed that 4 people are dead and dozens of people are injured, 5 of _________ are in a critical condition. (用适当的词填空)
参考答案：
1．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一些语言专家确实指出必须消除语言污染，这是我和其他许多人都赞同的观点。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个从句，修饰前面整个句子，这是一个非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词为“language pollution must be done away with”，应用which引导。故选C项。
2．D
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Mary不仅仅是我的同桌。她也是我的好朋友，我很喜欢和她在一起。句子分析可知“________ company I really enjoy”为非限制性定语从句，先行词friend在定语从句中作名词company的定语，用关系代词whose。故选D。
3．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我叔叔大部分时间都在国外生活，现在要回到家乡了。分析句子可知，“_____ has lived most of his life abroad”是非限制性定语从句，修饰My uncle，从句中作主语，指人，用关系代词who，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。
4．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一直在努力保护这些只被一小部分人使用的传统地方语言，有了这些语言，世界文化肯定是多样化和丰富多彩的。分析句子，第一空引导的是定语从句，先行词有such修饰时，定语从句中缺少主语，引导词用as；同时，第二空构成的是介词+关系代词结构的定语从句，引导词指代的是前文的local languages，为物，故使用which。故选B。
5．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：郎平为排球事业做出了巨大贡献，这使她成为中国乃至全世界最受欢迎的人物。设空处引导非限制性的定语从句且在句中作主语，先行词为前面整个句子“Langping has contributed greatly to volleyball”，应用which。故选B。
6．A
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Alice在纽约时，收到了在伦敦的老板的请柬，这让她很惊讶。句子分析可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，设空处在从句中作主语，指代先行词“an invitation”，应用关系代词which引导。故选A。
7．D
【详解】考查非谓语动词和定语从句。句意：我强烈建议你坚持读一小时英语，这将逐渐提高你的英语口语。第一空是固定搭配commit oneself to doing sth.“致力于做某事”，应用动词名词作宾语；第二空是非限定性定语从句，先行词是前面主句陈述的内容，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故选D。
8．C
【详解】考查同位语从句、非限制性定语从句和形容词。句意：拉里答应一旦他换了工作就给他父母买一套新房子，这使他父母很高兴。根据句意分析句子可知，名词promise后面是一个同位语从句，对promise的内容进行解释说明，所以第一个空格处应该用连词that；第二个空格后的部分是非限制性定语从句，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个关系代词，代替前面句子的内容在从句中作主语，所以应该用which；第三个空格处应该填入一个形容词作补足语，delightful意为“令人愉快的”，delighted意为“感到高兴的”，表示“人的感受”应用delighted。故选C项。
9．B
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：正如我们所预料的那样，这个计划非常成功。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指代主句的内容，关系词在从句中作宾语，意为“正如”，用关系代词as。故选B项。
10．D
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：据报道，疫苗在预防严重的新冠肺炎疾病和死亡方面做得很好，但在阻止感染方面做得不太好，特别是在出现更具传染性的Delta变异体之后。该空引导非限制性定语从句放句首，先行词等于关系词，关系词指代主句内容，意为“正如”，关系词在从句中做主语，用关系代词as。故选D项。
11．B
【详解】考查定语从句和不定代词。句意：——女士，这两双鞋是当季的新品。——嗯，我想再试一双，这两双都不适合我的风格。分析句子可知，该空处部分是一个非限制性定语从句，故排除C项和D项；结合句意回答可知，两双都不喜欢，不定代词neither，表示两者都否定。故选B项。
12．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：她在作文比赛中获得一等奖，这使她的父母大为惊讶。分析句子可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话指代的事情，关系词在从句中作主语成分，用关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。故选A项。
13．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如报纸所报道的那样，两国之间的谈判正在取得进展。分析句子可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句指代的内容，关系词在从句中作主语，关系代词有“正如……一样”的意思，非限制性定语从句放在句首，此处为As引导的非限制性定语从句，其中as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，as有“正如……一样”的意思，which则无，which一般位于句中、句末。故选C项。
14．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是他第四次获得一等奖，这让我们所有人都很惊讶。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰空前的整个句子，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故选B项。
15．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：从1997年开始，J.K.罗琳创作了奇幻系列《哈利波特》，并因此享誉国际。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，J.K.罗琳因为《哈利波特》出名，be famous for意为“因……而出名”，因此空格处用for which引导非限制性定语从句（关系代词which指代先行词the Harry Potter fantasy series作介词for的宾语），故选C。
16．D
【详解】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：不出所料，他最后输了比赛。A.When在……时候；B. That那个；那种 ；C.While当……时候；然而；D.As正如；正像。由句意知他最终输了比赛，而这个结局在我们的意料之中。As we expected意为“正如我们所预料的”，此处的as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如；正像”。故选D项。
17．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：经理向海伦提供了这份工作，他认为海伦最适合这个职位。该空引导非限制性定语从句，he believed为插入语，先行词Helen，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who引导。故选B。
18．C
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：如上所述，这些数据是由一家当地公司收集的。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句陈述内容，从句缺少主语，使用关系代词as引导，一般可翻译为“正如……”，which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在主句前。故选C项。
19．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：全球化的好处似乎不成比例地流向了发达国家，一些欠发达地区的传统和文化的特殊部分正遭受全球化的影响。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是globalization，与从句中名词effect形成所属关系，即“globalization’s effect (全球化的影响) ”，用关系代词whose在从句中作定语，句中指“遭受全球化的影响”，应用动词词组suffer from (遭受)，可把介词from提到关系代词whose前，构成“介词+关系代词（from whose）”引导的非限制性定语从句。故选D项。
20．C
【详解】考查定语从句和虚拟语气。句意：正如习近平在中国共产党第20届全国代表大会上所说，我们必须讲好中国故事，传递好中国声音。第一个空引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后面整个主句内容并在从句中作宾语，应用as；It is/was essential that从句，这个固定句型中，要求that从句必须使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语由“should do sth”构成，且should可以省略，故选C。
21．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：今年的诺贝尔生理学奖授予了屠呦呦，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现。分析句子可知，空格处应填入非限定性定语从句的引导词。先行词为Tu Youyou，关系词在定语从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
22．on/upon
【详解】考查介词。句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。分析句子结构，此处是“介词+which”引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the basic skill；depend on/upon是固定短语，表示“依赖于……”，从句补充完整应为school education depends on/upon the basic skill。故填介词on/upon。
23．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他买了十几个鸡蛋，其中三个在箱子掉在地上时摔破了。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词eggs并在从句中作介词of的宾语。故填which。
24．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：埃隆·马斯克创立了高科技和未来公司，其中近一半的公司引领未来的世界。分析句子，设空处与空前的介词of构成“介词+关系代词”结构的定语从句，引导词指代先行词companies并在从句中作of的宾语。故用which。
25．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我的母亲一生的做事原则是做正确的事，她对我的影响始终如一。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词My mother与 guiding principle 之间是所属关系，因此用关系代词whose引导该从句，whose作guiding principle 的定语。故填whose。
26．As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如上所示，有两幅漫画呈现了两种完全不同的情况。分析句子结构可知，逗号前后分别有谓语动词“ is shown”和“are”，故“______is shown above”是从句，根据句意可知，此处表示“如上所示”，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语，指代后面整句话内容。故填As。
27．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这个持枪者逃走了，面具已经脱落。分析句子结构可知，此处应为连词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词the gunman与空后的名词mask之间为所属关系，所以使用关系代词whose。故填whose。
28．As
【详解】考查定语从句。便宜的物品并不总是意味着质量差，这是常有的事情。as is often the case是固定句型，表示“情况常常如此，这是常有的事情”。故填As。
29．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：高大的草地和树木点缀着平原，我们来这里是为了看非洲野生动物。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Tall grasses and trees，在从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
30．whom
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：大火还造成数十人受伤，其中5人伤势严重。句子分析可知“5 of ___ are in a critical condition”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dozens of people injured，指人，关系词将先行词代入定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以用关系代词whom。故填whom。
31．As
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：正如它所暗示的，在棒球中这意味着击球手在三次击球失败后出局。设空处引导非限制性定语从句指代后文的整个主句，在从句中作宾语，所以用as，因为置于句首，开头字母大写，故填As。
32．As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如中国哲学家老子所写：“千里之行始于足下”。根据句子结构可知，此处考查非限制性定语从句，且引导词位于句首，表示“正如”的意思，故填As。
33．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她把食物带到难民营，在那里分发给孩子们。此处是“介词（in）+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词，先行词是the refugee camp，指物，该空在介词in后作宾语，用关系代词which，in which=where。故填which。
34．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如今人们看电视的时间比买书的时间要多，这就是为什么他们对视觉信息的理解远远好于书面信息。分析句子可知，空格后为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，在从句中主语，应用关系代词which引导该定语从句。故填which。
35．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位著名的科学家又做了一个奇妙的发现，这对科学非常重要。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是discovery，关系词代替它在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
36．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些是要复习的论文，都是为即将到来的考试准备的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the papers，指物，空前为介词，应用which。故填which。
37．whose
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我们帮不了琳达，她的情况我们无法控制。分析句子可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，代替先行词Linda，并在从句中作定语，修饰名词circumstances，所以应填关系代词whose。故填whose。
38．which
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我被要求用流程图来解释这个项目，这对我来说是一个很大的挑战。此处是非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面整句话的内容，在并在从句中做主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
39．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：李白被认为是唐代最伟大的浪漫主义诗人，在他的诗歌中，我们可以看到他对自然、自由、人民、朋友的爱，简而言之，就是对真、善、美的爱。分析句子结构可知，“介词in+空处”引导非限制性定语从句，结合语意可知，此处表示“在李白的诗歌里”，应用关系代词whose作定语。故填whose。
40．whom
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据证实，有4人死亡，数十人受伤，其中5人情况危急。根据句子可知，此处应填入非限制性定语从句的引导词，且代指前面的先行词 dozens of people，在从句中作宾语，故填whom。
课后巩固提高
三、汉译英（整句）
41．他的妻子，一位著名演员，将要访问美国。(非限制性定语从句) (汉译英)
42．确实，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民一样。(汉译英)(介词+关系代词;非限制性定语从句)
43．他在一家小公司任职，这让我们所有人都很吃惊。(非限制性定语从句) （汉译英）
44．班长背着我给我准备了一张新年贺卡，这让我无比激动。（prepare）(汉译英)
45．这位木偶戏的传承者正在竭尽全力将这项被列为国家非物质文化遗产的娱乐形式引入校园，丰富孩子们的课外活动，同时让他们受到传统文化的熏陶。(list) （汉译英）
46．Albert Einstein——这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家——被公认为有史以来智商最高的人之一。(汉译英)
47．该教授建议学生们尽可能多地接触真实的语言环境，这将有助于提高他们的英语口语。(expose) (汉译英)
48．这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了，一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。(home, subject) （汉译英）
49．人工智能已经深入到我们生活的方方面面，但它还未能发现数据模式之外的美或意义，也无法唤起人类真正的情感反应，这些都是人工智能创新的巨大盲区。(where) (汉译英)
50．他因为工作压力过大，他患上抑郁症，这给我们所有人敲了一个警钟。(consequence；warning；非限制性定语从句) （汉译英）
四、阅读理解
If you love reading, you’re living in the right century. The web offers you more copies than anyone could read in a lifetime, including hundreds of newspapers and magazines. It provides you access to whole libraries of rare books at Gutenberg.Org and Google Books. And since you live in the age of e-books, you can buy new books at less than half the price of hardcovers. Some websites even provide free e-books for you to download, E-books let you carry your library in a little notebook, and buy new books online anywhere at any time.
But if you love books themselves, you may have chosen the wrong century to live in. The real bookstore is disappearing from America. Borders Books, the national chain with 642 stores, will close about 200 stores this year and fire 6000 workers. This will mean little to the people who like reading e-books. But it will mean a great deal to devoted book-lovers. For them, the online bookstore can never replace the pleasure of walking along bookshelves.
Bookstore appeared in the 18th century, when printers began turning out books in large numbers to creat a reading public. One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969. As Pete Martin described it in House of a Million Books, Leary was the opposite of the modem chain bookstores. It was old, dark and dirty. Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers. Will anyone remember the website Amazon.com that sells books so warmly 40 years after it closes?
51．Why the author says “If you love reading, you’re living in the right century?”
A．Because books are getting much cheaper
B．Because readers can get more reading materials
C．Because E-books are more interesting than paper books
D．Because reading is becoming more and more important
52．We can infer from the passage that Borders Books________.
A．will hire more workers B．has turned to other fields
C．is unable to win the competition D．will start its business in other countries
53．What can we learn about Leary’s Books Store?
A．It was a national chain with 642 stores.
B．It was the earliest bookstore in Europe.
C．It had been open for more than 200 years
D．It was once very popular among booklovers.
54．The example of Amazon.Com is used to emphasize that________.
A．Amazon.com is very popular
B．Leary’s will be open again one day.
C．Amazon.com is an online bookstore.
D．Leary’s has been remembered for along tine.
Is any economist so dull as to criticize Christmas? At first glance, the holiday season in western economies seems a treat for those concerned with such vagaries(奇想)as GDP growth. After all, everyone is spending; in America, retailers(零售商)make 25% of their yearly sales and 60% of their profits between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Even so, economists find something to worry about in the nature of the purchases being made.
Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others. At the simplest level, giving gifts involves the giver guessing what the recipient(接受者)would like, as economists say, and then buying the gift and delivering it. Yet this guessing of preferences is not easy; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought if they had spent the money themselves.
Interested in this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, tried to estimate the difference in dollar terms. In a research, lie asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid(by the givers)for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the emotional value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver.
In addition, recipients may not know their own preferences very well. Some of the best gifts, after all, are unexpected items that you would never have thought of buying, but which turn out to be especially well picked. And preference can change. So by giving a jazz CD, for example, the giver may be encouraging the recipient to enjoy something that was ignored before. This, a desire to build skills, is possibly the hope held by many parents who ignore their children’s desires for video games and buy them books instead.
Finally, there are items that a recipient would like to receive but not purchase. If someone else buys them, however, they can be enjoyed guilt-free. This might explain the high volume of chocolate that changes over the holidays. Thus, the lesson for gift-givers is that you should try hard to guess the preference of each person on your list and then choose a gift that will have a high emotional value.
55．For what reason are economists concerned about holiday purchases?
A．Seasonal sales don’t match profits well.
B．Some of the holiday purchases end up with waste.
C．Sales and profits are far from being matched.
D．Seasonal sales fail to satisfy people’s special wants.
56．Why does the author mention Joel Waldfogel’s research in the third paragraph?
A．To show Joel’s interest in the difference in dollar terms.
B．To introduce the economist at Yale University.
C．To prove that the mismatch between wants and gifts can be huge.
D．To argue the importance of buying gifts of appropriate value.
57．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A．Recipients tend to overestimate the values of a gift.
B．Peopled preference is born with nature and remains unchanged
C．Chocolate is a gift which may cause recipient’ sense of guilt
D．Gifts may be used to help a person to cultivate a hobby or skill.
58．Which of the following statements might the author agree with?
A．Guessing preference is important although sometimes it fails.
B．The more money you spend on the gift, the more emotional value it has.
C．Recipients’ preferences have an impact on the holiday season economy.
D．The attached value of a present is the essence of gift giving.
参考答案：
41．His wife, who is a famous actress, will visit America.
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句、动词和名词。表示“他的妻子”应用名词短语his wife；表示“一名著名演员”短语为a famous actress，根据题意，这一个短语为作名词短语his wife的定语，需要使用非限定性定语从句表示，先行词为人，故使用关系代词who引导，并在定语从句中作主语，从句谓语动词与先行词his wife保持一致，用单数，故定语从句为who is a famous actress，且与先行词用逗号隔开；表示“将要访问”的动词为visit，且表示将来的动作，visit前应使用助动词will；表示“美国”可用名词America，作visit的宾语。故翻译为His wife, who is a famous actress, will visit America.。
42．Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life.
【详解】考查时态，定语从句和短语。根据汉语意思提示可知，句子用一般现在时，表示“确实”为副词Indeed；表示“瘦削但结实”应为形容词短语slim but strong；主语body“身躯”，表示“看起来和……一样”应为动词短语be just like…，结合主谓一致，主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；结合句子要求使用介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句可知，表示“他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民”时，该句可为介词to+关系代词whom引导的非限制性定语从句，其中先行词表示“千百万中国农民”为名词短语millions of Chinese farmers在从句中作介词to的宾语，从句表示“奉献了一生对某人”为动词短语devoted his life to sb，其中介词to前置到关系代词whom前面。故翻译为Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life。
43．He held a post in a small company, which surprised us all.
【详解】考查短语、时态和定语从句。hold a post任职。指代前面的一件事，用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句。陈述过去事实，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为He held a post in a small company, which surprised us all.
44．The monitor prepared a New Year card for me behind my back, which made me very excited.
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。分析汉语结构可知，表示“给某人准备某物”应为句子的主句部分，翻译为prepare sth. for sb.，且根据句意可知，此处描述的为过去的事情，所以谓语动词使用一般过去时态；表示“背着我”，也就是“在我的背后”翻译为behind my back；分析句子可知，表示“这让我无比激动”为从句，对主句解释说明，所以使用非限制性定语从句，主语指的是事情，故用which引导，时态与主句一致，“让我兴奋”表达为make me very excited。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为The monitor prepared a New Year card for me behind my back, which made me very excited.
45．The inheritor of the puppet show is making every effort to introduce this form of entertainment into campus, which is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, enriching children’s extracurricular activities, and at the same time allowing them to be influenced by traditional culture.
【详解】考查短语、时态、定语从句和非谓语动词。“这位木偶戏的传承者”The inheritor of the puppet show，在句中作主语。make every effort to do sth.全力做某事，尽一切努力，introduce into把……引进，在句中作谓语动词； be listed as被列为。句中先行词为this form of entertainment，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。“国家非物质文化遗产”为national intangible cultural heritage；“课外活动”为extracurricular activities；“同时”为at the same time；allow sb. to do sth.让某人做某事。be influenced by受到……的熏陶。表示自然而然所带来的结果，用现在分词作状语。根据句意，主句用现在进行时，从句用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为The inheritor of the puppet show is making every effort to introduce this form of entertainment into campus, which is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, enriching children’s extracurricular activities, and at the same time allowing them to be influenced by traditional culture.
46．Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。根据汉语意思，Albert Einstein是主语，这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家可以用非限制性定语从句修饰，主语是人，可以用who引导，最伟大的科学家译为“the greatest scientist”，现代物理学领域译为“in modern physics”，所以从句译为who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，被公认为是谓语用be considered，用一般现在时，智商最高的人译为“the smartest men ”，有史以来用定语从句修饰the smartest men ，译为“who ever lived”，再结合其他汉语意思，故翻译为Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.。
47．The professor suggested that students should be exposed to the real language environment as much as possible, which will help improve their spoken English.
【详解】考查宾语从句、非限制性定语从句、名词、动词和短语。表示“教授”应用名词professor；表示“艺建议”动词为suggested，动词用一般过去时；表示“接触”短语为be exposed to。表示“真实的语言环境”应用短语the real language environment，分析句子结构，此句为宾语从句，用连词that引导；后跟which引导的非限制性定语从句；表示“提高他们的英语口语”应用短语improve their spoken English；故翻译为The professor suggested that students should be exposed to the real language environment as much as possible, which will help improve their spoken English。
48．Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation.
【详解】考查倒装结构，时态和定语从句和短语。“……的聚集地”可译为短语be home to，“人才”可用名词talent表示，此处是复数，所以用talents，根据汉语提示“曾经”可知时态为一般过去时，“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地”可译为this company used to be home to talents；“日子已经一去不复返了”可将表语置于句首，使用倒装结构，即Gone are the days，两句话结合起来“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了”可翻译为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents。“遭受”可用动词短语be subjected to表示，由句意可知，时态是一般过去时，主语是复数，即were subjected to；“蓄意的差评”可用deliberate negative reviews表示，所以“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评”可翻译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews；“对……造成沉重打击”可译为cause a heavy blow to；“名声”可译为名词reputation，两句话结合起来“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。”可译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。其中which引导非限制性定语从句。故答案为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。
49．AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives, but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model, nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings，which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie.
【详解】考查动词、名词、形容词和从句。根据句意可知，本句时态应用现在范畴时态。表示“人工智能已经深入到我们生活的方方面面”应用句子AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives，时态应用现在完成时；表示“但它还未能发现数据模式之外的美或意义”应用句子but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model；表示“也无法唤起人类真正的情感反应”应用句子nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings；表示“这些都是人工智能创新的巨大盲区”应用句子which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie，其中运用了非限制性定语从句和表语从句。故翻译为AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives, but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model, nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings，which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie。
50．He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work, which gave all of us a warning/ served as a warning to all of us.
【详解】考查动词、名词和非限制性定语从句。表示“压力”应用名词pressure，表示“工作压力过大”为短语 excessive pressure from work，表示“抑郁症”应为名词depression，根据提示词consequence可知，患上抑郁症是遭受过大工作压力的结果，表示“他因为工作压力过大，他患上抑郁症”应为He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work，根据提示词warning和句意可知，这件事情给我们敲响了警钟，应使用which引导的非限制性定语从句，可表示为which gave all of us a warning/或which served as a warning to all of us。故翻译为He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work, which gave all of us a warning/ served as a warning to all of us.。
51．B 52．C 53．D 54．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了如果你是喜欢阅读，那你就活在正确的时代了，但是如果你喜欢书籍本身，你可能选择了错误的世纪，许多实体书店正在消失。
51．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The web offers you more copies than anyone could read in a lifetime, including hundreds of newspapers and magazines. It provides you access to whole libraries of rare books at Gutenberg.Org and Google Books. And since you live in the age of e-books, you can buy new books at less than half the price of hardcovers. Some websites even provide free e-books for you to download, E-books let you carry your library in a little notebook, and buy new books online anywhere at any time.(网络提供给你的书本比任何人一辈子读的都多，包括成百上千的报纸和杂志。它可以让你访问古登堡和谷歌图书的整个图书馆的珍本图书。由于你生活在电子书时代，你可以用不到精装书一半的价格买到新书。一些网站甚至提供免费的电子书供你下载，电子书让你把你的图书馆放在一个小笔记本里，随时随地在线购买新书)”可知，因为读者可以获得更多的阅读材料，所以作者说如果你喜欢阅读，你就生活在正确的世纪。故选B项。
52．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Borders Books, the national chain with 642 stores, will close about 200 stores this year and fire 6000 workers.(拥有642家门店的全国连锁书店Borders Books今年将关闭约200家门店，并解雇6000名员工)”可推知，Borders Books无法和电子书竞争。故选C项。
53．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969.(费城的Leary书店是美国最早的书商之一，1850年至1969年间，它是书迷们的快乐狩猎场)”以及“Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers.(虽然Leary书店在1968年就关门了，但以前的顾客们都对它记忆犹新)”可推知，Leary书店曾经在书迷中很受欢迎。故选D项。
54．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969. As Pete Martin described it in House of a Million Books, Leary was the opposite of the modem chain bookstores. It was old, dark and dirty. Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers. Will anyone remember the website Amazon.com that sells books so warmly 40 years after it closes?(费城的Leary书店是美国最早的书商之一，1850年至1969年间，它是书迷们的快乐狩猎场。正如皮特·马丁在《百万图书之家》中所描述的那样，Leary书店与现代连锁书店截然相反。它又旧又黑又脏。虽然Leary书店在1968年就关门了，但以前的顾客们都对它记忆犹新。还有人会记得亚马逊网站在关闭40年后依然热卖书籍吗?)”可知，作者举亚马逊网站的例子是来强调Leary这个实体书店一直被人们铭记。故选D项。
55．B 56．C 57．D 58．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，是关于节日购买礼物送人的一个社会生活调查，研究结果表明你所送的礼物往往并不是接受者所想要的，但尽管如此，送礼时猜测对方的喜好还是很重要的。
55．推理判断题。根据第二段“Yet this guessing of preferences is not easy; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought if they had spent the money themselves.”（然而，这种对喜好的猜测并不容易；事实上，反而很糟糕。每年，收的领带都没戴，书也没读。而且，即使礼物很受欢迎，也可能不是收礼人自己愿意花钱买的东西）可推断，假日礼物很可能并不是收礼人喜欢的，因此推断经济学家担心一些假日购物最后可能会是一种浪费，故选B。
56．推理判断题。根据第三段内容“Interested in this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, tried to estimate the difference in dollar terms. In a research, lie asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid(by the givers)for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the emotional value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver.( 1993年，时任耶鲁大学(Yale University)经济学家的乔尔•沃尔德福格(Joel Waldfogel)对需求和礼物之间的不匹配感兴趣，试图用美元来估算两者之间的差异。在一项研究中，他在假期结束时问了学生两个问题：第一，估计你收到的所有节日礼物所付款(被送礼者支付)的总价；第二，除了物品的情感价值，如果你没有它们，你愿意花多少钱来得到它们？他的研究结果令人沮丧：平均而言，收礼者对礼物的评价远低于送礼者支付的价格。)”可知，乔尔•沃尔德福格的研究调查是为了说明需要和礼物之间的不匹配，结果这种不匹配是巨大的，因此推断作者提到这个研究是为了来证明需要和礼物之间的不匹配可能是巨大的。故选C。
57．细节理解题。根据第四段“Some of the best gifts, after all, are unexpected items that you would never have thought of buying, but which turn out to be especially well picked. And preference can change. So by giving a jazz CD, for example, the giver may be encouraging the recipient to enjoy something that was ignored before. This, a desire to build skills, is possibly the hope held by many parents who ignore their children's desires for video games and buy them books instead.”（毕竟，有些最好的礼物是你从未想过要买的意想不到的东西，但却是经过精心挑选的，而且人们的偏好是可以改变的。例如，送一张爵士乐唱片，送礼者可能会鼓励收礼者享受以前被忽视的东西。这种培养技能的愿望，可能是许多父母的希望，他们忽略了孩子对电子游戏的渴望，反而给他们买书）可知，礼物可以用来帮助一个人培养爱好或技能，故选D。
58．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thus, the lesson for gift-givers is that you should try hard to guess the preference of each person on your list and then choose a gift that will have a high emotional value.”（因此，给送礼者的经验教训是，你应该努力猜测清单上每个人的喜好，然后选择一件具有较高情感价值的礼物）可知，作者认为送礼时猜测对方的喜好很重要，尽管有时会失败，故选A。
考点16 非限制定语从句+高考重点词汇积累+长难句分析
核心考点梳理
一、高考重点词汇积累
核心单词
1.resist v. 抵抗；挡开
2.respect vt.& n. 尊敬，尊重
3.respond v. 回答，回应，作出反应
4.responsibility n. 责任，责任心；职责，义务
5.restrict v. 限制
6.reward n. 报答；奖赏；酬劳
v. 报答；奖赏
7.ridiculous adj. 荒谬的，愚蠢的
8.risk n.& v. 风险；冒险
9.rough adj. 艰苦的；粗糙的；粗略的
10.routine n. 程序；日常工作；例行公事
adj. 日常的；例行的
11.rubbish n. 垃圾； 废物
12.ruin v. (使)毁坏；(使) 毁灭
n. (复) 废墟；遗迹
13.sacrifice v. 牺牲，供奉，祭祀
n. 牺牲，供奉
14.satisfaction n. 满意
15.scarcely adv. 几乎不，简直不
16.scenery n. 风景，自然景色；舞台布景
17.schedule n. 时刻表，日程安排表；清单，明细表
vt. 安排，预定
18.science n. 科学，自然科学
19.security n. 安全，平安
20.select vt. 选择，挑选；选拔
21.senior adj. 级别高的；资格较老的；年长的
n. 较年长者；上司
22.sensitive adj. 敏感的，感觉敏锐的；神经过敏的
23.separation n. 分离；隔离
24.service n. 招待；服务；公共事业
25.severe adj. 严厉的；严格的；严重的；严峻的
重点短语
1.mind your own business 少管闲事
make up one’s mind to do sth 决心做某事
never mind 不要紧；没关系
keep/bear sth in mind 记住……
take a load off one’s mind 解除某人的思想负担；使某人如释重负
2.more than 多于；不仅仅；十分，很
rather than 而不是
other than 除了
or rather 更确切地说
二、高考阅读理解长难句分析
71. He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was vastly larger than had previously been thought.
【句式翻译】 他发现小的雾区实际上是像我们自己的星系一样的星系，离我们有几百万光年之远，这一发现证明了宇宙比我们以前想象的要大得多。
【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，which were in fact…修饰先行词small areas of mist; which proved that…修饰前面整个句子。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句which were in fact …修饰先行词small areas of mist; 定语从句which proved that …修饰前面整个句子;which 作为关系代词引导定语从句指物或指整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：
It sounded like a train which was going under my house.
那响声听起来就像一列火车在我的房子底下开过似的。
He was very rude to the customs officer, which, of course, made things even worse.
他对海关官员非常无理，这当然使得事情更糟糕了。
72. It is a language without words that consists of gestures, facial expressions and body movements that greatly add to -- and sometimes even replace -- spoken language.
【句式翻译】 它是一种没有字词，由手势、面部表情和身体动作组成的语言，它极大地丰富了—后悔有时甚至取代了—口头语言。
【句式分析】本句包含两个定语从句，that consists of …修饰先行词a language; that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements。
【词语点拨】1)consist of 由……组成
Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times. 生活中不仅有阳光，还有艰难困苦。
2）add to 增加
Colorful umbrellas add to a lively atmosphere in the summer streets.
各色阳伞给夏日街头增添了活泼的气氛。
3) replace vt替换，更换；把……放回原处
We’d be happy to replace the radio for you. 我们愿意为您更换这个录音机。
He suggested that we should replace the magazines after reading. 他建议我们阅读完杂志后放回原处。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that consists of …修饰先行词a language; 定语从句that greatly add to …修饰gestures, facial expressions and body movements; that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：
The number of people that has lost homes reached as many as 250,000. 无家可归的人数达到25万。
The purpose of the trip was to record the wildlife and plants that we could find in the forest.
这次行动的目的是把我们在森林里发现的野生动植物都一一做好记录。
73. However, instead of showing real, existing structures, he used photographs to make up imaginary structures that best represented the different architectural styles.
【句式翻译】然而，他并没有展现真实存在的建筑结构，而是用照片聚合成一个想象中的最能代表不同建筑风格的结构图。
【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。
【词语点拨】1)instead of 代替，而不是
I worried that instead of making money, I would end up owing it. 我担心我最终会欠债而不会赚钱。
2）represent vt. 代表，象征
He is the ideal person to represent our class. 他是代表我们班的理想人选。
The word “love” is often represented by a heart. “爱”这个词常以心形来表示。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句that best represented…修饰先行词imaginary structures。that作为关系代词引导定语从句指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语, 具体用法参见第71句。
74. One reason why we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down.
【句式翻译】我们不喜欢读自己著作的一个原因是：当读它的时候，我们往往会感到失望，因为我们脑海中丰富的想法在初稿中却显得苍白无力。
【句式分析】本句包含一个定语从句，why we may dislike…修饰先行词one reason。
【词语点拨】plain adj.简朴的，简单的；清楚的，明白的
She used to wear a plain but elegant dress. 她过去常穿朴素淡雅的连衣裙。
He made it plain to us that he didn’t wish to continue. 他向我们明白的表示他不想继续下去了。
【语法点拨】本句中定语从句why we may dislike…修饰先行词reason。why作为关系副词引导定语从句在从句中作原因状语。如：
The reason why we haven’t seen her these days is that she has been in hospital.
我们近些天没有见到她的原因是她住院了。
75. According to the old stories of Iceland and Norway, Eric the Red was forced
to leave Iceland because he had committed a murder, for which he got into trouble.
【句式翻译】根据冰岛和挪威的传说，埃里克·雷德因一起谋杀案而被迫离开冰岛。
【句式分析】本句包含一个介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，for which …修饰先行词a murder。
【词语点拨】 force vt.强迫，迫使；force sb to do/ into doing 强迫某人做某事
We forced the enemy to surrender/ into surrendering. 我们迫使敌人投降。
3) commit vt.犯（错误、罪行），干（坏事，傻事;使承担义务，作出保证
Smoking is committing suicide slowly. 吸烟等于慢性自杀。
Both sides committed themselves to settle the problem peacefully. 双方承诺和平解决问题。
二、非限制定语从句主要用法
1．比较：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
形式不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。
例：Many schools provide courses which assist new students to develop their study skills．
许多学校提供帮助新生培养学习技能的课程。(限制性定语从句)
She heard a lovely song，which reminded her 0f her hometown．
她听到一首动听的歌曲，让她想起了家乡。(非限制性定语从句)
功能不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切，它限制了先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完整，甚至失去意义；而非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
例：I was the only person in our office that wag invited．
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思就不完整)
Tom’s father，who is over seventy，is still energetic．
汤姆的父亲已年逾七旬，却仍然精神矍铄。(去掉从句后，句子剩余部分意思仍然完整)
关系词不同
that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。请比较：
例：He failed to attend the meeting，that made US very disappointed．(×)
He failed to attend the meeting，which made US very disappointed．(√)
他没有出席这次会议，这让我们很失望。
He failed to attend the meeting that／which was held last Sunday．
他没有出席上周日举行的会议。
2．用which来修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰整个句子，这时关系代词用which。
例：The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t expected．
实验的结果非常好，这一点出乎我们的意料。
Tom was elected Chairman of the Students’ Union．which made his family very proud．
汤姆被选为学生会主席，这件事让全家都感到骄傲。
【拓展】如果非限制性定语从句放在主句之前，关系代词只能用as，不能用which。
例：As we all know，Taiwan has been mrt of China since ancient times．
众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分。
As had been expected，he put forward his idea at the meeting．
正如预计的那样，他在会上提出了自己的意见。
3．用one of whom、some of which等引导的非限制性定语从句
可用数词或不定代词(如all／both／each／some／most／none等)+of whom或of which来修饰先行词。
例：We interviewed 1 5 applicants for the post，none of whom we thought qualified．
我们面试了15名求职者，但没有一人合格。
Seven passengers were injured．n the car accident，two of whom were foreigners．
在车祸中有七人受伤，其中两名是外国人。
The engine consists of hundreds of parts，each of which has its importance．
这个引擎由数百个零件组成，每个零件都有其重要的作用。
当堂知识检测
一、单项选择
1．Some language experts do point out that language pollution must be done away with, ________ is an idea shared by myself and many others.
A．what B．that C．which D．where
2．Mary is more than a deskmate to me. She is also a close friend, ________ company I really enjoy.
A．that B．when C．who D．whose
3．My uncle, ________ has lived most of his life abroad is going to return to his hometown.
A．whom B．who C．which D．that
4．Constant efforts have been poured into the protection of such traditional local languages ________ are only spoken by a tiny portion of people, in the presence of ________ world cultures are sure to be diverse and colourful.
A．that; which B．as; which C．that; whom D．as; whose
5．Langping has contributed greatly to volleyball, ______ made her the most popular figure in China and the whole world.
A．what B．which C．that D．why
6．Alice received an invitation from her boss in London, ________ came as a surprise when she stayed in New York.
A．which B．who C．whose D．whom
7．I strongly suggest that you should commit yourself to ________English for one hour, ________will gradually improve your spoken English.
A．read; that B．read; which C．reading; what D．reading; which
8．Larry made a promise_______ once he changed jobs he would buy a new house for his parents, _____ made them _______.
A．that; which; delightful B．which; which; delighted
C．that; which; delighted D．if; which; delighted
9．The plan turned out to be very successful, ______ we all expected.
A．that B．as C．what D．where
10．________is reported, vaccines (疫苗) do an excellent job of preventing serious Covid-19 illness and deaths, but are less good at stopping infections, particularly since the emergence (出现) of the more infectious Delta variant.
A．It B．Which C．That D．As
11．– Madam, the two pairs of shoes are the new arrival of the season.
–Well, I want to try another pair, ________ fit my style.
A．both of which B．neither of which
C．either of them D．neither of them
12．She got the first prize for her composition in the contest, ________amazed her parents greatly.
A．which B．that C．who D．it
13． is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A．Which B．What C．As D．It
14．It was the fourth time that he had got first prize, __________ surprised all of us.
A．that B．which C．for which D．for that
15．From 1997, J.K. Rowling created the Harry Potter fantasy series, __________ she became internationally famous.
A．that B．which C．for which D．to which
16．_________ we expected, he lost the game in the end.
A．When B．That C．While D．As
17．The manager offered the job to Helen, _____was the most suitable for the position.
A．he believed B．who he believed
C．he believed she D．whom he believed
18．______ is mentioned above, the data was collected by a local company.
A．Which B．It C．As D．What
19．The benefits of globalization, ________ effect special parts of the traditions and cultures of some underdeveloped regions are suffering, seem to flow disproportionately to the developed countries.
A．of which B．whose C．of whom D．from whose
20．_____ Xi Jinping said on the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was essential that we _____ better tell China’s stories and make China’s voice heard.
A．As; must B．What; may C．As; should D．What; can
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
21．This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology has been awarded to Tu Youyou, ________ research led to the discovery of artemisinin. (用适当的词填空)
22．Some experts think reading is the basic skill, ________which school education depends. （用适当的词填空）
23．He bought a dozen eggs, three of ________ broke when he dropped the box. （用适当的词填空）
24．Elon Musk has founded high-tech and futuristic companies, almost half of ______ direct tomorrow’s world. (用适当的词填空)
25．My mother，________ guiding principle in life was doing right, had a consistent influence on me. （用适当的词填空）
26．______ is shown above, there are two cartoons presenting two quite different situations.(用适当的词填空)
27．The gunman, ______ mask had slipped,fled.(用适当的词填空)
28．________is often the case, the fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of poor quality. （用适当的词填空）
29．Tall grasses and trees, dotted the plains, ________were alive with the African wildlife we had come to see. （用适当的词填空）
30．The fire has also left dozens of people injured, 5 of ________ are in a critical condition. (用适当的词填空)
31．________ it suggests, in baseball this means that a batter is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball. （用适当的词填空）
32．__________ the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a simple step.” (用适当的词填空)
33．She took the food to the refugee camp, in __________ she distributed it to the children. (用适当的词填空)
34．People today watch TV more than they buy books, ________ is the reason why they understand visual information far better than written information. (用适当的词填空)
35．The famous scientist made another wonderful discovery, ______ is of great importance to science. (用适当的词填空)
36．These are the papers to be reviewed, all of ____________ are intended for the coming exams. (用适当的词填空)
37．There is nothing we can to help Linda, ______ circumstances are beyond our control.(用适当的词填空)
38．I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, ______ was a big challenge for me.(用适当的词填空)
39．Li Bai is regarded as the greatest romantic poet of the Tang Dynasty, in ________ poetry, we can find his love of nature, of freedom, of the people, of his friends, in short, of truth, good, and beauty. (用适当的词填空)
40．It has been confirmed that 4 people are dead and dozens of people are injured, 5 of _________ are in a critical condition. (用适当的词填空)
参考答案：
1．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一些语言专家确实指出必须消除语言污染，这是我和其他许多人都赞同的观点。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个从句，修饰前面整个句子，这是一个非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词为“language pollution must be done away with”，应用which引导。故选C项。
2．D
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Mary不仅仅是我的同桌。她也是我的好朋友，我很喜欢和她在一起。句子分析可知“________ company I really enjoy”为非限制性定语从句，先行词friend在定语从句中作名词company的定语，用关系代词whose。故选D。
3．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我叔叔大部分时间都在国外生活，现在要回到家乡了。分析句子可知，“_____ has lived most of his life abroad”是非限制性定语从句，修饰My uncle，从句中作主语，指人，用关系代词who，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故选B。
4．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：一直在努力保护这些只被一小部分人使用的传统地方语言，有了这些语言，世界文化肯定是多样化和丰富多彩的。分析句子，第一空引导的是定语从句，先行词有such修饰时，定语从句中缺少主语，引导词用as；同时，第二空构成的是介词+关系代词结构的定语从句，引导词指代的是前文的local languages，为物，故使用which。故选B。
5．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：郎平为排球事业做出了巨大贡献，这使她成为中国乃至全世界最受欢迎的人物。设空处引导非限制性的定语从句且在句中作主语，先行词为前面整个句子“Langping has contributed greatly to volleyball”，应用which。故选B。
6．A
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Alice在纽约时，收到了在伦敦的老板的请柬，这让她很惊讶。句子分析可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，设空处在从句中作主语，指代先行词“an invitation”，应用关系代词which引导。故选A。
7．D
【详解】考查非谓语动词和定语从句。句意：我强烈建议你坚持读一小时英语，这将逐渐提高你的英语口语。第一空是固定搭配commit oneself to doing sth.“致力于做某事”，应用动词名词作宾语；第二空是非限定性定语从句，先行词是前面主句陈述的内容，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故选D。
8．C
【详解】考查同位语从句、非限制性定语从句和形容词。句意：拉里答应一旦他换了工作就给他父母买一套新房子，这使他父母很高兴。根据句意分析句子可知，名词promise后面是一个同位语从句，对promise的内容进行解释说明，所以第一个空格处应该用连词that；第二个空格后的部分是非限制性定语从句，该定语从句缺少主语，所以空格处应该填入一个关系代词，代替前面句子的内容在从句中作主语，所以应该用which；第三个空格处应该填入一个形容词作补足语，delightful意为“令人愉快的”，delighted意为“感到高兴的”，表示“人的感受”应用delighted。故选C项。
9．B
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：正如我们所预料的那样，这个计划非常成功。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指代主句的内容，关系词在从句中作宾语，意为“正如”，用关系代词as。故选B项。
10．D
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：据报道，疫苗在预防严重的新冠肺炎疾病和死亡方面做得很好，但在阻止感染方面做得不太好，特别是在出现更具传染性的Delta变异体之后。该空引导非限制性定语从句放句首，先行词等于关系词，关系词指代主句内容，意为“正如”，关系词在从句中做主语，用关系代词as。故选D项。
11．B
【详解】考查定语从句和不定代词。句意：——女士，这两双鞋是当季的新品。——嗯，我想再试一双，这两双都不适合我的风格。分析句子可知，该空处部分是一个非限制性定语从句，故排除C项和D项；结合句意回答可知，两双都不喜欢，不定代词neither，表示两者都否定。故选B项。
12．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：她在作文比赛中获得一等奖，这使她的父母大为惊讶。分析句子可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整句话指代的事情，关系词在从句中作主语成分，用关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。故选A项。
13．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如报纸所报道的那样，两国之间的谈判正在取得进展。分析句子可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是主句指代的内容，关系词在从句中作主语，关系代词有“正如……一样”的意思，非限制性定语从句放在句首，此处为As引导的非限制性定语从句，其中as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，as有“正如……一样”的意思，which则无，which一般位于句中、句末。故选C项。
14．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是他第四次获得一等奖，这让我们所有人都很惊讶。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰空前的整个句子，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故选B项。
15．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：从1997年开始，J.K.罗琳创作了奇幻系列《哈利波特》，并因此享誉国际。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，J.K.罗琳因为《哈利波特》出名，be famous for意为“因……而出名”，因此空格处用for which引导非限制性定语从句（关系代词which指代先行词the Harry Potter fantasy series作介词for的宾语），故选C。
16．D
【详解】考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：不出所料，他最后输了比赛。A.When在……时候；B. That那个；那种 ；C.While当……时候；然而；D.As正如；正像。由句意知他最终输了比赛，而这个结局在我们的意料之中。As we expected意为“正如我们所预料的”，此处的as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如；正像”。故选D项。
17．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：经理向海伦提供了这份工作，他认为海伦最适合这个职位。该空引导非限制性定语从句，he believed为插入语，先行词Helen，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who引导。故选B。
18．C
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：如上所述，这些数据是由一家当地公司收集的。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为主句陈述内容，从句缺少主语，使用关系代词as引导，一般可翻译为“正如……”，which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在主句前。故选C项。
19．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：全球化的好处似乎不成比例地流向了发达国家，一些欠发达地区的传统和文化的特殊部分正遭受全球化的影响。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是globalization，与从句中名词effect形成所属关系，即“globalization’s effect (全球化的影响) ”，用关系代词whose在从句中作定语，句中指“遭受全球化的影响”，应用动词词组suffer from (遭受)，可把介词from提到关系代词whose前，构成“介词+关系代词（from whose）”引导的非限制性定语从句。故选D项。
20．C
【详解】考查定语从句和虚拟语气。句意：正如习近平在中国共产党第20届全国代表大会上所说，我们必须讲好中国故事，传递好中国声音。第一个空引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如”，指代后面整个主句内容并在从句中作宾语，应用as；It is/was essential that从句，这个固定句型中，要求that从句必须使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语由“should do sth”构成，且should可以省略，故选C。
21．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：今年的诺贝尔生理学奖授予了屠呦呦，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现。分析句子可知，空格处应填入非限定性定语从句的引导词。先行词为Tu Youyou，关系词在定语从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
22．on/upon
【详解】考查介词。句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。分析句子结构，此处是“介词+which”引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the basic skill；depend on/upon是固定短语，表示“依赖于……”，从句补充完整应为school education depends on/upon the basic skill。故填介词on/upon。
23．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他买了十几个鸡蛋，其中三个在箱子掉在地上时摔破了。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词eggs并在从句中作介词of的宾语。故填which。
24．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：埃隆·马斯克创立了高科技和未来公司，其中近一半的公司引领未来的世界。分析句子，设空处与空前的介词of构成“介词+关系代词”结构的定语从句，引导词指代先行词companies并在从句中作of的宾语。故用which。
25．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我的母亲一生的做事原则是做正确的事，她对我的影响始终如一。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词My mother与 guiding principle 之间是所属关系，因此用关系代词whose引导该从句，whose作guiding principle 的定语。故填whose。
26．As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如上所示，有两幅漫画呈现了两种完全不同的情况。分析句子结构可知，逗号前后分别有谓语动词“ is shown”和“are”，故“______is shown above”是从句，根据句意可知，此处表示“如上所示”，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语，指代后面整句话内容。故填As。
27．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这个持枪者逃走了，面具已经脱落。分析句子结构可知，此处应为连词引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词the gunman与空后的名词mask之间为所属关系，所以使用关系代词whose。故填whose。
28．As
【详解】考查定语从句。便宜的物品并不总是意味着质量差，这是常有的事情。as is often the case是固定句型，表示“情况常常如此，这是常有的事情”。故填As。
29．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：高大的草地和树木点缀着平原，我们来这里是为了看非洲野生动物。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Tall grasses and trees，在从句中作主语，指物，故填which。
30．whom
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：大火还造成数十人受伤，其中5人伤势严重。句子分析可知“5 of ___ are in a critical condition”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dozens of people injured，指人，关系词将先行词代入定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以用关系代词whom。故填whom。
31．As
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：正如它所暗示的，在棒球中这意味着击球手在三次击球失败后出局。设空处引导非限制性定语从句指代后文的整个主句，在从句中作宾语，所以用as，因为置于句首，开头字母大写，故填As。
32．As
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：正如中国哲学家老子所写：“千里之行始于足下”。根据句子结构可知，此处考查非限制性定语从句，且引导词位于句首，表示“正如”的意思，故填As。
33．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她把食物带到难民营，在那里分发给孩子们。此处是“介词（in）+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词，先行词是the refugee camp，指物，该空在介词in后作宾语，用关系代词which，in which=where。故填which。
34．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：如今人们看电视的时间比买书的时间要多，这就是为什么他们对视觉信息的理解远远好于书面信息。分析句子可知，空格后为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，在从句中主语，应用关系代词which引导该定语从句。故填which。
35．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这位著名的科学家又做了一个奇妙的发现，这对科学非常重要。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是discovery，关系词代替它在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
36．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些是要复习的论文，都是为即将到来的考试准备的。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the papers，指物，空前为介词，应用which。故填which。
37．whose
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我们帮不了琳达，她的情况我们无法控制。分析句子可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，代替先行词Linda，并在从句中作定语，修饰名词circumstances，所以应填关系代词whose。故填whose。
38．which
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我被要求用流程图来解释这个项目，这对我来说是一个很大的挑战。此处是非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面整句话的内容，在并在从句中做主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
39．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：李白被认为是唐代最伟大的浪漫主义诗人，在他的诗歌中，我们可以看到他对自然、自由、人民、朋友的爱，简而言之，就是对真、善、美的爱。分析句子结构可知，“介词in+空处”引导非限制性定语从句，结合语意可知，此处表示“在李白的诗歌里”，应用关系代词whose作定语。故填whose。
40．whom
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：据证实，有4人死亡，数十人受伤，其中5人情况危急。根据句子可知，此处应填入非限制性定语从句的引导词，且代指前面的先行词 dozens of people，在从句中作宾语，故填whom。
课后巩固提高
三、汉译英（整句）
41．他的妻子，一位著名演员，将要访问美国。(非限制性定语从句) (汉译英)
42．确实，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民一样。(汉译英)(介词+关系代词;非限制性定语从句)
43．他在一家小公司任职，这让我们所有人都很吃惊。(非限制性定语从句) （汉译英）
44．班长背着我给我准备了一张新年贺卡，这让我无比激动。（prepare）(汉译英)
45．这位木偶戏的传承者正在竭尽全力将这项被列为国家非物质文化遗产的娱乐形式引入校园，丰富孩子们的课外活动，同时让他们受到传统文化的熏陶。(list) （汉译英）
46．Albert Einstein——这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家——被公认为有史以来智商最高的人之一。(汉译英)
47．该教授建议学生们尽可能多地接触真实的语言环境，这将有助于提高他们的英语口语。(expose) (汉译英)
48．这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了，一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。(home, subject) （汉译英）
49．人工智能已经深入到我们生活的方方面面，但它还未能发现数据模式之外的美或意义，也无法唤起人类真正的情感反应，这些都是人工智能创新的巨大盲区。(where) (汉译英)
50．他因为工作压力过大，他患上抑郁症，这给我们所有人敲了一个警钟。(consequence；warning；非限制性定语从句) （汉译英）
四、阅读理解
If you love reading, you’re living in the right century. The web offers you more copies than anyone could read in a lifetime, including hundreds of newspapers and magazines. It provides you access to whole libraries of rare books at Gutenberg.Org and Google Books. And since you live in the age of e-books, you can buy new books at less than half the price of hardcovers. Some websites even provide free e-books for you to download, E-books let you carry your library in a little notebook, and buy new books online anywhere at any time.
But if you love books themselves, you may have chosen the wrong century to live in. The real bookstore is disappearing from America. Borders Books, the national chain with 642 stores, will close about 200 stores this year and fire 6000 workers. This will mean little to the people who like reading e-books. But it will mean a great deal to devoted book-lovers. For them, the online bookstore can never replace the pleasure of walking along bookshelves.
Bookstore appeared in the 18th century, when printers began turning out books in large numbers to creat a reading public. One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969. As Pete Martin described it in House of a Million Books, Leary was the opposite of the modem chain bookstores. It was old, dark and dirty. Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers. Will anyone remember the website Amazon.com that sells books so warmly 40 years after it closes?
51．Why the author says “If you love reading, you’re living in the right century?”
A．Because books are getting much cheaper
B．Because readers can get more reading materials
C．Because E-books are more interesting than paper books
D．Because reading is becoming more and more important
52．We can infer from the passage that Borders Books________.
A．will hire more workers B．has turned to other fields
C．is unable to win the competition D．will start its business in other countries
53．What can we learn about Leary’s Books Store?
A．It was a national chain with 642 stores.
B．It was the earliest bookstore in Europe.
C．It had been open for more than 200 years
D．It was once very popular among booklovers.
54．The example of Amazon.Com is used to emphasize that________.
A．Amazon.com is very popular
B．Leary’s will be open again one day.
C．Amazon.com is an online bookstore.
D．Leary’s has been remembered for along tine.
Is any economist so dull as to criticize Christmas? At first glance, the holiday season in western economies seems a treat for those concerned with such vagaries(奇想)as GDP growth. After all, everyone is spending; in America, retailers(零售商)make 25% of their yearly sales and 60% of their profits between Thanksgiving and Christmas. Even so, economists find something to worry about in the nature of the purchases being made.
Much of the holiday spending is on gifts for others. At the simplest level, giving gifts involves the giver guessing what the recipient(接受者)would like, as economists say, and then buying the gift and delivering it. Yet this guessing of preferences is not easy; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought if they had spent the money themselves.
Interested in this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, tried to estimate the difference in dollar terms. In a research, lie asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid(by the givers)for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the emotional value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver.
In addition, recipients may not know their own preferences very well. Some of the best gifts, after all, are unexpected items that you would never have thought of buying, but which turn out to be especially well picked. And preference can change. So by giving a jazz CD, for example, the giver may be encouraging the recipient to enjoy something that was ignored before. This, a desire to build skills, is possibly the hope held by many parents who ignore their children’s desires for video games and buy them books instead.
Finally, there are items that a recipient would like to receive but not purchase. If someone else buys them, however, they can be enjoyed guilt-free. This might explain the high volume of chocolate that changes over the holidays. Thus, the lesson for gift-givers is that you should try hard to guess the preference of each person on your list and then choose a gift that will have a high emotional value.
55．For what reason are economists concerned about holiday purchases?
A．Seasonal sales don’t match profits well.
B．Some of the holiday purchases end up with waste.
C．Sales and profits are far from being matched.
D．Seasonal sales fail to satisfy people’s special wants.
56．Why does the author mention Joel Waldfogel’s research in the third paragraph?
A．To show Joel’s interest in the difference in dollar terms.
B．To introduce the economist at Yale University.
C．To prove that the mismatch between wants and gifts can be huge.
D．To argue the importance of buying gifts of appropriate value.
57．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A．Recipients tend to overestimate the values of a gift.
B．Peopled preference is born with nature and remains unchanged
C．Chocolate is a gift which may cause recipient’ sense of guilt
D．Gifts may be used to help a person to cultivate a hobby or skill.
58．Which of the following statements might the author agree with?
A．Guessing preference is important although sometimes it fails.
B．The more money you spend on the gift, the more emotional value it has.
C．Recipients’ preferences have an impact on the holiday season economy.
D．The attached value of a present is the essence of gift giving.
参考答案：
41．His wife, who is a famous actress, will visit America.
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句、动词和名词。表示“他的妻子”应用名词短语his wife；表示“一名著名演员”短语为a famous actress，根据题意，这一个短语为作名词短语his wife的定语，需要使用非限定性定语从句表示，先行词为人，故使用关系代词who引导，并在定语从句中作主语，从句谓语动词与先行词his wife保持一致，用单数，故定语从句为who is a famous actress，且与先行词用逗号隔开；表示“将要访问”的动词为visit，且表示将来的动作，visit前应使用助动词will；表示“美国”可用名词America，作visit的宾语。故翻译为His wife, who is a famous actress, will visit America.。
42．Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life.
【详解】考查时态，定语从句和短语。根据汉语意思提示可知，句子用一般现在时，表示“确实”为副词Indeed；表示“瘦削但结实”应为形容词短语slim but strong；主语body“身躯”，表示“看起来和……一样”应为动词短语be just like…，结合主谓一致，主语是单数，谓语动词用单数；结合句子要求使用介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句可知，表示“他为之奉献了一生的千百万中国农民”时，该句可为介词to+关系代词whom引导的非限制性定语从句，其中先行词表示“千百万中国农民”为名词短语millions of Chinese farmers在从句中作介词to的宾语，从句表示“奉献了一生对某人”为动词短语devoted his life to sb，其中介词to前置到关系代词whom前面。故翻译为Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life。
43．He held a post in a small company, which surprised us all.
【详解】考查短语、时态和定语从句。hold a post任职。指代前面的一件事，用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句。陈述过去事实，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为He held a post in a small company, which surprised us all.
44．The monitor prepared a New Year card for me behind my back, which made me very excited.
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。分析汉语结构可知，表示“给某人准备某物”应为句子的主句部分，翻译为prepare sth. for sb.，且根据句意可知，此处描述的为过去的事情，所以谓语动词使用一般过去时态；表示“背着我”，也就是“在我的背后”翻译为behind my back；分析句子可知，表示“这让我无比激动”为从句，对主句解释说明，所以使用非限制性定语从句，主语指的是事情，故用which引导，时态与主句一致，“让我兴奋”表达为make me very excited。结合其他汉语提示，故翻译为The monitor prepared a New Year card for me behind my back, which made me very excited.
45．The inheritor of the puppet show is making every effort to introduce this form of entertainment into campus, which is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, enriching children’s extracurricular activities, and at the same time allowing them to be influenced by traditional culture.
【详解】考查短语、时态、定语从句和非谓语动词。“这位木偶戏的传承者”The inheritor of the puppet show，在句中作主语。make every effort to do sth.全力做某事，尽一切努力，introduce into把……引进，在句中作谓语动词； be listed as被列为。句中先行词为this form of entertainment，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。“国家非物质文化遗产”为national intangible cultural heritage；“课外活动”为extracurricular activities；“同时”为at the same time；allow sb. to do sth.让某人做某事。be influenced by受到……的熏陶。表示自然而然所带来的结果，用现在分词作状语。根据句意，主句用现在进行时，从句用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为The inheritor of the puppet show is making every effort to introduce this form of entertainment into campus, which is listed as a national intangible cultural heritage, enriching children’s extracurricular activities, and at the same time allowing them to be influenced by traditional culture.
46．Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.
【详解】考查时态和定语从句。根据汉语意思，Albert Einstein是主语，这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家可以用非限制性定语从句修饰，主语是人，可以用who引导，最伟大的科学家译为“the greatest scientist”，现代物理学领域译为“in modern physics”，所以从句译为who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，被公认为是谓语用be considered，用一般现在时，智商最高的人译为“the smartest men ”，有史以来用定语从句修饰the smartest men ，译为“who ever lived”，再结合其他汉语意思，故翻译为Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived.。
47．The professor suggested that students should be exposed to the real language environment as much as possible, which will help improve their spoken English.
【详解】考查宾语从句、非限制性定语从句、名词、动词和短语。表示“教授”应用名词professor；表示“艺建议”动词为suggested，动词用一般过去时；表示“接触”短语为be exposed to。表示“真实的语言环境”应用短语the real language environment，分析句子结构，此句为宾语从句，用连词that引导；后跟which引导的非限制性定语从句；表示“提高他们的英语口语”应用短语improve their spoken English；故翻译为The professor suggested that students should be exposed to the real language environment as much as possible, which will help improve their spoken English。
48．Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation.
【详解】考查倒装结构，时态和定语从句和短语。“……的聚集地”可译为短语be home to，“人才”可用名词talent表示，此处是复数，所以用talents，根据汉语提示“曾经”可知时态为一般过去时，“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地”可译为this company used to be home to talents；“日子已经一去不复返了”可将表语置于句首，使用倒装结构，即Gone are the days，两句话结合起来“这家公司曾经是人才的聚集地，这样的日子已经一去不复返了”可翻译为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents。“遭受”可用动词短语be subjected to表示，由句意可知，时态是一般过去时，主语是复数，即were subjected to；“蓄意的差评”可用deliberate negative reviews表示，所以“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评”可翻译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews；“对……造成沉重打击”可译为cause a heavy blow to；“名声”可译为名词reputation，两句话结合起来“一年前，他们遭到了蓄意的差评，结果对他们的名声造成了沉重的打击。”可译为A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。其中which引导非限制性定语从句。故答案为Gone are the days when this company used to be home to talents. A year ago, they were subjected to deliberate negative reviews, which caused a heavy blow to their reputation。
49．AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives, but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model, nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings，which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie.
【详解】考查动词、名词、形容词和从句。根据句意可知，本句时态应用现在范畴时态。表示“人工智能已经深入到我们生活的方方面面”应用句子AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives，时态应用现在完成时；表示“但它还未能发现数据模式之外的美或意义”应用句子but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model；表示“也无法唤起人类真正的情感反应”应用句子nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings；表示“这些都是人工智能创新的巨大盲区”应用句子which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie，其中运用了非限制性定语从句和表语从句。故翻译为AI has penetrated into all aspects of our lives, but it has not yet found the beauty or significance beyond the data model, nor can it arouse the real emotional response of human beings，which is where the huge blind spots of AI innovation lie。
50．He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work, which gave all of us a warning/ served as a warning to all of us.
【详解】考查动词、名词和非限制性定语从句。表示“压力”应用名词pressure，表示“工作压力过大”为短语 excessive pressure from work，表示“抑郁症”应为名词depression，根据提示词consequence可知，患上抑郁症是遭受过大工作压力的结果，表示“他因为工作压力过大，他患上抑郁症”应为He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work，根据提示词warning和句意可知，这件事情给我们敲响了警钟，应使用which引导的非限制性定语从句，可表示为which gave all of us a warning/或which served as a warning to all of us。故翻译为He suffered from depression as a consequence of excessive pressure from work, which gave all of us a warning/ served as a warning to all of us.。
51．B 52．C 53．D 54．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了如果你是喜欢阅读，那你就活在正确的时代了，但是如果你喜欢书籍本身，你可能选择了错误的世纪，许多实体书店正在消失。
51．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The web offers you more copies than anyone could read in a lifetime, including hundreds of newspapers and magazines. It provides you access to whole libraries of rare books at Gutenberg.Org and Google Books. And since you live in the age of e-books, you can buy new books at less than half the price of hardcovers. Some websites even provide free e-books for you to download, E-books let you carry your library in a little notebook, and buy new books online anywhere at any time.(网络提供给你的书本比任何人一辈子读的都多，包括成百上千的报纸和杂志。它可以让你访问古登堡和谷歌图书的整个图书馆的珍本图书。由于你生活在电子书时代，你可以用不到精装书一半的价格买到新书。一些网站甚至提供免费的电子书供你下载，电子书让你把你的图书馆放在一个小笔记本里，随时随地在线购买新书)”可知，因为读者可以获得更多的阅读材料，所以作者说如果你喜欢阅读，你就生活在正确的世纪。故选B项。
52．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Borders Books, the national chain with 642 stores, will close about 200 stores this year and fire 6000 workers.(拥有642家门店的全国连锁书店Borders Books今年将关闭约200家门店，并解雇6000名员工)”可推知，Borders Books无法和电子书竞争。故选C项。
53．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969.(费城的Leary书店是美国最早的书商之一，1850年至1969年间，它是书迷们的快乐狩猎场)”以及“Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers.(虽然Leary书店在1968年就关门了，但以前的顾客们都对它记忆犹新)”可推知，Leary书店曾经在书迷中很受欢迎。故选D项。
54．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“One of America’s earliest booksellers, Leary’s Book Store in Philadelphia was a happy hunting ground for booklovers between 1850 and 1969. As Pete Martin described it in House of a Million Books, Leary was the opposite of the modem chain bookstores. It was old, dark and dirty. Though Leary’s was closed in 1968, it is fondly remembered by former customers. Will anyone remember the website Amazon.com that sells books so warmly 40 years after it closes?(费城的Leary书店是美国最早的书商之一，1850年至1969年间，它是书迷们的快乐狩猎场。正如皮特·马丁在《百万图书之家》中所描述的那样，Leary书店与现代连锁书店截然相反。它又旧又黑又脏。虽然Leary书店在1968年就关门了，但以前的顾客们都对它记忆犹新。还有人会记得亚马逊网站在关闭40年后依然热卖书籍吗?)”可知，作者举亚马逊网站的例子是来强调Leary这个实体书店一直被人们铭记。故选D项。
55．B 56．C 57．D 58．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，是关于节日购买礼物送人的一个社会生活调查，研究结果表明你所送的礼物往往并不是接受者所想要的，但尽管如此，送礼时猜测对方的喜好还是很重要的。
55．推理判断题。根据第二段“Yet this guessing of preferences is not easy; indeed, it is often done badly. Every year, ties go unworn and books unread. And even if a gift is enjoyed, it may not be what the recipient would have bought if they had spent the money themselves.”（然而，这种对喜好的猜测并不容易；事实上，反而很糟糕。每年，收的领带都没戴，书也没读。而且，即使礼物很受欢迎，也可能不是收礼人自己愿意花钱买的东西）可推断，假日礼物很可能并不是收礼人喜欢的，因此推断经济学家担心一些假日购物最后可能会是一种浪费，故选B。
56．推理判断题。根据第三段内容“Interested in this mismatch between wants and gifts, in 1993 Joel Waldfogel, then an economist at Yale University, tried to estimate the difference in dollar terms. In a research, lie asked students two questions at the end of a holiday season: first, estimate the total amount paid(by the givers)for all the holiday gifts you received; second, apart from the emotional value of the items, if you did not have them, how much would you be willing to pay to get them? His results were gloomy: on average, a gift was valued by the recipient well below the price paid by the giver.( 1993年，时任耶鲁大学(Yale University)经济学家的乔尔•沃尔德福格(Joel Waldfogel)对需求和礼物之间的不匹配感兴趣，试图用美元来估算两者之间的差异。在一项研究中，他在假期结束时问了学生两个问题：第一，估计你收到的所有节日礼物所付款(被送礼者支付)的总价；第二，除了物品的情感价值，如果你没有它们，你愿意花多少钱来得到它们？他的研究结果令人沮丧：平均而言，收礼者对礼物的评价远低于送礼者支付的价格。)”可知，乔尔•沃尔德福格的研究调查是为了说明需要和礼物之间的不匹配，结果这种不匹配是巨大的，因此推断作者提到这个研究是为了来证明需要和礼物之间的不匹配可能是巨大的。故选C。
57．细节理解题。根据第四段“Some of the best gifts, after all, are unexpected items that you would never have thought of buying, but which turn out to be especially well picked. And preference can change. So by giving a jazz CD, for example, the giver may be encouraging the recipient to enjoy something that was ignored before. This, a desire to build skills, is possibly the hope held by many parents who ignore their children's desires for video games and buy them books instead.”（毕竟，有些最好的礼物是你从未想过要买的意想不到的东西，但却是经过精心挑选的，而且人们的偏好是可以改变的。例如，送一张爵士乐唱片，送礼者可能会鼓励收礼者享受以前被忽视的东西。这种培养技能的愿望，可能是许多父母的希望，他们忽略了孩子对电子游戏的渴望，反而给他们买书）可知，礼物可以用来帮助一个人培养爱好或技能，故选D。
58．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thus, the lesson for gift-givers is that you should try hard to guess the preference of each person on your list and then choose a gift that will have a high emotional value.”（因此，给送礼者的经验教训是，你应该努力猜测清单上每个人的喜好，然后选择一件具有较高情感价值的礼物）可知，作者认为送礼时猜测对方的喜好很重要，尽管有时会失败，故选A。
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